Small to medium-sized raiding operations were carried out by both Allied and Axis armies during World War II. The modus operandi used included guerrilla attacks by partisans in occupied territory and/or combined operations involving the landing and removal of specialised light infantry, such as commandos, by means of small boats. Allied Operation Colossus 10 February 1941 Operation Claymore, March 1941 Operation Archery, December 1941 Battle of Timor (from February 1942)

List of military engagements of World War I - Sinai and Palestine Campaign. First Suez Offensive Battle of Romani or "The Second Suez Offensive" Battle of Magdhaba Battle of Rafa Battle of Mughar Ridge Battle of Jerusalem Fall of Damascus Battle of Aleppo First Battle of Gaza Second Battle of Gaza Third Battle of Gaza or th ...

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List of military engagements of World War I, List of military engagements of World War I - Europe, List of military engagements of World War I - Western Front, List of military engagements of World War I - Italian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Eastern Front, List of military engagements of World War I - Caucasus Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Serbia, List of military engagements of World War I - Greece, List of military engagements of World War I - Gallipoli, List of military engagements of World War I - Middle Eastern theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Sinai and Palestine Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Mesopotamian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - South Arabian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - African Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Naval engagements, List of military engagements of World War I - Atlantic Theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Mediterranean, List of military engagements of World War I - Pacific Theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Air engagements, List of military engagements of World War I - Contemporary Wars, List of military engagements of World War I - Pre-1914, List of military engagements of World War I - Post-1917, List of military engagements of World War I - Main articles, List of military engagements of World War I - Other articles

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See also: Naval warfare of World War I List of military engagements of World War I - Atlantic Theatre. First Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914) Battle of the Falkland Islands (1914) Battle of Dogger Bank (1915) Otranto Barrage (1915-1918) Battle of Jutland (1916) Battle of Dover Strait (1917) Second Battle of Heligoland Bight (19 ...

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List of military engagements of World War I, List of military engagements of World War I - Europe, List of military engagements of World War I - Western Front, List of military engagements of World War I - Italian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Eastern Front, List of military engagements of World War I - Caucasus Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Serbia, List of military engagements of World War I - Greece, List of military engagements of World War I - Gallipoli, List of military engagements of World War I - Middle Eastern theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Sinai and Palestine Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Mesopotamian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - South Arabian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - African Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Naval engagements, List of military engagements of World War I - Atlantic Theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Mediterranean, List of military engagements of World War I - Pacific Theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Air engagements, List of military engagements of World War I - Contemporary Wars, List of military engagements of World War I - Pre-1914, List of military engagements of World War I - Post-1917, List of military engagements of World War I - Main articles, List of military engagements of World War I - Other articles

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General: Strategic bombing during World War II Strategic bombing survey for the overall impact of the bombing. Specific: Baedeker raids Chungking Coventry Dresden Hamburg Helsinki February 1944, was mostly ineffective due to air defence and deception. Hiroshima One nuclear weapon dropped from a B-29, devastating a city. Kassel London - "The Blitz" and the V1 and V2 campaigns Lübeck Nagasaki ...

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List of military engagements of World War II, List of military engagements of World War II - Major Campaigns, List of military engagements of World War II - European Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - Asian & Pacific Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - Middle East Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - African & Mediterranean Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - Battles, List of military engagements of World War II - 1939, List of military engagements of World War II - 1940, List of military engagements of World War II - 1941, List of military engagements of World War II - 1942, List of military engagements of World War II - 1943, List of military engagements of World War II - 1944, List of military engagements of World War II - 1945, List of military engagements of World War II - Sieges, List of military engagements of World War II - Naval engagements, List of military engagements of World War II - Major bombing campaigns, List of military engagements of World War II - Operations, List of military engagements of World War II - Raiding Operations, List of military engagements of World War II - Raiding Units, List of military engagements of World War II - Defensive lines, List of military engagements of World War II - Contemporary wars, List of military engagements of World War II - Pre-World War II wars

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General: Arctic Convoys (operation Rösselsprung) Second Battle of the Atlantic - the name given to the conflicts in the Atlantic Ocean between 1940 and 1945. see also Timeline of the Second Battle of the Atlantic Battle of the Mediterranean Battle of the Indian Ocean Specific: 1939: The Battle of the River Plate 1940: First Battle of Narvik Second Battle of Narvik 19 ...

