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parsing algorithms | A Wisdom Archive on parsing algorithms | | parsing algorithms A selection of articles related to parsing algorithms | |
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| | |  parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia - XMLThe Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a W3C-recommended general-purpose markup language for creating special-purpose markup languages, capable of describing many different kinds of data. It is a simplified subset of SGML. Its primary purpose is to facilitate the sharing of data across different systems, particularly systems connected via the Internet. Languages based on XML (for example, Geography Markup Language (GML), RDF/XML, RSS, MathML, Physical Markup Language (PML), XHTML, SVG, MusicXML and cXML) are defined in a forma ...
Including:
Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia - XML |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees There are basically two ways to describe how in a certain grammar a string can be derived from the start symbol. The simplest way is to list the consecutive strings of symbols, beginning with the start symbol and ending with the string, and the rules that have been applied. If we introduce a strategy such as "always replace the left-most nonterminal first" then for context-free grammars the list of applied grammar rules is by itself sufficient. This is called the leftmost derivation of a string. For example, if we take the follow ...
See also:Context-free grammar, Context-free grammar - Formal definition, Context-free grammar - Examples, Context-free grammar - Example 1, Context-free grammar - Example 2, Context-free grammar - Example 3, Context-free grammar - Example 4, Context-free grammar - Other examples, Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees, Context-free grammar - Normal forms, Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems, Context-free grammar - Properties of context-free languages Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - XML - Correctness in an XML document For an XML document to be correct, it must be:
Well-formed. A well-formed document conforms to all of XML's syntax rules. For example, if a non-empty element has an opening tag with no closing tag, it is not well-formed. A document that is not well-formed is not considered to be XML; a parser is required to refuse to process it.
Valid. A valid document has data that conforms to a particular set of user-defined content rules that describe correct data values and locations. For example, if an element ...
See also:XML, XML - History, XML - Features of XML, XML - Strengths and weaknesses, XML - Quick syntax tour, XML - Correctness in an XML document, XML - Well-formed documents, XML - Valid documents, XML - International and worldwide use, XML - Displaying XML on the web, XML - XML extensions, XML - Processing XML files, XML - Versions of XML, XML - Patent status, XML - Quotes about XML Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia II - XML - Correctness in an XML document |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - XML - Displaying XML on the web Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is a supporting technology that describes how to format or transform the data in an XML document. The document is changed to a format suitable for browser display. The process is similar to applying a CSS to an HTML document for rendering.
Without using CSS or XSL, a generic XML document is rendered as raw XML text by most web browsers. Browsers like Internet Explorer, Mozilla and Mozilla Firefox display it with 'handles' that allow parts of the structu ...
See also:XML, XML - History, XML - Features of XML, XML - Strengths and weaknesses, XML - Quick syntax tour, XML - Correctness in an XML document, XML - Well-formed documents, XML - Valid documents, XML - International and worldwide use, XML - Displaying XML on the web, XML - XML extensions, XML - Processing XML files, XML - Versions of XML, XML - Patent status, XML - Quotes about XML Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia II - XML - Displaying XML on the web |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - XML - Processing XML files SAX and DOM are APIs widely used to process XML data. SAX is used for serial processing whereas DOM is used for random-access processing. Another form of XML Processing API is data binding, where XML data is made available as a strongly typed programming language data structure, in contrast to the DOM. Example data binding systems are the Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB) [1] and the Strathclyde Novel ...
See also:XML, XML - History, XML - Features of XML, XML - Strengths and weaknesses, XML - Quick syntax tour, XML - Correctness in an XML document, XML - Well-formed documents, XML - Valid documents, XML - International and worldwide use, XML - Displaying XML on the web, XML - XML extensions, XML - Processing XML files, XML - Versions of XML, XML - Patent status, XML - Quotes about XML Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia II - XML - Processing XML files |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - XML - Patent status In October 2005 the small company Scientigo publicly asserted that two of its patents, U.S. Patent 5842213 and U.S. Patent 6393426, apply to the use of XML. The patents cover the transfer of "data in neutral forms", according to their applications, which were filed in 1997 and 1999. Scientigo CEO Doyal Bryant expressed a desire to "monetize" the patents but stated that the company was "not interested in having us against the world." He said that Scientigo was discussing the patent ...
