In chemistry, aliphatic compounds are non-aromatic and non-cyclic organic compounds. They include not only the fatty acids and other derivatives of the paraffin hydrocarbons, but also unsaturated compounds, such as the ethylene (alkene) and acetylene (alkyne) series. Aliphatic molecules consist, generally, of a backbone of carbon atoms and other atoms bound to this carbon chain — most frequently hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and various halides. The ...

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A candle is a light source usually consisting of an internal wick which rises through the center of a column of solid fuel. Typically the fuel is some form of wax - paraffin wax being the most common. However in recent years new soy and vegetable candles have become popular. Prior to the candle being ignited, the wick is saturated with the fuel in its solid form. The heat of the match or other flame being used to light the candle first melts and then vaporizes a small amount of the fuel. Once vaporized, the fuel combines with o ...

Including:

Candle - Usage
Candle - Religion Candle - Measurement
Candle - Fuel and candle holders Candle - Hazards

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Wax - Animal and insect waxes. Beeswax - produced by honeybees Chinese wax - produced by insects Coccus ceriferus Shellac wax - from lac insect Coccus lacca Spermaceti - from head cavities and blubber of the Sperm Whale Lanolin (wool wax) - from the sebaceous glands of sheep Wax - Vegetable waxes. Bayberry wax - from the surface of the berries of the bayberry shrub Candelilla wax - from Mexican shrubs ...

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Wax, Wax - Wax types, Wax - Animal and insect waxes, Wax - Vegetable waxes, Wax - Mineral waxes, Wax - Petroleum waxes, Wax - Synthetic waxes

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List of rail accidents - 2000. January 4, 2000 – Åsta in Åmot, Norway: Two passenger trains collide on Rørosbanen killing 19 people. February 6, 2000 – Brühl, Germany: A night express train speeds in a construction area and derails at Brühl station, 9 die. March 2000 – Tokyo train disaster, Japan: A Tokyo subway train derails and is hit by another train on ...

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List of rail accidents, List of rail accidents - 1830s, List of rail accidents - 1840s, List of rail accidents - 1850s, List of rail accidents - 1860s, List of rail accidents - 1870s, List of rail accidents - 1880s, List of rail accidents - 1890s, List of rail accidents - 1900s, List of rail accidents - 1910s, List of rail accidents - 1920s, List of rail accidents - 1930s, List of rail accidents - 1940s, List of rail accidents - 1950s, List of rail accidents - 1960s, List of rail accidents - 1970s, List of rail accidents - 1980s, List of rail accidents - 1980, List of rail accidents - 1981, List of rail accidents - 1985, List of rail accidents - 1986, List of rail accidents - 1987, List of rail accidents - 1988, List of rail accidents - 1989, List of rail accidents - 1990s, List of rail accidents - 1990, List of rail accidents - 1991, List of rail accidents - 1992, List of rail accidents - 1993, List of rail accidents - 1994, List of rail accidents - 1995, List of rail accidents - 1996, List of rail accidents - 1997, List of rail accidents - 1998, List of rail accidents - 1999, List of rail accidents - 2000s, List of rail accidents - 2000, List of rail accidents - 2001, List of rail accidents - 2002, List of rail accidents - 2003, List of rail accidents - 2004, List of rail accidents - 2005

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At one time it was widely used in kerosene lamps but it is now mainly used in aviation fuel for jet engines (more technically Avtur, Jet-A, Jet-A1, Jet-B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7 or JP-8). A form of kerosene known as RP-1 is burned with liquid oxygen as rocket fuel. These fuel grade kerosenes meet specifications as to smoke points and freeze points. Its use as a cooking fuel is mostly restricted to some portable stoves for backpackers and to less developed countries, where it is usually less refined and contains impurities and even debris. It can also be used to remove lice from hair, but sti ...