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List of military engagements of World War II, List of military engagements of World War II - Major Campaigns, List of military engagements of World War II - European Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - Asian & Pacific Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - Middle East Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - African & Mediterranean Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - Battles, List of military engagements of World War II - 1939, List of military engagements of World War II - 1940, List of military engagements of World War II - 1941, List of military engagements of World War II - 1942, List of military engagements of World War II - 1943, List of military engagements of World War II - 1944, List of military engagements of World War II - 1945, List of military engagements of World War II - Sieges, List of military engagements of World War II - Naval engagements, List of military engagements of World War II - Major bombing campaigns, List of military engagements of World War II - Operations, List of military engagements of World War II - Raiding Operations, List of military engagements of World War II - Raiding Units, List of military engagements of World War II - Defensive lines, List of military engagements of World War II - Contemporary wars, List of military engagements of World War II - Pre-World War II wars

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Following the miniscule gains of the Tenth Battle of the Isonzo, the Italians directed a two-pronged attack focusing on the Austrian lines north and east of Gorizia. The advance east was easily checked, but Italian forces under Luigi Capello managed to break the Austrian lines and capture the Bainsizza Plateau. The Italians were on the verge of victory, but were forced to withdraw because their supply lines could not keep up with the front-line troops. After the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo, the Austrians were desperately in need of ...

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Italian Campaign World War I, Italian Campaign World War I - Causes for the campaign, Italian Campaign World War I - First Battles of Isonzo, Italian Campaign World War I - The Asiago offensive, Italian Campaign World War I - Later Battles for the Isonzo, Italian Campaign World War I - 1917: Germany arrives, Italian Campaign World War I - Battle of the Piave, Italian Campaign World War I - The decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto, Italian Campaign World War I - Main articles, Italian Campaign World War I - Other articles

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List of military engagements of World War II - 1939. September Campaign Battle of Bzura Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski Battle of Kock Battle of Warsaw Saar Offensive - the French attack on Saarland Winter War Battle of Tolvajärvi Battle of Suomussalmi Battle of Changsha (1939) - Second Chinese-Japanese War Battle of the River Plate ...

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List of military engagements of World War II, List of military engagements of World War II - Major Campaigns, List of military engagements of World War II - European Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - Asian & Pacific Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - Middle East Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - African & Mediterranean Theatre, List of military engagements of World War II - Battles, List of military engagements of World War II - 1939, List of military engagements of World War II - 1940, List of military engagements of World War II - 1941, List of military engagements of World War II - 1942, List of military engagements of World War II - 1943, List of military engagements of World War II - 1944, List of military engagements of World War II - 1945, List of military engagements of World War II - Sieges, List of military engagements of World War II - Naval engagements, List of military engagements of World War II - Major bombing campaigns, List of military engagements of World War II - Operations, List of military engagements of World War II - Raiding Operations, List of military engagements of World War II - Raiding Units, List of military engagements of World War II - Defensive lines, List of military engagements of World War II - Contemporary wars, List of military engagements of World War II - Pre-World War II wars

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World War I was the first war to see major use of planes for offensive, defensive and reconnaissance operations, and both the Entente Powers and the Central Powers used planes extensively. Almost as soon as they were invented, planes were drafted for military service. See also the following articles: Aviation in World War I Aviation history (1914-1918) Flying aces List of World War I fly ...

