See also: 1940 in literature, other events of 1941, 1942 in literature, list of years in literature. 1941 in literature - Events. Frank Herbert marries Flora Parkinson. F. Scott Fitzgerald's unfinished work, The Last Tycoon, is edited and published by Edmund Wilson. 1941 in literature - New books. Barometer Rising - Hugh MacLennan Blood On The Forge - William Attaway Call It Courage - Armstrong Sper ...

Including:

• 1941 in literature - Events
• 1941 in literature - New books
• 1941 in literature - New drama
• 1941 in literature - Births
• 1941 in literature - Deaths
• 1941 in literature - Awards

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3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, or MDA, is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and Empathogen/Entactogen of the phenethylamine family. It was first synthesized by G. Mannish and W. Jacobson in 1910. There are about 20 different synthetic routes described in the literature for its preparation. 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Medical use. MDA was first used in animal tests in 1939, and human trials began in 1941 in the exploration of possible therapies for Parkinson's disease. From 1949 to 1957, mo ...

Including:

• 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Medical use
• 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Recreational use
• 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Effects
• 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Legality
• 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Categorization

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Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis. The differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with Parkinsonian symptoms is: Idiopathic Parkinson's disease Essential tremor Parkinson plus syndromes (see below) Secondary parkinsonism due to drugs, toxins, stroke, head trauma, or hydrocephalus Parkinson's tremors differ from essential tremors in that the latter are posture or action tremors, have bilateral tremors involving the hands, head and voice, and are alcohol responsive. In contrast, Parkinson's tremors ...

See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

Read more here: » Parkinson's disease: Encyclopedia II - Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis

Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis. The differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with Parkinsonian symptoms is: Idiopathic Parkinson's disease Essential tremor Parkinson plus syndromes (see below) Secondary parkinsonism due to drugs, toxins, stroke, head trauma, or hydrocephalus Parkinson's tremors differ from essential tremors in that the latter are posture or action tremors, have bilateral tremors involving the hands, head and voice, and are alcohol responsive. In contrast, Parkinson's tremors ...

See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes: A Complex Etiology is Probable, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

Read more here: » Parkinson's disease: Encyclopedia II - Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis

The treatment of Parkinson's disease mainly relies on replacing dopamine with levodopa (L-DOPA) or mimicking its action with dopamine agonists such as pramipexole, ropinirole, pergolide or bromocriptine. Discovered as a Parkinson's treatment by Arvid Carlsson, levodopa is a dopamine precursor that is transfomed into dopamine by dopa-decarboxylase, present in the basal ganglia in the brain as well as other tissues, e.g., the retina. Levodopa is almost always supplemented with carbidopa or benserazide, dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors which preve ...

See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes: A Complex Etiology is Probable, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

Read more here: » Parkinson's disease: Encyclopedia II - Parkinson's disease - Treatment

The treatment of Parkinson's disease mainly relies on replacing dopamine with levodopa (L-DOPA) or mimicking its action with dopamine agonists such as pramipexole, ropinirole, pergolide or bromocriptine. Discovered as a Parkinson's treatment by Arvid Carlsson, levodopa is a dopamine precursor that is transfomed into dopamine by dopa-decarboxylase, present in the basal ganglia in the brain as well as other tissues. Levodopa is almost always supplemented with carbidopa or benserazide, dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors which prevent levodopa from b ...

See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

Read more here: » Parkinson's disease: Encyclopedia II - Parkinson's disease - Treatment

Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms. Symptoms may vary among patients, and additionally may vary greatly over time in a single patient. However, the cardinal symptoms are: tremor (while this is the best known symptom, it is not displayed by an estimated 30% of patients with little perceptible tremor; these are classified as rigid-akinetic. The classical Parkinsonian tremor is 4-7Hz, often unilateral, decreased by supination and pronation, and responsive to dopaminergics and anticholinergic ...

