One of the most distinguishing impacts of the war was that the reality of totality set in. Many consider World War I to have been the first modern war, a total war where the civilian populations were deliberately endangered as a direct tactic of war, which has continued in all subsequent wars. While civilians have always died or even been targeted in wars, World War I made civilian casualties accepted and commonplace (from, for example, aerial bombardment). All aspects of the societies fighting were affected by the conflict, often causing profound social change, e ...

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World War I, World War I - Introduction, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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The end of the fighting came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first of the Central Powers to sign an armistice (29 September 1918). Germany requested a ceasefire on 3 October 1918. When Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered the German High Seas Fleet to sortie against the Entente's navies, the sailors mutinied in Wilhelmshaven, starting 29 October. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated. On November 3, Austria-Hungary sent a flag of truce to the Italian Commander to ask an Armistice and terms of peace. The terms, having been arranged by telegraph with t ...

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World War I, World War I - Introduction, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased for the main Allies (the UK, Italy, and U.S.), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and in the main three Central Powers. The shrinkage in GDP in Austria, Russia, France, and the Ottoman Empire reached 30 to 40 percent. In Austria, for example, most of the hogs were slaughtered and, at war's end, there was no meat. Of course, all nations had increases in government's share of GDP, surpassing fifty percent in both Germany and France and nearly reaching it in UK. To pay for p ...

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World War I, World War I - Introduction, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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The First World War ended with a Europe scarred by trenches, spent resources, and littered with the bodies of the millions who died in battle. The direct consequences of World War I brought many old regimes crashing to the ground, and ultimately, would lead to the end of 300 years of European hegemony in the world. No other war had changed the map of Europe so dramatically--four empires were shattered: the German, the Austro-Hungarian, the Ottoman and the Russian. Their four dynasties, the Hohenzollerns, the Habsburgs, the Ottomans, a ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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Main articles: Causes of World War II, Events preceding World War II in Europe, and Events preceding World War II in Asia [2]The causes of World War II are naturally a debated subject, but a common view, particularly among the allies in the early post-war years, ties them to the policy of appeasement, which was directed by Britain and France after the First World War and expansionism of Germany and J ...

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World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

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The Germans also investigated use of the submarine as a blockade runner, in the form of the U-boat Deutschland, which was developed with private funds and operated by a German shipping company. The Deutschland was unarmed and had a wide beam to provide space for cargo. She managed to slip through the British blockade with a cargo of dyes, chemicals, and precious stones, arriving in Baltimore harbor in July 1916 after four weeks at sea. The voyage was a remarkable propaganda coup, and profitable as well, with the U-boat return ...

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First Battle of the Atlantic, First Battle of the Atlantic - The U-boat at war, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare, First Battle of the Atlantic - The Lusitania, First Battle of the Atlantic - Q-ships, First Battle of the Atlantic - U-boats in the Mediterranean, First Battle of the Atlantic - Mercantile submarines, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed, First Battle of the Atlantic - America in the war, First Battle of the Atlantic - The convoy system, First Battle of the Atlantic - The last gasp of the U-boats

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With the suspension of unrestricted submarine warfare, U-boat activities around the British Isles declined to routine minelaying at the mouths of harbors and in sea lanes. With nothing much to do in the Atlantic, U-boats went to the Mediterranean to see how the hunting was there. It proved good. The Germans wanted to support their allies, the Turks, who were fighting the British landings at Gallipoli, and also intercept British shipping moving through the Mediterran ...

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First Battle of the Atlantic, First Battle of the Atlantic - The U-boat at war, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare, First Battle of the Atlantic - The Lusitania, First Battle of the Atlantic - Q-ships, First Battle of the Atlantic - U-boats in the Mediterranean, First Battle of the Atlantic - Mercantile submarines, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed, First Battle of the Atlantic - America in the war, First Battle of the Atlantic - The convoy system, First Battle of the Atlantic - The last gasp of the U-boats

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The Cunard liner Lusitania was one of the most impressive luxury ships ever built. She displaced 27,000 tonnes and had a top speed of 28 knots (48 km/h). Lusitania had elegant passenger accommodations, plus a double bottom and watertight compartments for safety. The big liner continued her transatlantic passenger cruises after the outbreak of war. The British Admiralty had considered pressing her into military service, but decided she would not be economical to operate. However, they did require that some of Lusitania's modest cargo cap ...

