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Parkinsonism | A Wisdom Archive on Parkinsonism | | Parkinsonism A selection of articles related to Parkinsonism | |
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parkinsonism, Parkinsonism
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Parkinsonism | | | | |  Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Tocopherol - Factors in vitamin E deficiencyThere are three specific situations when a vitamin E deficiency is likely to occur. It is seen in persons who cannot absorb dietary fat, has been found in premature, very low birth weight infants (birth weights less than 1500 grams, or 3 1/2 pounds), and is seen in individuals with rare disorders of fat metabolism. A vitamin E deficiency is usually characterized by neurological problems due to poor(bad) nerve conduction.
Individuals who cannot absorb fat may require a vitamin E supplement because some dietary fat is needed for the abs ...
See also:Tocopherol, Tocopherol - Forms of vitamin E, Tocopherol - Factors in vitamin E deficiency, Tocopherol - Current issues and controversies about vitamin E, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and heart disease, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and cancer, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and cataracts, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and Alzheimer's disease, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and Parkinson's disease, Tocopherol - Health risks of too much vitamin E Read more here: » Tocopherol: Encyclopedia II - Tocopherol - Factors in vitamin E deficiency |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Tocopherol - Forms of vitamin E Alpha-tocopherol is traditionally recognized as the most active form of vitamin E in humans, and is a powerful biological antioxidant. The measurement of "vitamin E" activity in international units (IU) was based on fertility enhancement by the prevention of spontaneous abortions in pregnant rats relative to alpha tocopherol. It increases naturally to about 150% of normal in the maternal circulation during human pregnancies. The other isomers are slowly being recognized as research begins to elucidate their additional roles in the hum ...
See also:Tocopherol, Tocopherol - Forms of vitamin E, Tocopherol - Factors in vitamin E deficiency, Tocopherol - Current issues and controversies about vitamin E, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and heart disease, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and cancer, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and cataracts, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and Alzheimer's disease, Tocopherol - Vitamin E and Parkinson's disease, Tocopherol - Health risks of too much vitamin E Read more here: » Tocopherol: Encyclopedia II - Tocopherol - Forms of vitamin E |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Effects
Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter believed to play a role in the regulation of mood and pleasure. MDMA's main action is believed to cause serotonin vescicles in the brain to release quantities of serotonin into the synapses. MDMA also has slight agonist effects on dopamine and norepinephrine levels and promotes the release of the hormone prolactin. These effects are primarily due to MDMA's action on the monoamine transporters, SERT (serotonin transporter), DAT (dopamine transporter) and NET (norepinephrine transporter).
Ecstasy ...
See also:Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety Read more here: » Ecstasy drug: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Effects |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics MDMA has complex nonlinear pharmacokinetics, due MDMA's ability to inhibit CYP2D6 and CYP2d8. It is metabolised via N-demethylation to several active metabolites including MDA, although the conversion rate in humans is low. The metabolism is primarily by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 (in humans, but CYP2D1 in mice), and CYP3A4 . Large increases in blood and brain concentrations are mostly due to autoinhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism--if the user takes consecutive doses of the drug, disproportionately high plasma concentrations can result.
A significant quantity is excreted unchanged in the urine, e ...
See also:Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety Read more here: » Ecstasy drug: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law Use, supply and trafficking of ecstasy are currently illegal in most countries. In the United States, MDMA was legal and unregulated until May 31st 1985, at which time it was added to DEA Schedule I, for drugs deemed to have no medical uses and a high potential for abuse. During DEA hearings to criminalize MDMA, most experts recommended DEA Schedule III prescription status for the drug, due to its beneficial usage in psychotherapy. The judge overseeing the hearings, Francis Young, also made this recommend ...
See also:Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety Read more here: » Ecstasy drug: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - History A patent for MDMA was originally filed on Christmas eve 1912 by the German pharmaceutical company Merck, and granted two years later (to the day). At the time, MDMA was not known to be a drug in its own right; rather, it was patented as an intermediate chemical used in the synthesis of a styptic (a drug intended to control bleeding from wounds.) Over half a century would pass before the first known ingestion of MDMA by humans.
Contrary to many rumours, the drug was never used as an appetite suppressant or as a stimulant for armed forc ...
See also:Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety Read more here: » Ecstasy drug: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - History |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug The primary effects of MDMA include feelings of openness, euphoria, empathy, love, and heightened self-awareness. Its initial adoption by the dance club sub-culture is probably due to the enhancement of the overall social and musical experience. Taking MDMA or Ecstasy is commonly referred to as "pinging", rolling, popping, buzzing, dropping, pilling, flipping, getting ...