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List of military engagements of World War I, List of military engagements of World War I - Europe, List of military engagements of World War I - Western Front, List of military engagements of World War I - Italian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Eastern Front, List of military engagements of World War I - Caucasus Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Serbia, List of military engagements of World War I - Greece, List of military engagements of World War I - Gallipoli, List of military engagements of World War I - Middle Eastern theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Sinai and Palestine Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Mesopotamian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - South Arabian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - African Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Naval engagements, List of military engagements of World War I - Atlantic Theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Mediterranean, List of military engagements of World War I - Pacific Theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Air engagements, List of military engagements of World War I - Contemporary Wars, List of military engagements of World War I - Pre-1914, List of military engagements of World War I - Post-1917, List of military engagements of World War I - Main articles, List of military engagements of World War I - Other articles

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Some historians consider some of these wars as being part of World War I, as they are considered to have a direct connection to the start of the war, or having been caused by the aftermath. List of military engagements of World War I - Pre-1914. First Balkan War (1912-1913) Second Balkan War (1913) List of military engagements of World War I - Post-1917. Russian Civil War (1918-1922) North Russia Campaign (1918-1919) Russian westward offensive of 1918-1919 See also:

List of military engagements of World War I, List of military engagements of World War I - Europe, List of military engagements of World War I - Western Front, List of military engagements of World War I - Italian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Eastern Front, List of military engagements of World War I - Caucasus Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Serbia, List of military engagements of World War I - Greece, List of military engagements of World War I - Gallipoli, List of military engagements of World War I - Middle Eastern theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Sinai and Palestine Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Mesopotamian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - South Arabian Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - African Campaign, List of military engagements of World War I - Naval engagements, List of military engagements of World War I - Atlantic Theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Mediterranean, List of military engagements of World War I - Pacific Theatre, List of military engagements of World War I - Air engagements, List of military engagements of World War I - Contemporary Wars, List of military engagements of World War I - Pre-1914, List of military engagements of World War I - Post-1917, List of military engagements of World War I - Main articles, List of military engagements of World War I - Other articles

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Further small scale attacks were made by the British towards the north and east but General Maude died from cholera in November and his successor, General William Marshall halted operations for the winter. The British resumed their offensive in late February 1918 capturing Kifri and Hit. General Marshall's forces supported General Lionel Dunsterville's operations in Persia during the summer of 1918. In October the British went on the offensive for the last time and fought a battle at Fat-Ha, routing the Turkish army. General Marshall accepted the surrender of the Turkish 6th Army on October 30 19 ...

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Mesopotamian Campaign, Mesopotamian Campaign - Background, Mesopotamian Campaign - The First Year, Mesopotamian Campaign - The Siege of Kut, Mesopotamian Campaign - Back to Baghdad, Mesopotamian Campaign - The End of the War, Mesopotamian Campaign - Sources, Mesopotamian Campaign - Battles of the campaign

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The British refused to let this defeat stand and so they put in another commander, General Maude and gave him significant reinforcements. For the next eight months he trained and organized his army. His offensive was launched on December 13 1916. The British again advanced up the river towards Kut which they took in February of 1917. The Turks were outnumbered but delayed the British advance with some skill. By early March, the British were at the outskirts of Baghdad, and the Turks tried to fight them. General Maude outmanouvered the ...

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Mesopotamian Campaign, Mesopotamian Campaign - Background, Mesopotamian Campaign - The First Year, Mesopotamian Campaign - The Siege of Kut, Mesopotamian Campaign - Back to Baghdad, Mesopotamian Campaign - The End of the War, Mesopotamian Campaign - Sources, Mesopotamian Campaign - Battles of the campaign

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Defending Kut as opposed to retreating back to Basra was a mistake. Kut was isolated, and while it could be defended, it could not be resupplied. The Ottoman government had appealed for help from their German allies and the Germans responded by calling General Colmar von der Goltz out of retirement. Von der Goltz was a famous military historian who had written several classic books on military operations. He expertly directed the Turkish forces as they built defensive positions around the land side of Kut and laid siege to the British while fendin ...