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First Battle of the Atlantic, First Battle of the Atlantic - The U-boat at war, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare, First Battle of the Atlantic - The Lusitania, First Battle of the Atlantic - Q-ships, First Battle of the Atlantic - U-boats in the Mediterranean, First Battle of the Atlantic - Mercantile submarines, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed, First Battle of the Atlantic - America in the war, First Battle of the Atlantic - The convoy system, First Battle of the Atlantic - The last gasp of the U-boats

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After the cessation of unrestricted submarine warfare in September 1915, the German government waffled on what to do with their U-boats. The military wanted to resume the submarine blockade, while Bethmann-Hollweg was with good reason fearful that doing so would bring the United States into the war against Germany. The negotiations went nowhere, and in early 1916, a blockade was established, with attacks limited to armed merchantmen. After loud protests by neutrals, particularly the United States, the campaign was given up after two m ...

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First Battle of the Atlantic, First Battle of the Atlantic - The U-boat at war, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare, First Battle of the Atlantic - The Lusitania, First Battle of the Atlantic - Q-ships, First Battle of the Atlantic - U-boats in the Mediterranean, First Battle of the Atlantic - Mercantile submarines, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed, First Battle of the Atlantic - America in the war, First Battle of the Atlantic - The convoy system, First Battle of the Atlantic - The last gasp of the U-boats

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The Germans had managed to provoke the Americans into a collective rage, and the US was eager to get into the fight. The only problem was that America was not particularly ready to go to war, and Britain might well be defeated by the time the US was fully mobilized. Admiral William Sims, in command of US Navy forces in Europe, felt that the British were facing imminent disaster at the hands of the U-boats and begged for antisubmarine resources. The US ambassador to Britain, Walter Hines Page, reported the same fears back to Washington. Sinkings rose again in May, and the Admiralty pred ...

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First Battle of the Atlantic, First Battle of the Atlantic - The U-boat at war, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare, First Battle of the Atlantic - The Lusitania, First Battle of the Atlantic - Q-ships, First Battle of the Atlantic - U-boats in the Mediterranean, First Battle of the Atlantic - Mercantile submarines, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed, First Battle of the Atlantic - America in the war, First Battle of the Atlantic - The convoy system, First Battle of the Atlantic - The last gasp of the U-boats

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Late in the war, the German high command decided to take the war to US shores. This required submarines with very long range, but Germany had the seven U-boats derived from the merchant submarine Deutschland class. Two purpose-built long-range "cruiser" submarines were built as well, and featured six torpedo tubes and at least two 150 millimeter deck guns. A few of the converted merchantmen made long voyages south to the Azores and the African coast, where they operated generally unmolested against shipping operating in the area, though one, U 154, was torpedoe ...

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First Battle of the Atlantic, First Battle of the Atlantic - The U-boat at war, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare, First Battle of the Atlantic - The Lusitania, First Battle of the Atlantic - Q-ships, First Battle of the Atlantic - U-boats in the Mediterranean, First Battle of the Atlantic - Mercantile submarines, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed, First Battle of the Atlantic - America in the war, First Battle of the Atlantic - The convoy system, First Battle of the Atlantic - The last gasp of the U-boats

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The simple statistics encouraged the British Admiralty to begin merchant convoys. The Royal Navy had conducted convoys in the Napoleonic Wars and they had been used effectively to protect troopships in the current war, but the idea of using them to protect merchant shipping had been debated for several years. Nobody was sure if convoys were Britain's salvation or ruin. With the ability to replace losses, the dilemma of using convoys was not as painful. The British prime minster, David Lloyd George, finally insisted that convoys be implemented, and after experiments through the early months of 1917 that prove ...

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First Battle of the Atlantic, First Battle of the Atlantic - The U-boat at war, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare, First Battle of the Atlantic - The Lusitania, First Battle of the Atlantic - Q-ships, First Battle of the Atlantic - U-boats in the Mediterranean, First Battle of the Atlantic - Mercantile submarines, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed, First Battle of the Atlantic - America in the war, First Battle of the Atlantic - The convoy system, First Battle of the Atlantic - The last gasp of the U-boats

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By early 1915, all the combatants had lost the illusion that the war could be won quickly, and began to consider harsher measures in order to gain an advantage. The British, with their overwhelming sea power, of course had established a naval blockade of Germany early in the war. This blockade was unusually restrictive in that even foodstuffs were considered "contraband of war". The Germans regarded this as a blatant attempt to starve the German people into submission and wanted to retaliate in kind, and in fac ...