See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes: A Complex Etiology is Probable, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

Read more here: » Parkinson's disease: Encyclopedia II - Parkinson's disease - Symptoms

Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases. There are other disorders that are called Parkinson-Plus diseases. These include: Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Shy-Drager Syndrome (SDS) Striatonigral degeneration (SND) Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA) Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD) Some people include Dementia with Lew ...

See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

Read more here: » Parkinson's disease: Encyclopedia II - Parkinson's disease - Related diseases

Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases. There are other disorders that are called Parkinson-Plus diseases. These include: Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Shy-Drager Syndrome (SDS) Striatonigral degeneration (SND) Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA) Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes: A Complex Etiology is Probable, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

Read more here: » Parkinson's disease: Encyclopedia II - Parkinson's disease - Related diseases

The cause of Parkinson's disease is not known (idiopathic). There are, however, many theories. Parkinson's disease - Genetic. Geneticists have, since 1997, found nine different specific genetic defects, each of which causes the disease in one or a few families with extraordinarily high incidences of the disease, but such families are rare. While a strong inheritance pattern occurs in only a very small percentage of cases, an affected individual is three to four times more likely than an unaffected i ...

See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

Read more here: » Parkinson's disease: Encyclopedia II - Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes

The cause of Parkinson's disease is not known (idiopathic). There are, however, many theories. Parkinson's disease - Genetic. Geneticists have, since 1997, found nine different specific genetic defects, each of which causes the disease in one or a few families with extraordinarily high incidences of the disease, but such families are rare. While a strong inheritance pattern occurs in only a very small percentage of cases, an affected individual is three to four times more likely than an unaffected i ...

See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes: A Complex Etiology is Probable, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

Read more here: » Parkinson's disease: Encyclopedia II - Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes: A Complex Etiology is Probable

WPW syndrome is commonly diagnosed on the basis of the surface EKG in an asymptomatic individual. In this case it is manifest as a delta wave, which is a slurred upstroke in the QRS complex that is associated with a short PR interval. WPW syndrome may also be noted on an EKG of an individual in cardiac arrest. In this case, the EKG will show a wide-complex tachycardia with widely varying morphologies of the QRS complexes with varying rates. This EKG finding is due to atrial fi ...

See also:

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Pathophysiology, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Diagnosis, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Risk stratification, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Treatment

Read more here: » Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Diagnosis

In normal individuals, electrical activity in the heart is initiated in the sinoatrial (SA) node (located in the right atrium), propagates to the atrioventricular (AV) node, and then through the bundle of His to the ventricles of the heart. (See electrical conduction system of the heart). The AV node acts as a gatekeeper, limiting the electrical activity that reaches the ventricles of the heart. This is an important function of the AV node, because if the signals generated in the atria of the heart were to increase in rate (such as du ...

See also:

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Pathophysiology, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Diagnosis, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Risk stratification, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Treatment

Read more here: » Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Pathophysiology

Treatment is based on risk stratification of the individual. Risk stratification is performed to determine which individuals with WPW syndrome are at risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD). Sudden cardiac death in these individuals is due to the propogation of an atrial arrhythmia to the ventricles at a very high rate. A good history should be taken to determine whether an individual has factors suggestive of a previous episode of unexplained syncope or palpitations. These may be due to ea ...

See also:

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Pathophysiology, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Diagnosis, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Risk stratification, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Treatment

Read more here: » Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Risk stratification

The surgery involves craniotomy for implantation of an electrode into the thalamus or basal ganglia of the brain. The electrode is powered by a battery-operated neurostimulator placed under the collar bone. Electrical stimulation through the electrode interferes with neural activity at the target site (usually specific areas of the thalamus or the subthalamic nucleus and pallidum of the basal ganglia) which can alleviate tremors, rigidity or bradykinesia. The choice of target site depends on the symptoms being addressed. After the surgery is ...

