Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia). The Parthian empire was the most enduring of the empires of the ancient Near East. After the Parni nomads had settled in Parthia and had built a small independent kingdom, they rose to power under king Mithradates the Great ...

Including:

• Parthian Empire - Origins
• Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire
• Parthian Empire - Government
• Parthian Empire - Contact with China
• Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome
• Parthian Empire - Expansion to India
• Parthian Empire - Decline and fall
• Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers
• Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire

The Parthians were members of the Parni tribe, a nomadic people of Iranian origin, who spoke an Iranian language and entered the Iranian plateau from Central Asia. They were consummate horsemen, known for the 'Parthian shot': turning backwards at full gallop to loose an arrow directly to the rear. Later, at the height of their power, Parthian influence reached as far as Ubar in Arabia, the nexus of the frankincense trade route, where Parthian-inspired ceramics have been found. The power of the early Parthian empire seems to have been overestimated by some ancient histo ...

See also:

Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Origins

The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexander's empire. There were over 30 kings of the Seleucid dynasty from 323 to 60 BC. Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC. Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire within a short time-frame and died young, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenized culture without adult heir. Therefore his generals ...

Including:

• Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC
• Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain
• Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC
• Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC
• Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival
• Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration
• Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay
• Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire
• Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers
• Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia - Seleucid Empire

The inhabitants were very mixed. There was an aristocratic and administrative Persian upper class, but most of the population were middle class Persian Zoroastrians and the rest Aramaic-speaking peasants. There were a number of Tāzis (Arabs), most of whom lived as pastoralists along the western margins of the settled lands, but some lived as townspeople, especially in Hireh (al-Hira). In addition, there were another group of Iranian, Kurds, who lived along the foothills of the Zagros Mountains, and a surprisingly large number of Greeks, mostly prisoners capture ...

See also:

Khvarvaran, Khvarvaran - Ethnic Diversity & Religion, Khvarvaran - The Tazi Arab conquest and the early Islamic period, Khvarvaran - External link

Read more here: » Khvarvaran: Encyclopedia II - Khvarvaran - Ethnic Diversity & Religion

Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire within a short time-frame and died young, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenized culture without an adult heir. Therefore his generals (the Diadochi) thereupon jostled for supremacy over portions of his empire. Seleucus, one of his generals, established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, used as the foundation date of the Seleucid Empire. He ruled over not only Babylonia, but the entire enormous eastern part of Alexander's Empire. Following his and Lysimachus's victory over Ant ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC

Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire within a short time-frame and died young, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenized culture without adult heir. Therefore his generals (the Diadochi) thereupon jostled for supremacy over portions of his empire. Seleucus, one of his generals, established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, used as the foundation date of the Seleucid Empire. He ruled over not only Babylonia, but the entire enormous eastern part of Alexander's Empire. Following his and Lysimachus's victory over Antigo ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC

Aramaic is a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. It has been the language of administration of empires and the language of divine worship. It is the original language of large sections of the biblical books of Daniel and Ezra, and is the main language of the Talmud. Aramaic is believed to have been the language spoken by Jesus, and it is still spoken today as a first language by numerous small communities. Aramaic belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family. Within that diverse family, it belongs to the Semitic subfamil ...

Including:

• Aramaic language - Geographic distribution
• Aramaic language - Aramaic languages and dialects
• Aramaic language - Writing system
• Aramaic language - History
• Aramaic language - Old Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Ancient Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Imperial Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Late Old Eastern Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Late Old Western Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Middle Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Eastern Middle Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Western Middle Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Modern Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Modern Eastern Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Modern Western Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Sounds
• Aramaic language - Vowels
• Aramaic language - Consonants
• Aramaic language - Historical sound changes
• Aramaic language - Grammar
• Aramaic language - Background
• Aramaic language - Writing systems
• Aramaic language - Historical forms
• Aramaic language - Literature
• Aramaic language - Modern Aramaic languages

Read more here: » Aramaic language: Encyclopedia - Aramaic language

But Antiochus' glory was not to last for long. Following his erstwhile ally Philip's defeat at the hands of Rome in 197 BC, Antiochus now saw the opportunity for expansion into Greece. Encouraged by the exiled Carthaginian general Hannibal, and making an alliance with the disgruntled Aetolian League, Antiochus invaded Greece. Unfortunately, this decision led to his downfall: he was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae (191 BC) and Magnesia (190 BC), and was forced to make peace with the Romans by the embarrassing Treaty of Apamia (188 BC) - ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration

The Battle of Carrhae was a decisive battle fought in the year 53 BC near the town of Carrhae (now the present-day ruins of Harran, Turkey) between the Roman Republic under the Roman general Crassus and the Parthian Empire under the Parthian Eran Spahbod Surena. Battle of Carrhae - Background. In 55 BC, the renowned General Marcus Licinius Crassus had just finished serving his joint-consul year with Pompey. At the time, Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar had a powerful triumvirate that all but controlled Ro ...