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First Battle of the Atlantic, First Battle of the Atlantic - The U-boat at war, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare, First Battle of the Atlantic - The Lusitania, First Battle of the Atlantic - Q-ships, First Battle of the Atlantic - U-boats in the Mediterranean, First Battle of the Atlantic - Mercantile submarines, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed, First Battle of the Atlantic - America in the war, First Battle of the Atlantic - The convoy system, First Battle of the Atlantic - The last gasp of the U-boats

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At the beginning of 1914, the submarine remained something of a nautical curiosity of uncertain usefulness. By the end of 1918, the value of the submarine as a weapon had been proved beyond all reasonable doubt. On August 6, 1914, two days after Britain declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, ten German U-boats left their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea. Th ...

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First Battle of the Atlantic, First Battle of the Atlantic - The U-boat at war, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare, First Battle of the Atlantic - The Lusitania, First Battle of the Atlantic - Q-ships, First Battle of the Atlantic - U-boats in the Mediterranean, First Battle of the Atlantic - Mercantile submarines, First Battle of the Atlantic - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed, First Battle of the Atlantic - America in the war, First Battle of the Atlantic - The convoy system, First Battle of the Atlantic - The last gasp of the U-boats

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Main article: Resistance during World War II Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. Resistance movements are sometimes also referred to as "the underground". Among the most notable resistance movements were the French Maquis, the Polish Home Army, and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Communist resistance was among the fiercest since they were already organised and militant even before the war and their ideology was in many respe ...

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World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

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Main article: Home Front during World War II Home front is the name given to the activities of the civilians in a state of total war. In the United Kingdom, women joined the work force in jobs that the men used to occupy. Food, clothing, petrol and other items were rationed. Access to luxuries was severely restricted, though there was also a significant black market. Families also grew victory gardens, small home vegetable gardens, to supply themselves with food. Civilians also served as Air Raid Wardens, volunteer emerg ...

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World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

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Main article: Technology during World War II [8]The massive research and development demands of the war, including the Manhattan Project's efforts to quickly develop the atomic bomb, had a great impact on the scientific community, among other things creating a network of national laboratories in the United States and new sciences like cybernetics. In addition, the pressing need for numerous time-critical calculations for various projects like ...

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World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

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World War I has also been called "The Great War" (a title previously used to refer to the Napoleonic Wars) or sometimes "the war to end all wars" until World War II. The term "First World War," implying an event distinct from a "Second World War" has fallen into disfavour by some scholars, who regard World War I as merely the first phase of a three-decade long war spanning the period 1914–1945.See also:

World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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"Yesterday I visited the battlefield of last year. The place was scarcely recognisable. Instead of a wilderness of ground torn up by shell, the ground was a garden of wild flowers and tall grasses. Most remarkable of all was the appearance of many thousands of white butterflies which fluttered around. It was as if the souls of the dead soldiers had come to haunt the spot where so many fell. It was eerie to see them. And the silence! It was so still that I could almost hear the beat of the butterfli ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons & Responsibilities, World War I - Opening battles, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of War, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - See Also, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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Main articles: Causes of World War II, Events preceding World War II in Europe, Events preceding World War II in Asia [2]The causes of World War II are naturally a debated subject, but a common view, particularly among the allies in the early post-war years, ties them to the policy of appeasement, which was directed by Britain and France after the First World War and expansionism of Germany and Japan: Germany had lost wealth, power and status ...

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World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

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Naval technology in World War I was dominated by the battleship. Aviation was primarily focused on reconnaissance, with the aircraft carrier still a thing of the future and bomber aircraft capable of relatively light loads. Battleships were built along the Dreadnought model, with several large turrets of equally sized big guns. Radio was in early use, with naval ships commonly equipped with radio telegraph, merchant ships less so. Radar w ...

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Naval warfare of World War I, Naval warfare of World War I - Prelude, Naval warfare of World War I - Naval technology, Naval warfare of World War I - Theaters, Naval warfare of World War I - North Sea, Naval warfare of World War I - Atlantic, Naval warfare of World War I - Mediterranean, Naval warfare of World War I - Baltic, Naval warfare of World War I - Distant Oceans

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The naval arms race between Britain and Germany to build dreadnought battleships in the early twentieth century is the subject of a number of books. Germany's attempt to build a battleship fleet to match that of the United Kingdom, the dominant naval power on the nineteenth century and an island country that depended on seaborne trade for survival, is often listed as a major reason for the enmity between those two countries that led the UK to enter World War I. By the beginning of the war, the United Kingdom still had a significant naval lea ...

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Naval warfare of World War I, Naval warfare of World War I - Prelude, Naval warfare of World War I - Naval technology, Naval warfare of World War I - Theaters, Naval warfare of World War I - North Sea, Naval warfare of World War I - Atlantic, Naval warfare of World War I - Mediterranean, Naval warfare of World War I - Baltic, Naval warfare of World War I - Distant Oceans

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