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Kerosene, Kerosene - Distillation, Kerosene - Uses, Kerosene - Common names

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Naphtha is obtained from petroleum refineries as a portion of the distillation (also referred to as a cut). It is an intermediate between the lighter gasoline and the heavier benzine. Naphtha has a specific gravity of about 0.7. The generic name naphtha describes a range of different refinery cuts used in the different applications. To further complicate the matter similar naphtha types are often referred to by different names. The different naphthas are distinguished by: density (kg/m3 or specific gravity)See also:

Naphtha, Naphtha - Production of naphtha in refineries and uses, Naphtha - Paraffinic naphthas, Naphtha - Heavy naphthas, Naphtha - Other applications / descriptions, Naphtha - Etymology

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The neutron interacts through all four of the common classifications of physical interaction. These four are the electromagnetic, weak nuclear, strong nuclear and gravitational interactions. Although it is true that the neutron has zero net charge, it is nonetheless composed of electrically charged quarks, in the same way that a neutral atom is nonetheless composed of protons and electrons. As such, the neutron experiences the electromagnetic interaction. The net charge is zero, so if you are far enough away from the neutron that it a ...

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Neutron, Neutron - Properties, Neutron - Neutron Interactions, Neutron - Neutron Detection, Neutron - Neutron Uses, Neutron - Neutron Sources, Neutron - Discovery, Neutron - Current developments, Neutron - Antineutron, Neutron - Fields concerning neutrons, Neutron - Types of neutrons, Neutron - Objects containing neutrons, Neutron - Neutron sources, Neutron - Processes involving neutrons

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Petroleum jelly was discovered by Robert Chesebrough in 1859 in Brooklyn, New York. Chesebrough was intrigued by the paraffin-like substance that stuck to the drilling rigs. The riggers hated the material because it caused the rigs to seize up, but they used it on cuts and burns because it hastened healing. Chesebrough bottled the petroleum jelly and took it back to his office where he tested it on himself. He gave out free samples across New York and within six months he had twelve wagons distributing the product, under the trade nam ...

See also:

Petroleum jelly, Petroleum jelly - History, Petroleum jelly - Appearance, Petroleum jelly - Production process, Petroleum jelly - Uses

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There is a wide variety of services available from manicurists, and each manicurist might have a specialty. A reputable manicurist ensures that a client knows what services are available and explains the procedures and costs. Manicure - Cleaning. Normally a manicure starts with the washing and sanitizing of the subject's hands, preferably with jewellery removed. Old nail polish or artificial nails are removed with chemical nail polish remover. The hands can be cleaned with soap and hot water, or by scrubbi ...

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Manicure, Manicure - History, Manicure - Preparation, Manicure - Services provided, Manicure - Cleaning, Manicure - Fingernail Trimming, Manicure - Cuticle Care, Manicure - Nail Care, Manicure - Massage Procedures, Manicure - Paraffin Treatments, Manicure - Hot Oil Manicure, Manicure - Common manicure tools and supplies

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Located in the extreme east of the province of West Bengal and Assam, the district lies along both banks of the Brahmaputra for about 400 m.; it is bounded N. by the Daphla, Miri, Abor and Mishmi hills, E. by the Mishmi and Kachin hills, S. by the watershed of the Patkai range and the Lohit branch of the Brahmaputra, and W. by the districts of Darrang and Sibsagar. The Brahmaputra is navigable for steamers in all seasons as far as Dibrugarh, in the rainy season as far as Sadiya; its navigable tributaries within the district are the Subansiri, Dibru and Dihing. The exact location is 26048’ and 270 ...

See also:

Lakhimpur District, Lakhimpur District - Geography, Lakhimpur District - History

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Gas turbines are used on ships, locomotives, helicopters, and in tanks. A number of experiments have been conducted with gas turbine powered automobiles. In 1950, designer F. R. Bell and Chief Engineer Maurice Wilks from British car manufacturers Rover unveiled the first car powered with a gas turbine engine. The two-seater JET1 had the engine positioned behind the seats, air intake grilles on either side of the car and exhaust outlets on the top of the tail. During tests, the car reached top speeds of 140 km/h, at a turbine speed of ...