Including:

• Battle of Carrhae - Background
• Battle of Carrhae - The Battle
• Battle of Carrhae - Outcome

Read more here: » Battle of Carrhae: Encyclopedia - Battle of Carrhae

The Buwayhids or Buyyids or Āl-i Buyeh, were a Shi'ite tribal confederation from Daylam, a region on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. In pre-Islamic times they had served as mercenaries for the Sasanian kings of Iran, but were independent from their rule. They were considered a formidable military force, especially because of their ability as foot soldiers. Succession of power was hereditary, with fathers dividing their land among their sons. During the time of Harun al-Rashid, the Alid people sought refuge ...

Including:

• Buwayhid - Buwayhid amirs
• Buwayhid - Major amirs
• Buwayhid - Minor Rulers

Read more here: » Buwayhid: Encyclopedia - Buwayhid

The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). Persia's earliest known kingdom was the proto-Elamite Empire, followed by the Medes; but it is the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians. Persian Empire - The name Persia. Persia has long ...

Including:

• Persian Empire - The name Persia
• Persian Empire - The rise and fall of empires in Persia
• Persian Empire - The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia 648 BC-330 BC
• Persian Empire - Hellenistic Persia 330 BC-150 BC
• Persian Empire - Parthian Persia 150 BC-AD 226
• Persian Empire - Sassanid Persia AD 226-650
• Persian Empire - Islam and Persia 650-1219
• Persian Empire - Persia under the Turkic rule 1037-1219
• Persian Empire - Persia under the Mongols and their successors 1219-1500
• Persian Empire - A new Persian empire: the Safavids 1500-1722
• Persian Empire - Persia and Europe 1722-1914
• Persian Empire - Persia in World War One 1914-1918
• Persian Empire - Persia after World War One 1919-1935
• Persian Empire - List of Kings and Emperors of Persia

Read more here: » Persian Empire: Encyclopedia - Persian Empire

Mesopotamia (Greek: Μεσοποταμία, translated from Old Persian Miyanrudan "between rivers"; Aramaic name being Beth-Nahrain "House of Two Rivers") is a region of Southwest Asia. Strictly speaking, it is the alluvial plain lying between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, composing parts of Iraq, Turkey and Syria. More commonly, the term includes these river plains in totality as well as the surrounding lowland territories bounded by the Syrian Desert to the west, the Arabian Desert to the south, the Persian ...

Including:

• Mesopotamia - City states and Imperial glory
• Mesopotamia - Later history
• Mesopotamia - List of links

Read more here: » Mesopotamia: Encyclopedia - Mesopotamia

Babylon is the Greek variant of Akkadian Babilu, an ancient city in Mesopotamia (Location: 32°32′11″N, 44°25′15″E, modern Al Hillah, Iraq). It was the "holy city" of Babylonia from early times, and the seat of the Neo-Babylonian empire from 612 BC. In the Hebrew Bible, the name appears as בבל (Babel), interpreted by popular etymology to mean "confusion". Akkadian bāb-ilû means "Gate of God", translating Sumerian Kadingirra. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Hanging Gar ...

Including:

• Babylon - History
• Babylon - Assyrian period
• Babylon - Beautification of Babylon by Nebuchadrezzar II
• Babylon - Babylon under the Persians
• Babylon - Hellenic period
• Babylon - Archaeology of Babylon

Read more here: » Babylon: Encyclopedia - Babylon

Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. Jiroft Kingdom Elamite Kingdom Median Empire Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Parthian Empire Sassanid dynasty Islamic conquest of Iran Tahirid dynasty Saffarid dynasty Ziyarid dynasty Samanid dynasty Buwayhid dynasty Ghaznavid Empire Seljuki ...