See also:

Deep brain stimulation, Deep brain stimulation - Parkinson's disease, Deep brain stimulation - Clinical depression

Read more here: » Deep brain stimulation: Encyclopedia II - Deep brain stimulation - Parkinson's disease

The definitive treatment of WPW syndrome is destruction of the abnormal electrical pathway by radiofrequency catheter ablation. This procedure is performed almost exclusively by cardiac electrophysiologists. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is not performed in all individuals with WPW syndrome because there are inherent risks involved in the procedure. When performed by an experienced electrophysiologist, radiofrequency ablation has a high success rate.^{See also:}

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Pathophysiology, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Diagnosis, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Risk stratification, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Treatment

Read more here: » Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Treatment

mechanical obstruction oesophageal web oesophageal ring oesophageal diverticulum peptic stricture (from gastroesophageal reflux disease) oesophageal malignancy local motility disorders achalasia oesophageal spasm scleroderma neurological disorders brainstem pathology (stroke, mass lesion) multiple sclerosis movement disorders (Parkinson's, Huntington's ...

See also:

Dysphagia, Dysphagia - Causes, Dysphagia - Treatment

Read more here: » Dysphagia: Encyclopedia II - Dysphagia - Causes

Levodopa is a dopamine precursor used to treat Parkinson's disease. It is typically co-administered with an inhibitor of peripheral catechol-O-methyl transferase, such as carbidopa (co-careldopa) or benserazide (co-beneldopa). Dopamine is also used as an inotropic drug in patients with shock to increase cardiac output and blood pressure. ...

See also:

Dopamine, Dopamine - Biochemistry, Dopamine - Functions of Dopamine in the Brain, Dopamine - Role in Movement, Dopamine - Role in Cognition and Frontal Cortex Function, Dopamine - Role in Pleasure and Motivation, Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis, Dopamine - Therapeutic use, Dopamine - Major Dopamine Pathways

Read more here: » Dopamine: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Therapeutic use

Levodopa is a dopamine precursor used to treat Parkinson's disease. It is typically co-administered with an inhibitor of peripheral catechol-O-methyl transferase, such as carbidopa (co-careldopa) or benserazide (co-beneldopa). Dopamine is also used as an inotropic drug in patients with shock to increase cardiac output and blood pressure. ...

See also:

Dopamine, Dopamine - Biochemistry, Dopamine - Functions of dopamine in the brain, Dopamine - Role in movement, Dopamine - Role in cognition and frontal cortex function, Dopamine - Role in pleasure and motivation, Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis, Dopamine - Therapeutic use, Dopamine - Major dopamine pathways

Read more here: » Dopamine: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Therapeutic use

Dopamine - Role in Movement. Dopamine is critical to the way the brain controls our movements and is a crucial part of the basal ganglia motor loop. Shortage of dopamine, particularly the death of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, causes Parkinson's disease, in which a person loses the ability to execute smooth, controlled movements. D ...

See also:

Dopamine, Dopamine - Biochemistry, Dopamine - Functions of Dopamine in the Brain, Dopamine - Role in Movement, Dopamine - Role in Cognition and Frontal Cortex Function, Dopamine - Role in Pleasure and Motivation, Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis, Dopamine - Therapeutic use, Dopamine - Major Dopamine Pathways

Read more here: » Dopamine: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Functions of Dopamine in the Brain

Dopamine - Role in movement. Dopamine is critical to the way the brain controls our movements and is a crucial part of the basal ganglia motor loop. Shortage of dopamine, particularly the death of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, causes Parkinson's disease, in which a person loses the ability to execute smooth, controlled movements. D ...

See also:

Dopamine, Dopamine - Biochemistry, Dopamine - Functions of dopamine in the brain, Dopamine - Role in movement, Dopamine - Role in cognition and frontal cortex function, Dopamine - Role in pleasure and motivation, Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis, Dopamine - Therapeutic use, Dopamine - Major dopamine pathways

Read more here: » Dopamine: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Functions of dopamine in the brain