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Gas turbine, Gas turbine - Theory of operation, Gas turbine - Jet engines, Gas turbine - Gas turbines for electrical power production, Gas turbine - Micro turbines, Gas turbine - Auxiliary power units, Gas turbine - Gas turbines in vehicles, Gas turbine - Naval use, Gas turbine - Amateur gas turbines, Gas turbine - Advances in technology

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Tissue engineering solves problems by using living cells as engineering materials. These could be artificial skin that includes living fibroblasts, cartilage repaired with living chondrocytes, or other types of cells used in other ways. Cells became available as engineering materials when scientists at Geron Corp. discovered how to extend telomeres in 1998. Before this, laboratory cultures of healthy, noncancerous mammalian cells would only divide a fixe ...

See also:

Tissue engineering, Tissue engineering - Cells, Tissue engineering - Engineering materials, Tissue engineering - Synthesis of tissue engineering scaffolds, Tissue engineering - Assembly methods, Tissue engineering - Agencies that Support Tissue Engineering Research

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These are arranged in alphabetical order. These acts should not be attempted without professional training. Fire breathing - Vapor stunts. Vapor Stunts use the vapors (as opposed to liquid fuel) collected in the mouth (usually during an extinguish, see: fire eating) to light or keep a flame burning for what are usually smaller stunts. Vapor stunts include: Human Candle - slowly feed a candle sized flame with vapors you hold Cigarette Light - light a cigarette with a slightly larger human candle Vapor Transfer - ignite one torch with the vapor from an ...

See also:

Fire breathing, Fire breathing - Fire breathing stunts, Fire breathing - Vapor stunts, Fire breathing - One person blasts, Fire breathing - Group fire stunts

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In vitro staining involves colouring cells or structures that are no longer living. In vitro means literally "in glass"; compare with in vivo. Certain stains are often combined to reveal more details and features than a single stain alone. Combined with specific protocols for fixation and sample preparation, scientists and physicians can use these standard techniques as consistent, repeatable diagnostic tools. A counterstain is stain added which makes visible cells or structures not coloured by the principal stain ...

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Staining biology, Staining biology - In vitro staining, Staining biology - Preparation, Staining biology - Staining, Staining biology - In vivo staining, Staining biology - Basic biological stains, Staining biology - Bismarck brown, Staining biology - Carmine, Staining biology - Coomassie blue, Staining biology - Crystal violet, Staining biology - DAPI, Staining biology - Eosin, Staining biology - Ethidium bromide, Staining biology - Fuchsin, Staining biology - Haematoxylin, Staining biology - Hoechst stains, Staining biology - Iodine, Staining biology - Malachite green, Staining biology - Methyl green, Staining biology - Methylene blue, Staining biology - Neutral red, Staining biology - Nile blue, Staining biology - Nile red, Staining biology - Osmium tetroxide, Staining biology - Rhodamine, Staining biology - Safranin, Staining biology - Electron microscopy

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Prior to the domestication of electricity, candles were a common source of lighting, before, and later in addition to, the oil lamp. Due to local availability and the cost of resources, for several centuries up to the 19th century candles were more common in northern Europe, and olive oil lamps more common in southern Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea. Makers of candles were known as chandlers. Today, candles are usually used for their aesthetic value, particularly to set a soft, warm, or romantic ambience, and for emergency lighting during electrical power failures. Scented candles are common in aromatherapy. Small candles are ...

See also:

Candle, Candle - Usage, Candle - Religion, Candle - Measurement, Candle - Fuel and candle holders, Candle - Hazards

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It became the practice for steep inclines to be fitted with runaway catchpoints so that runaway vehicles would be derailed and stopped before they had a chance to collide with following trains. These catchpoints became widespread, and only diminished in numbers when all rolling stock was fitted with continuous automatic brakes in the 1980s. ...