See also:XML, XML - History, XML - Features of XML, XML - Strengths and weaknesses, XML - Quick syntax tour, XML - Correctness in an XML document, XML - Well-formed documents, XML - Valid documents, XML - International and worldwide use, XML - Displaying XML on the web, XML - XML extensions, XML - Processing XML files, XML - Versions of XML, XML - Patent status, XML - Quotes about XML Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia II - XML - Patent status |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - XML - Versions of XML There are two current versions of XML. The first, XML 1.0, was initially defined in 1998. It has undergone minor revisions since then, without being given a new version number, and is currently in its third edition, as published on February 4, 2004. It is widely implemented and still recommended for general use. The second, XML 1.1, was initially published on the same day as XML 1.0 Third Edition. It contains features — some contentious — that are intended to make XML easier to use for certain classes of users (mainframe programmers, mainly). XML 1.1 is not very widely implemented and is recommended for use only ...
See also:XML, XML - History, XML - Features of XML, XML - Strengths and weaknesses, XML - Quick syntax tour, XML - Correctness in an XML document, XML - Well-formed documents, XML - Valid documents, XML - International and worldwide use, XML - Displaying XML on the web, XML - XML extensions, XML - Processing XML files, XML - Versions of XML, XML - Patent status, XML - Quotes about XML Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia II - XML - Versions of XML |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - XML - Strengths and weaknesses Some features of XML that make it well-suited for data transfer are:
its simultaneously human- and machine-readable format;
it has support for Unicode, allowing almost any information in any human language to be communicated;
the ability to represent the most general computer science data structures: records, lists and trees;
the self-documenting format that describes structure and field names as well as specific values;
the strict syntax and parsing requirements that allow the necessary parsing algorithms to ...
See also:XML, XML - History, XML - Features of XML, XML - Strengths and weaknesses, XML - Quick syntax tour, XML - Correctness in an XML document, XML - Well-formed documents, XML - Valid documents, XML - International and worldwide use, XML - Displaying XML on the web, XML - XML extensions, XML - Processing XML files, XML - Versions of XML, XML - Patent status, XML - Quotes about XML Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia II - XML - Strengths and weaknesses |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Normal forms Every context-free grammar which does not generate the empty string can be transformed into an equivalent one in Chomsky normal form or Greibach normal form. "Equivalent" here means that the two grammars generate the same language.
Because of the especially simple form of production rules in Chomsky Normal Form grammars, this normal form has both theoretical and practical implications. For instance, given a context-free grammar, one can use the Chomsky Normal Form to construct a polynomial-time algorithm which decides whether a given string is in the language re ...
See also:Context-free grammar, Context-free grammar - Formal definition, Context-free grammar - Examples, Context-free grammar - Example 1, Context-free grammar - Example 2, Context-free grammar - Example 3, Context-free grammar - Example 4, Context-free grammar - Other examples, Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees, Context-free grammar - Normal forms, Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems, Context-free grammar - Properties of context-free languages Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Normal forms |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Examples
Context-free grammar - Example 1.
A simple context-free grammar is
S → aSb | ε
where | is a logical OR, and is used to separate multiple options for the same non-terminal—ε stands for an empty string. This grammar generates the language which is not regular.
Context-free grammar - Example 2.
Here is a context-free grammar for syntactically correct infix algebraic expressions in the variables x, y and z:
S → x | y | z | S + S | S - S | S * S | S/S | (S)
This grammar can, for example, generat ...