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Mesopotamian Campaign, Mesopotamian Campaign - Background, Mesopotamian Campaign - The First Year, Mesopotamian Campaign - The Siege of Kut, Mesopotamian Campaign - Back to Baghdad, Mesopotamian Campaign - The End of the War, Mesopotamian Campaign - Sources, Mesopotamian Campaign - Battles of the campaign

Read more here: » Mesopotamian Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Mesopotamian Campaign - The Siege of Kut

On November 6, 1914, the British force attacked and took the Turkish fort at Fao. Two weeks later, the British occupied the city of Basra. The main Turkish army was located 275 north-west around Baghdad and made only minor efforts dislodge the British from the area. In April of 1915, a new British commander, John Nixon was sent to the area. He ordered his commander in the field, Major-General Charles Townshend to advance to Kut or Baghdad if possible. Townsheand and his small army advanced up the Tigris river, defeating several Ottoma ...

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Mesopotamian Campaign, Mesopotamian Campaign - Background, Mesopotamian Campaign - The First Year, Mesopotamian Campaign - The Siege of Kut, Mesopotamian Campaign - Back to Baghdad, Mesopotamian Campaign - The End of the War, Mesopotamian Campaign - Sources, Mesopotamian Campaign - Battles of the campaign

Read more here: » Mesopotamian Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Mesopotamian Campaign - The First Year

The Second World War saw large-scale atrocities aimed against the civilian populations of many of the nations involved. Germany killed between 11 million and 24 million civilians in deliberate acts of genocide and mass murder which often took priority over pressing military needs, while the Soviet Union and Japan used labour camps and often conducted massacres of their own, with Japan killing around 6 million civilians in areas they occupied, and the Soviets approximately 4 million civilians, half of these being from among the Soviet Union's ...

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World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

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Main article: Effects of World War II World War II - Casualties. Main article: World War II casualties At least 60 million people lost their lives in World War II —about 25 million soldiers and 35 million civilians, with estimates varying widely. This includes the estimated 10 million lives lost due to the Holocaust, consisting of about 6 million Jews and 4 million non-Jews made up of Poles, Roma, homosexuals, communists, dissidents, Afro-Germans, t ...

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World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

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The exact causes of the war have been debated with some intensity since the time the war began. Immediately after the war much academic work that blamed Germany entirely for the war was produced in Allied countries. However, academic work in the later 1920s and 30s blamed all participants more or less equally. Various factors such as the network of secret alliances, emphasis on speed of offence, rigid military planning, Darwinian ideas, and the lack of resolution mechanisms were blamed by many. These ideas have maintained some currenc ...

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Causes of World War I, Causes of World War I - Ideological causes, Causes of World War I - The Rise of Nationalist Sentiment, Causes of World War I - Social Darwinism, Causes of World War I - German Domestic Politics, Causes of World War I - Structural or Systemic Causes, Causes of World War I - Unifications of Germany and Italy, Causes of World War I - Changes in Austria, Causes of World War I - Material causes, Causes of World War I - Colonial Expansion, Causes of World War I - Web of alliances, Causes of World War I - Over by Christmas, Causes of World War I - Incompetence, Causes of World War I - Primacy of the Offensive and War by Timetable, Causes of World War I - Communication Issues, Causes of World War I - Specific Events, Causes of World War I - The Congress of Vienna, Causes of World War I - The Franco–Prussian War 1870–1, Causes of World War I - The Rise of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Causes of World War I - Anglo–German Naval Race, Causes of World War I - Berlin-Baghdad Railway, Causes of World War I - Historiography, Causes of World War I - Sources, Causes of World War I - External link

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The British lost a total of 550,000 casualties - more than 90% of these were not due to battle but instead due to disease, heat, etc. Total Turkish losses are unknown but almost certainly larger. They lost an entire army in the fighting and the Turks poured a vast number of troops into the front over the three years of combat. Military historians argue if this campaign by the British was worth the effort. In the opinion of General Esposito (the editor of the West Point Atlas of American Wars) "This considerable subsidiary effort might have bee ...

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Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Sinai campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Palestine campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - The Final Year: Palestine and Syria, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Summary, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Sources

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The British government had hopes that the Ottoman Empire could be defeated early in the coming year with successful campaigns in Palestine and Mesopotamia but the Spring_Offensive by the Germans on the Western Front delayed the expected attack on Syria for nine full months. General Allenby's army was largely redeployed to France and he was given brand new divisions recruited from India. These divisions spent the spring and summer of 1918 training. Because the British achieved complete control of the air with their new fighter planes, ...

