Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. Resistance movements are sometimes also referred to as "the underground". Among the most notable resistance movements were the Polish Home Army, the French Maquis and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Communist resistance was among the fiercest since they were already organiz ...

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World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

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Advancing deep and fast, the Austrians had overrun their supply lines and were forced to stop and regroup. The Italians were pushed back to defensive lines near Venice, on the Piave River having suffered 600,000 casualties during the course of the war. In November 1917, French and British troops started arriving in Italy in significant numbers to the front. In the spring of 1918, Germany pulled out its troops for use in its upcoming Spring Offensive. The Austrians now began debating on how to finish the war in Italy. There was disagreement a ...

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Italian Campaign World War I, Italian Campaign World War I - Causes for the campaign, Italian Campaign World War I - First Battles of Isonzo, Italian Campaign World War I - The Asiago offensive, Italian Campaign World War I - Later Battles for the Isonzo, Italian Campaign World War I - 1917: Germany arrives, Italian Campaign World War I - Battle of the Piave, Italian Campaign World War I - The decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto, Italian Campaign World War I - Main articles, Italian Campaign World War I - Other articles

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In the early months of 1918, the Russian army in the Caucasus was nothing more than a few thousand volunteers and some two hundred officers. A year ealier there had been 500,000 soldiers, now they were gone and Russia's vast southern territories were effectively unguarded. After a year of inactivity, the Turks finally went on the offensive. The Turkish army launched its campaign in late January of 1918. The only resistance they faced came from the semi-organized militia of the Armenian Republic. In quick succession the Turks captured Trebizo ...

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Caucasus Campaign, Caucasus Campaign - The First Year, Caucasus Campaign - 1916, Caucasus Campaign - 1918, Caucasus Campaign - Battles of the Caucasus Campaign, Caucasus Campaign - Sources

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Some of the roots of the conflict arise out of specific ideologies which influenced the behaviour of politicians and other figures during the years leading up to the war. Causes of World War I - The Rise of Nationalist Sentiment. The system of sovereign nation states, sometimes referred to as the Westphalian system, was developed in Europe from the mid-seventeenth century. Nationalism or patriotism may be seen, in part, as the popular ideological expressions of this system. To understand why European populations were eager for war in 1914, some histori ...

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Causes of World War I, Causes of World War I - Ideological causes, Causes of World War I - The Rise of Nationalist Sentiment, Causes of World War I - Social Darwinism, Causes of World War I - German Domestic Politics, Causes of World War I - Structural or Systemic Causes, Causes of World War I - Unifications of Germany and Italy, Causes of World War I - Changes in Austria, Causes of World War I - Material causes, Causes of World War I - Colonial Expansion, Causes of World War I - Web of alliances, Causes of World War I - Over by Christmas, Causes of World War I - Incompetence, Causes of World War I - Primacy of the Offensive and War by Timetable, Causes of World War I - Communication Issues, Causes of World War I - Specific Events, Causes of World War I - The Congress of Vienna, Causes of World War I - The Franco–Prussian War 1870–1, Causes of World War I - The Rise of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Causes of World War I - Anglo–German Naval Race, Causes of World War I - Berlin-Baghdad Railway, Causes of World War I - Historiography, Causes of World War I - Sources, Causes of World War I - External link

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The first year - Strachan, Hew (2003). The First World War, pp 109-112. Viking (Published by the Penguin Group) The war in 1918 - Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace, pp. 351-355. Avon Books. ...