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Abergele train disaster, Abergele train disaster - Aftermath, Abergele train disaster - Books

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In the United States, implants made from silicone gel were restricted by the Food and Drug Administration because of growing concerns about the safety of such implants. More than one million women had availed themselves of the implants at the time of the ban, and the subsequent litigation led manufacturers to agree to a settlement of USD$4.25 billion. The degree of risk associated with silicone-gel breast implants is still a matter of debate within the scientific community. Currently silicone implants are available in the US only in the sett ...

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Breast implant, Breast implant - History, Breast implant - Risks and controversy

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1869 in rail transport - January events. January 23 - George Westinghouse files for a patent on his air brake. 1869 in rail transport - February events. February 17 - Henry Keyes succeeds H. C. Lord as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. February 27 - The first line of what is now Athens Metro, in Greece, opens as Athens Piraeus Railway SA. 1869 in rail transport - March events. March - By an act of Congress, the Kansas Pacific Rail ...

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1869 in rail transport, 1869 in rail transport - Events, 1869 in rail transport - January events, 1869 in rail transport - February events, 1869 in rail transport - March events, 1869 in rail transport - April events, 1869 in rail transport - May events, 1869 in rail transport - June events, 1869 in rail transport - August events, 1869 in rail transport - September events, 1869 in rail transport - November events, 1869 in rail transport - December events, 1869 in rail transport - Unknown date events, 1869 in rail transport - Births, 1869 in rail transport - June births, 1869 in rail transport - Deaths

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After this preparation, set the regulators at the desired pressure. For acetylene, this should never be more than 103 kPa (15 lbs/in²). Open the fuel valve open less than one quarter of a turn, light with a flint striker. After the flame is adjusted to the proper size, open the oxygen valve and adjust it to give the desired balance of fuel and oxygen. Usually a neutral flame is used: this is a flame where the fuel and oxygen supplied to the torch tip are both completely combined with each other. An oxidizing flame has an excess of oxygen an ...

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Oxy-fuel welding and cutting, Oxy-fuel welding and cutting - Fuels, Oxy-fuel welding and cutting - Apparatus, Oxy-fuel welding and cutting - Setting up the equipment, Oxy-fuel welding and cutting - The flame, Oxy-fuel welding and cutting - Blowlamps

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1868 in rail transport - January events. January 1 - Construction begins on the Colorado and Clear Creek Railroad mainline that will connect Denver to Golden, Colorado. January 3 - The Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids Railroad is incorporated in Michigan. January 14 - The Colorado and Clear Creek Railroad officially changes its name to Colorado Central Railroad. 1868 in rail transport - May events. May - The Denver Pacific Railway is formed to build a railroad connection betwee ...

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1868 in rail transport, 1868 in rail transport - Events, 1868 in rail transport - January events, 1868 in rail transport - May events, 1868 in rail transport - July events, 1868 in rail transport - August events, 1868 in rail transport - September events, 1868 in rail transport - October events, 1868 in rail transport - Unknown date events, 1868 in rail transport - Births, 1868 in rail transport - May births, 1868 in rail transport - Deaths

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Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. These days, material that is simply separated from crude oil via distillation, called natural gasoline, will not meet the required specifications (in particular octane rating; see below) for modern engines, but these streams will form part of the blend. The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule. The various refinery streams that are blended together to make gasoline all have different characteristics. Some important streams are ...

See also:

Gasoline, Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production, Gasoline - Volatility, Gasoline - Octane rating, Gasoline - Dangers, Gasoline - Energy content, Gasoline - Additives, Gasoline - Lead, Gasoline - MMT, Gasoline - Oxygenate blending, Gasoline - History, Gasoline - Pharmaceutical, Gasoline - Etymology, Gasoline - World War II and octane, Gasoline - Current use, Gasoline - Stability

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