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Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Sinai campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Palestine campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - The Final Year: Palestine and Syria, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Summary, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Sources

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The British army in Egypt was ordered to go on the offensive against the Ottoman Turks in Palestine. In part this was to support the Arab revolt which had started early in 1916, in part this was to try and acomplish something positive after the years of fruitless battles on the Western Front. The British commander in Egypt, Sir Archibald Murray, suggested that he needed more troops and ships, but this request was refused. The Ottoman forces were holding a rough line from the fort at Gaza, on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, to the ...

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Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Sinai campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Palestine campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - The Final Year: Palestine and Syria, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Summary, Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Sources

Read more here: » Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Sinai and Palestine Campaign - Palestine campaign

Causes of World War I - The Congress of Vienna. After Napoleon's final defeat at The Battle of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna concluded in 1815. The congress was organized by the main victors of the Napoleonic Wars: Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria. The key figure of the congress was Austria's representative, Klemens von Metternich. Metternich advocated restoring Europe to the way it was before the French Revolution. He urged Europe to create a balance of power, where no European nation was stronger than an ...

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Causes of World War I, Causes of World War I - Ideological causes, Causes of World War I - The Rise of Nationalist Sentiment, Causes of World War I - Social Darwinism, Causes of World War I - German Domestic Politics, Causes of World War I - Structural or Systemic Causes, Causes of World War I - Unifications of Germany and Italy, Causes of World War I - Changes in Austria, Causes of World War I - Material causes, Causes of World War I - Colonial Expansion, Causes of World War I - Web of alliances, Causes of World War I - Over by Christmas, Causes of World War I - Incompetence, Causes of World War I - Primacy of the Offensive and War by Timetable, Causes of World War I - Communication Issues, Causes of World War I - Specific Events, Causes of World War I - The Congress of Vienna, Causes of World War I - The Franco–Prussian War 1870–1, Causes of World War I - The Rise of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Causes of World War I - Anglo–German Naval Race, Causes of World War I - Berlin-Baghdad Railway, Causes of World War I - Historiography, Causes of World War I - Sources, Causes of World War I - External link

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U.S. civilian and military intelligence forces had, between them, good information suggesting additional Japanese aggression throughout the summer and fall before the attack. None of it specifically indicated an attack against Pearl Harbor. During November, both the Navy and Army in Hawaii were explicitly warned that war with Japan was expected in the very near future. And, on the day of the attack, General Marshall sent a imminent war warning message to Pearl Harbor. In Hawaii, there were several indications of the incoming attack, but none ...

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Attack on Pearl Harbor, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Japanese preparations, Attack on Pearl Harbor - United States preparedness, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Breaking off negotiations, Attack on Pearl Harbor - The attack, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Nagumo's decision to withdraw after two strikes, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Immediate aftermath, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Subsequent attacks, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Longer-term effects, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Historical significance, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Japanese views of the attack, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Film dramatizations, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Recipients of the Medal of Honor, Attack on Pearl Harbor - Notes

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Early in 1916, General Yudenich, commanded a winter assault on the Turkish fort-city of Erzurum. The winter attack was successful and after a short battle, the Russians captured the city. They continued their offensive and captured the ancient port city of Trebizond in April. The Turkish army, under a new leader, Kerim, tried to recover their Armenian territory in a summer offensive but their efforts met with defeat at the Battle_of_Erzincan in July 1915. The only bright spot for the Turks was General Mustafa Kemal's conquest of two small to ...

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Caucasus Campaign, Caucasus Campaign - The First Year, Caucasus Campaign - 1916, Caucasus Campaign - 1918, Caucasus Campaign - Battles of the Caucasus Campaign, Caucasus Campaign - Sources

Read more here: » Caucasus Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Caucasus Campaign - 1916