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Caucasus Campaign, Caucasus Campaign - The First Year, Caucasus Campaign - 1916, Caucasus Campaign - 1918, Caucasus Campaign - Battles of the Caucasus Campaign, Caucasus Campaign - Sources

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Dissatisfaction with the Russian government's conduct of the war grew despite the success of the June 1916 Brusilov offensive in eastern Galicia against the Austrians, when Russian success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces in support of the victorious sector commander. Allied fortunes revived only temporarily with Romania's entry into the war on August 27: German forces came to the aid of embattled Austrian units in Transylvania, and Bucharest fell to the Central Powers on December 6. Meanwhile, intern ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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Some of the very first actions of the war occurred far from Europe, in Africa and in the Pacific Ocean. On August 8 1914 a combined French and British Empire force invaded the German protectorate of Togoland. On August 10 German forces based in South-West Africa attacked South Africa. New Zealand occupied German Samoa (30 August 1914) and on September 11 the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern, which formed part of German New Guinea. Within a few months the Entente forces had accepted the surrender of or driven out German forces in the Pacific. Sporadic and fierce fighting co ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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The perception of war in 1914 was romanticized by many people, and its declaration was met with great enthusiasm by these people. The common view was that it would be a short war of manoeuvre with a few sharp actions (to "teach the enemy a lesson") and would end with a victorious entry into the enemy capital, then home for a victory parade or two and back to "normal" life. Many thought it would have finished by Christmas of that year. However, many people regarded the coming war with great pessimism and worry. Many military figures, such as ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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World War I - Ottoman Empire. Main articles: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]]See also:

World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb student. The Archduke was there to assert imperial authority over a disputed province. Princip was supported by pan-Serbian nationalists, with links to the Serbian military. Though this assassination is usually considered the immediate trigger for the war, its origins can be traced back to the complex web of alliances and counterbalan ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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The First World War ended with a Europe scarred by trenches, spent resources, and littered with the bodies of the millions who died in battle. The direct consequences of WWI brought many old regimes crashing to the ground, and ultimately, would lead to the end of 300 years of European hegemony. No other war had changed the map of Europe so dramatically - four empires were shattered: The German, the Austro-Hungarian, the Ottoman and the Russian. Their four dynasties, the Hohenzollerns, the Habsburgs, the Ottomans, and the Romanovs, who ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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The sources for the numbers used in this article are listed below. Estimates for World War I casualty numbers vary to great extents, and they are often stated without source or detail. Furthermore, estimates may include part of the Russian Civil War and Armenian Genocide, and it is debated to which degree - or if at all - these events should be included. Please also note that most of the civilian deaths were du ...

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World War I casualties, World War I casualties - Debated numbers, World War I casualties - Casualties by country, World War I casualties - Table sources, World War I casualties - Main articles, World War I casualties - Other

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The First World War was a clash of 20th century technology with 19th century tactics. This time, millions of soldiers, both volunteers and conscripts fought on all sides with Kitchener's Army being a notable volunteer force. Much of the war's combat involved trench warfare, where hundreds often died for each metre of land gained. Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during the First World War. Such battles include Ypres, Vimy Ridge, Marne, Cambrai, Somme, Verd ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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One of the most distinguishing impacts of the war was that the reality of totality set in. Many consider World War I to have been the first modern war, a total war where the civilian populations were deliberately endangered as a direct tactic of war, which has continued in all subsequent wars. While civilians have always died or even been targeted in wars, World War I made civilian casualties accepted and commonplace (from, for example, aerial bombardment). All aspects of the societies fighting were affected by the conflict, often causing profound social change, e ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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Following the successful Allied attack and penetration of the German defenses at Cambrai, Ludendorff determined that the only opportunity for German victory now lay in a decisive attack along the western front during the spring, before American manpower became a significant presence. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed and Russia withdrew from the war. This would now have a dramatic effect on the conflict as 44 divisions were now released from Eastern Front for deployment to the west. This would give them an advantage of ...

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Western Front World War I, Western Front World War I - 1914 - German invasion of France and Belgium, Western Front World War I - 1915 - Stalemate, Western Front World War I - 1916 - Artillery duels and attrition, Western Front World War I - 1917 - Commonwealth takes the lead, Western Front World War I - 1918 - Final offensives, Western Front World War I - Consequences, Western Front World War I - Dramatizations, Western Front World War I - Notes

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The war along the western front led to the surrender of the German goverment and its allies, in spite of German success elsewhere. As a result the terms of the peace were effectively dictated by France, Britain and the United States, with input from the other allies, during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The result was the Treaty of Versailles, signed in June, 1919. The original terms of the treaty would effectively cripple Germany as an economic and military power, so the military delegation refused to sign. Instead it w ...