See also:Context-free grammar, Context-free grammar - Formal definition, Context-free grammar - Examples, Context-free grammar - Example 1, Context-free grammar - Example 2, Context-free grammar - Example 3, Context-free grammar - Example 4, Context-free grammar - Other examples, Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees, Context-free grammar - Normal forms, Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems, Context-free grammar - Properties of context-free languages Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Examples |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems Although some operations on context-free grammars are decidable due to their limited power, unlike finite automata CFGs do have interesting undecidable problems. One of the simplest and most cited is the problem of deciding whether a CFG accepts the language of all strings. A reduction can be demonstrated to this problem from the well-known undecidable problem of determining whether a Turing machine accepts a particular input. The reduction uses the concept of a computation history, a string describing an entire computation of a Turin ...
See also:Context-free grammar, Context-free grammar - Formal definition, Context-free grammar - Examples, Context-free grammar - Example 1, Context-free grammar - Example 2, Context-free grammar - Example 3, Context-free grammar - Example 4, Context-free grammar - Other examples, Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees, Context-free grammar - Normal forms, Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems, Context-free grammar - Properties of context-free languages Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - XML - History By the mid-1990s some practitioners of SGML had gained experience with the then-new World Wide Web, and believed that SGML offered solutions to some of the problems the Web was likely to face as it grew. Jon Bosak argued that the W3C should sponsor an "SGML on the Web" activity. After some resistance he was authorized to launch that activity in mid-1996, albeit with little involvement by or support from the W3C leadership. Bosak was well-connected in the small community of people who had experience both in SGML and the Web. He received support ...
See also:XML, XML - History, XML - Features of XML, XML - Strengths and weaknesses, XML - Quick syntax tour, XML - Correctness in an XML document, XML - Well-formed documents, XML - Valid documents, XML - International and worldwide use, XML - Displaying XML on the web, XML - XML extensions, XML - Processing XML files, XML - Versions of XML, XML - Patent status, XML - Quotes about XML Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia II - XML - History |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Formal definition Just as any formal grammar, a context-free grammar G can be defined as a 4-tuple:
G = (Vt,Vn,P,S) where
Vt is a finite set of terminals
Vn is a finite set of non-terminals
P is a finite set of productions rules
S is an e ...
See also:Context-free grammar, Context-free grammar - Formal definition, Context-free grammar - Examples, Context-free grammar - Example 1, Context-free grammar - Example 2, Context-free grammar - Example 3, Context-free grammar - Example 4, Context-free grammar - Other examples, Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees, Context-free grammar - Normal forms, Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems, Context-free grammar - Properties of context-free languages Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Formal definition |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - XML - Features of XML XML provides a text-based means to describe and apply a tree-based structure to information. At its base level, all information manifests as text, interspersed with markup that indicates the information's separation into a hierarchy of character data, container-like elements, and attributes of those elements. In this respect, it is similar to the LISP programming language's S-expressions, which describe tree structures wherein ea ...
See also:XML, XML - History, XML - Features of XML, XML - Strengths and weaknesses, XML - Quick syntax tour, XML - Correctness in an XML document, XML - Well-formed documents, XML - Valid documents, XML - International and worldwide use, XML - Displaying XML on the web, XML - XML extensions, XML - Processing XML files, XML - Versions of XML, XML - Patent status, XML - Quotes about XML Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia II - XML - Features of XML |
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| | | | parsing algorithms: Encyclopedia II - XML - Quick syntax tour Here is an example of a simple recipe expressed using XML:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Recipe name="bread" prep_time="5 mins" cook_time="3 hours">
<title>Basic bread</title>
<ingredient amount="3" unit="cups">Flour</ingredient>
<ingredient amount="0.25" unit="ounce">Yeast</ingredient>
<ingredient amount="1.5" unit="cups" state="warm">Water</ingredient>
<ingredient amount="1" unit="teaspoon">Salt</ingredient>
<Instructions>
< ...
See also:XML, XML - History, XML - Features of XML, XML - Strengths and weaknesses, XML - Quick syntax tour, XML - Correctness in an XML document, XML - Well-formed documents, XML - Valid documents, XML - International and worldwide use, XML - Displaying XML on the web, XML - XML extensions, XML - Processing XML files, XML - Versions of XML, XML - Patent status, XML - Quotes about XML Read more here: » XML: Encyclopedia II - XML - Quick syntax tour |
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