See also:Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety Read more here: » Ecstasy drug: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration MDMA is usually ingested in pill form. Pills come in a variety of "brands", usually identified by the icons stamped on the pills. The brands never consistently designate the actual active compound within the pill, as anyone can make their own pills which copy the features of a well-known brand.
Pills sold illegally on the street don't always have MDMA as the only active ingredient. Black market pills most likely contain methamphetamine, but have been found to contain analogues such as MDEA, MDA and MBDB, and occasionally other unrelated psychoactive additives such as amphetamines (speed), DXM, ephedrin ...
See also:Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety Read more here: » Ecstasy drug: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration |
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| | | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - The Late Late Show - Rival shows
The Late Late Show - The Live Mike.
Within Ireland, the only rival to Byrne's Late Late Show came from within RTÉ. Initially it was from a succession of shows presented by Mike Murphy, a presenter who did more comedy than Byrne and who pitched his shows, notably the acclaimed The Live Mike at a comedic level, including such elements as a candid camera set-up of unsuspecting members of the public (including Byrne once, whom Murphy tormented in the guise of a quizzical Frenchman in Trinity Col ...
See also:The Late Late Show, The Late Late Show - Hosts, The Late Late Show - Gay Byrne, The Late Late Show - Producer and director, The Late Late Show - Final Show, The Late Late Show - Frank Hall, The Late Late Show - Pat Kenny, The Late Late Show - Choosing Kenny, The Late Late Show - Rival shows, The Late Late Show - The Live Mike, The Late Late Show - Saturday Live & Kenny Live, The Late Late Show - Parkinson & The Late Late Show on Channel 4, The Late Late Show - The Dunphy Show, The Late Late Show - Tubridy Tonight, The Late Late Show - Famous or infamous guests, The Late Late Show - Artists whose first television appearance was on the Late Late Show, The Late Late Show - External link Read more here: » The Late Late Show: Encyclopedia II - The Late Late Show - Rival shows |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - The Late Late Show - Famous or infamous guests See List of The Late Late Show guests
Among the many guests on The Late Late Show over 40 years have been:
Annie Murphy, mistress of disgraced Irish Catholic Bishop, Eamon Casey
Bob Geldof, lead singer with the Boomtown Rats and founder of Live Aid
Billy Connolly, Scottish comedian
Bono, lead singer with U2
Cathal Daly, retired Cardinal Archbishop of Armagh
Cyril Cusack, famous Irish actor
Dana, Ireland's first winner of the Eurovision Song Contest ...
See also:The Late Late Show, The Late Late Show - Hosts, The Late Late Show - Gay Byrne, The Late Late Show - Producer and director, The Late Late Show - Final Show, The Late Late Show - Frank Hall, The Late Late Show - Pat Kenny, The Late Late Show - Choosing Kenny, The Late Late Show - Rival shows, The Late Late Show - The Live Mike, The Late Late Show - Saturday Live & Kenny Live, The Late Late Show - Parkinson & The Late Late Show on Channel 4, The Late Late Show - The Dunphy Show, The Late Late Show - Tubridy Tonight, The Late Late Show - Famous or infamous guests, The Late Late Show - Artists whose first television appearance was on the Late Late Show, The Late Late Show - External link Read more here: » The Late Late Show: Encyclopedia II - The Late Late Show - Famous or infamous guests |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - The Late Late Show - Pat Kenny In 1999, having presented the show for 37 years, along with a radio show for approximately 20 years, Byrne stepped down from fulltime broadcasting, though he remains an occasional broadcaster, returning to do such shows as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (which was controversially axed by RTÉ in June 2003).
The retirement of Byrne left RTÉ with a problem. The Late Late Show dominated its TAM ratings (viewership figures). Without it, it risked losing its dominance on Friday nights to the other stations available to Irish viewer ...
See also:The Late Late Show, The Late Late Show - Hosts, The Late Late Show - Gay Byrne, The Late Late Show - Producer and director, The Late Late Show - Final Show, The Late Late Show - Frank Hall, The Late Late Show - Pat Kenny, The Late Late Show - Choosing Kenny, The Late Late Show - Rival shows, The Late Late Show - The Live Mike, The Late Late Show - Saturday Live & Kenny Live, The Late Late Show - Parkinson & The Late Late Show on Channel 4, The Late Late Show - The Dunphy Show, The Late Late Show - Tubridy Tonight, The Late Late Show - Famous or infamous guests, The Late Late Show - Artists whose first television appearance was on the Late Late Show, The Late Late Show - External link Read more here: » The Late Late Show: Encyclopedia II - The Late Late Show - Pat Kenny |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - The Late Late Show - Gay Byrne When the show was launched, its original presenter was Gay Byrne, a young Irish broadcaster who had been working with Granada Television in Britain. Byrne remained the presenter for thirty-seven years until retiring in 1999. His 37 year stewardship of The Late Late Show means that he has hosted a chat show longer than any other presenter. Indeed, Byrne's style of presentation is credited as contributing largely to the show's success. Internationally Byrne's presentation style has been studied ...