Including:

• Achaemenid dynasty - History
• Achaemenid dynasty - Decline
• Achaemenid dynasty - System of governing
• Achaemenid dynasty - Contributions
• Achaemenid dynasty - Art
• Achaemenid dynasty - Achaemenid rulers

Read more here: » Achaemenid dynasty: Encyclopedia - Achaemenid dynasty

Alexander the Great (in Greek Μέγας Αλέξανδρος, transliterated Megas Alexandros; born in Pella, Macedon, in July, 356 BC, died in Babylon, on June 10, 323 BC), King of Macedon 336–323 BC, is arguably the most successful military commander in world history, conquering most of the known world before his death. Alexander is also known in the Zoroastrian Middle Persian work Arda Wiraz Nāmag as "the accursed Alexander" due to his conquest of the ...

Including:

• Alexander the Great - Early life
• Alexander the Great - The ascent of Macedon
• Alexander the Great - Period of conquests
• Alexander the Great - The defeat of the Persian Empire
• Alexander the Great - The invasion of India
• Alexander the Great - After India
• Alexander the Great - Alexander's marriages and sexuality
• Alexander the Great - The army of Alexander the Great before the Battle of Gaugamela
• Alexander the Great - Infantry
• Alexander the Great - Cavalry
• Alexander the Great - Death
• Alexander the Great - Legacy and division of the empire
• Alexander the Great - Timeline
• Alexander the Great - Alexander's character
• Alexander the Great - Stories and legends
• Alexander the Great - Ancient sources
• Alexander the Great - Alexander's legend
• Alexander the Great - Alexander's legend in non-Western sources
• Alexander the Great - Main towns founded by Alexander
• Alexander the Great - Alexander in popular media
• Alexander the Great - Note

Read more here: » Alexander the Great: Encyclopedia - Alexander the Great

By the time Antiochus II's son Seleucus II Callinicus came to the throne around 246 BC, the Seleucids seemed to be at a low ebb indeed. Aside from the secessions of Parthia and Bactria, Seleucus II was soon dramatically defeated in the Third Syrian War against Ptolemy III of Egypt, then had to fight a civil war against his own brother Antiochus Hierax. In Asia Minor too, the Seleucid dynasty seemed to be losing control -- Gauls had fully established themselves in Galatia, semi-independent semi-Hellenized kingdoms had sprung up in Bithynia, Pontus, and Cappadocia, and the city of Pergamum in the west wa ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival

The Zand dynasty ruled southern and central Iran (1750–1794). The dynasty was formed by Karim Khan, chief of the Zand tribe of Lurs who had previously been moved by Nadir Shah to eastern Iran, but had returned after the death of the latter. Karim Khan and Alimardan Khan Bakhtiari took control of central Iran following the unrest that arose from the assassination of Nadir Shah (1747). They both chose a minor prince of the Safavid Dynasty as their puppet ruler and named him Ismail III. Karim Khan chose to be the military comman ...

Including:

• Zand dynasty - Zand rulers of Iran

Read more here: » Zand dynasty: Encyclopedia - Zand dynasty

Vonones I of Parthia (ΟΝΩΝΗΣ on his coins) ruled the Parthian Empire from about AD 8–12. He was the eldest son of Phraates IV and was sent to Rome as a hostage in the 20s BC as surety for a treaty his father made with Augustus. After the assassination of Orodes III in about AD 6, the Parthians applied to Augustus for a new king from the house of Arsaces. Augustus sent them Vonones, but he could not maintain himself as king; he had been educated as a Roman, and was despised by the Parthian nobility as a slave of the Roma ...

Read more here: » Vonones I of Parthia: Encyclopedia - Vonones I of Parthia

After the death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Seleucid Empire became increasingly unstable. Frequent civil wars made central authority tenuous at best. Epiphanes' young son, Antiochus V Eupator, was first overthrown by Seleucus IV's son, Demetrius I Soter in 161 BC. Demetrius I attempted to restore Seleucid power in Judea particularly, but was overthrown in 150 BC by Alexander Balas -- an impostor who (with Egyptian backing) claimed to be the son of Epiphanes. Alexander Balas reigned until 145 BC, when he was overthrown by Demetrius I's son ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay

The Seleucid Empire is one of a number of factions in the 2004 PC game Rome: Total War. The Jewish Maccabees, who expelled the Seleucid, are the name of a beer and several sports teams (including basketball and football) in Israel as of 2006. ...

See also:

Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC, Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain, Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC, Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival, Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration, Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay, Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers, Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia II - Seleucid Empire - In modern media