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Western Front World War I, Western Front World War I - 1914 - German invasion of France and Belgium, Western Front World War I - 1915 - Stalemate, Western Front World War I - 1916 - Artillery duels and attrition, Western Front World War I - 1917 - Commonwealth takes the lead, Western Front World War I - 1918 - Final offensives, Western Front World War I - Consequences, Western Front World War I - Dramatizations, Western Front World War I - Notes

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The staged withdrawal to the Hindenberg Line was named Operation Alberich by the Germans.[9] It was begun on February 9 and completed April 5, leaving behind a devastated territory to be occupied by the Allies. The withdrawal ranged from 10 to 50 km from the original front lines. This withdrawal effectively negated the French strategy of attacking both flanks of the Noyon salient, as that salient no longer existed. But it would not put an end to ...

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Western Front World War I, Western Front World War I - 1914 - German invasion of France and Belgium, Western Front World War I - 1915 - Stalemate, Western Front World War I - 1916 - Artillery duels and attrition, Western Front World War I - 1917 - Commonwealth takes the lead, Western Front World War I - 1918 - Final offensives, Western Front World War I - Consequences, Western Front World War I - Dramatizations, Western Front World War I - Notes

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The German Chief of Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn, believed that although a breakthrough might no longer be possible, the French could be defeated if they suffered enough casualties. He planned to attack a position from which the French could not retreat, for both strategic reasons and reasons of national pride, and so trap the French into a bad situation the town of Verdun was chosen for this because it was surrounded by a ring of forts, was an important stronghol ...

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Western Front World War I, Western Front World War I - 1914 - German invasion of France and Belgium, Western Front World War I - 1915 - Stalemate, Western Front World War I - 1916 - Artillery duels and attrition, Western Front World War I - 1917 - Commonwealth takes the lead, Western Front World War I - 1918 - Final offensives, Western Front World War I - Consequences, Western Front World War I - Dramatizations, Western Front World War I - Notes

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At the outbreak of the First World War, the German army executed a modified version of the Schlieffen Plan, quickly attacking France through Belgium on August 4, 1914. Luxembourg had been occupied without opposition on August 2. The first battle in Belgium was the Siege of Liège which lasted from August 5 to August 16. Liège was well fortified and surprised the German army under von Bülow with its level of resistance. Following the fall of Liège most of the Belgian army retreated to Antwerp and Namur. Although the German army bypassed Antwerp, it remained a threat to thei ...

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Western Front World War I, Western Front World War I - 1914 - German invasion of France and Belgium, Western Front World War I - 1915 - Stalemate, Western Front World War I - 1916 - Artillery duels and attrition, Western Front World War I - 1917 - Commonwealth takes the lead, Western Front World War I - 1918 - Final offensives, Western Front World War I - Consequences, Western Front World War I - Dramatizations, Western Front World War I - Notes

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Bulgaria was the first of the Central Powers to sign an armistice (29 September 1918). Germany requested a ceasefire on 3 October 1918. When Wilhelm II ordered the German High Seas Fleet to sortie against the Entente's navies, they mutinied in Wilhelmshaven starting 29 October 1918. On 30 October the Ottoman Empire capitulated. On November 3 Austria-Hungary sent a flag of truce to the Italian Commander to ask an Armistice and terms of peace. The terms having been arranged by telegraph with the Entente Authorities in Paris, were communicated ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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Home front is the name given to the activities of the civilians in a state of total war. In the United Kingdom, women joined the work force in jobs that the men used to occupy. Food, clothing, petrol and other items were rationed. Access to luxuries was severely restricted, though there was also a significant black market. Families also grew victory gardens, small home vegetable gardens, to supply themselves with food. Civilians also served as Air Raid Wardens, volunteer emergency services and other critical functions. Schools and org ...

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World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

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