See also:The Late Late Show, The Late Late Show - Hosts, The Late Late Show - Gay Byrne, The Late Late Show - Producer and director, The Late Late Show - Final Show, The Late Late Show - Frank Hall, The Late Late Show - Pat Kenny, The Late Late Show - Choosing Kenny, The Late Late Show - Rival shows, The Late Late Show - The Live Mike, The Late Late Show - Saturday Live & Kenny Live, The Late Late Show - Parkinson & The Late Late Show on Channel 4, The Late Late Show - The Dunphy Show, The Late Late Show - Tubridy Tonight, The Late Late Show - Famous or infamous guests, The Late Late Show - Artists whose first television appearance was on the Late Late Show, The Late Late Show - External link Read more here: » The Late Late Show: Encyclopedia II - The Late Late Show - Gay Byrne |
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| | | | | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Bureaucracy - Karl Marx and bureaucracy In Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism, the historical origin of bureaucracy is to be found in four sources: religion, the formation of the state, commerce and technology.
Thus, the earliest bureaucracies consisted of castes of religious clergy, officials and scribes operating various rituals, and armed functionaries specifically delegated to keep order. In the historical transition from primitive egalitarian communities to a civil society divided into social classes and estates, occurring about 10,000 years ago ...
See also:Bureaucracy, Bureaucracy - Origin of the concept, Bureaucracy - Karl Marx and bureaucracy, Bureaucracy - Max Weber on bureaucracy, Bureaucracy - Criticism Read more here: » Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia II - Bureaucracy - Karl Marx and bureaucracy |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Mort Kondracke - Personal life In 1967, Kondracke married Millicent Martinez, a part-Mexican, part-Catholic, part-Jewish liberal activist. They had two children, Alexandra and Andrea. Kondracke battled alcoholism during the 1980s, and he credits Millicent for helping him end his addiction by 1987. In 1988, Millicent was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Her long battle with the disease led Kondracke to become an advocate for Parkinson's research and increased government spending on medical research. Millicent Kondracke grew increasingly incapac ...
See also:Mort Kondracke, Mort Kondracke - Professional career, Mort Kondracke - Personal life, Mort Kondracke - Trivia Read more here: » Mort Kondracke: Encyclopedia II - Mort Kondracke - Personal life |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Biochemistry Dopamine has the chemical formula (C6H3(OH)2-CH2-CH2-NH2). Its chemical name is 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol and it is abbreviated "DA."
As a member of the catecholamine family, dopamine is a precursor to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in the biosynthetic pathways for these neurotransmitters. Arvid Carlsson won a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for showing that dopamine is not just a precursor ...
See also:Dopamine, Dopamine - Biochemistry, Dopamine - Functions of Dopamine in the Brain, Dopamine - Role in Movement, Dopamine - Role in Cognition and Frontal Cortex Function, Dopamine - Role in Pleasure and Motivation, Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis, Dopamine - Therapeutic use, Dopamine - Major Dopamine Pathways Read more here: » Dopamine: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Biochemistry |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis Disruption to the dopamine system has also been strongly linked to psychosis and schizophrenia. Dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic pathway are particularly associated with these conditions. This is partly due to the discovery of a class of drugs called the phenothiazines (which block D2 dopamine receptors) that can reduce psychotic symptoms, and partly due to the finding that drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine (which are known to greatly increase dopamine levels) can cause psychosis. Because of this, most modern antipsychotic m ...
See also:Dopamine, Dopamine - Biochemistry, Dopamine - Functions of Dopamine in the Brain, Dopamine - Role in Movement, Dopamine - Role in Cognition and Frontal Cortex Function, Dopamine - Role in Pleasure and Motivation, Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis, Dopamine - Therapeutic use, Dopamine - Major Dopamine Pathways Read more here: » Dopamine: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis |
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| | | | | Parkinsonism: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Biochemistry Dopamine has the chemical formula (C6H3(OH)2-CH2-CH2-NH2). Its chemical name is 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol and it is abbreviated "DA."
As a member of the catecholamine family, dopamine is a precursor to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in the biosynthetic pathways for these neurotransmitters. Arvid Carlsson won a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for showing that dopamine is not just a precursor ...
See also:Dopamine, Dopamine - Biochemistry, Dopamine - Functions of dopamine in the brain, Dopamine - Role in movement, Dopamine - Role in cognition and frontal cortex function, Dopamine - Role in pleasure and motivation, Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis, Dopamine - Therapeutic use, Dopamine - Major dopamine pathways Read more here: » Dopamine: Encyclopedia II - Dopamine - Biochemistry |
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