Paradigm Shift

In 1981 biologists Charles J. Lumsden and Edward Osborne Wilson published a theory of gene-culture coevolution in the book Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process. They pointed out that the fundamental biological units of culture must correspond to neuronal networks that function as nodes of semantic memory. Wilson later adopted the term 'meme' as the best existing name for the fundamental unit of cultural inheritance and elaborated upon the fundamental role of memes in unifying the natural and social sciences in his book Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. < ...

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Meme, Meme - Introduction and definitions, Meme - Dawkins genetic analogy, Meme - Meme complexes and horizontal transmission, Meme - Historical usage of the meme concept, Meme - Quotation: Ideas have a life of their own, Meme - Memetics, Meme - Memetic evolution, Meme - Do cultures evolve?, Meme - Propagation of memes, Meme - Internet propagation, Meme - Memetic engineering, Meme - Biological analogies, Meme - Thoughts as discrete units, Meme - Evolution of memes, Meme - Evolutionary forces affecting memes, Meme - Memetic virus exchange?, Meme - Non-natural selection, Meme - Reproductive isolation in meme speciation, Meme - Forms taken by memes in the brain, Meme - The be happy and make others happy memes, Meme - Religion, Meme - Science, Meme - Meme resistance, Meme - Examples, Meme - Common misconceptions

Read more here: » Meme: Encyclopedia II - Meme - Forms taken by memes in the brain

In much the same way that the selfish gene concept offers a fruitful way of understanding and reasoning about aspects of biological evolution, the meme concept allegedly can conceivably assist in the better understanding of some otherwise puzzling aspects of human culture (and learned behaviors of other animals as well). However, if one cannot test for "better" empirically, the question will remain whether or not the meme concept counts as a valid scientific theory. Memetics thus remains a science in its infancy, a protoscience (although critics sometimes label it a pseudoscience). ...

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Meme, Meme - Basic introduction, Meme - History of the concept of the meme, Meme - Ideas have a life of their own, Meme - Memetics, Meme - Memetic engineering, Meme - Memetic evolution, Meme - Do cultures evolve?, Meme - Propagation of memes, Meme - Biological analogies, Meme - Thoughts as discrete units, Meme - Evolution of memes, Meme - Evolutionary forces affecting memes, Meme - Memetic virus exchange?, Meme - Non-natural selection, Meme - Reproductive isolation in meme speciation, Meme - Forms taken by memes in the brain, Meme - The be happy and make others happy memes, Meme - Religion, Meme - Science, Meme - Meme resistance, Meme - Examples of memes, Meme - Common misconceptions

Read more here: » Meme: Encyclopedia II - Meme - Biological analogies

In much the same way that the selfish gene concept offers a fruitful way of understanding and reasoning about aspects of biological evolution, the meme concept allegedly can conceivably assist in the better understanding of some otherwise puzzling aspects of human culture (and learned behaviors of other animals as well). However, if one cannot test for "better" empirically, the question will remain whether or not the meme concept counts as a valid scientific theory. Memetics thus remains a science in its infancy, a protoscience (although critics sometimes label it a pseudoscience). ...

See also:

Meme, Meme - Introduction and definitions, Meme - Dawkins genetic analogy, Meme - Meme complexes and horizontal transmission, Meme - Historical usage of the meme concept, Meme - Quotation: Ideas have a life of their own, Meme - Memetics, Meme - Memetic evolution, Meme - Do cultures evolve?, Meme - Propagation of memes, Meme - Internet propagation, Meme - Memetic engineering, Meme - Biological analogies, Meme - Thoughts as discrete units, Meme - Evolution of memes, Meme - Evolutionary forces affecting memes, Meme - Memetic virus exchange?, Meme - Non-natural selection, Meme - Reproductive isolation in meme speciation, Meme - Forms taken by memes in the brain, Meme - The be happy and make others happy memes, Meme - Religion, Meme - Science, Meme - Meme resistance, Meme - Examples, Meme - Common misconceptions

Read more here: » Meme: Encyclopedia II - Meme - Biological analogies

Where the Rebel Alliance used a naval structure and strategy that reflected the post World War II paradigm shift towards carrier battle groups because of their impressive starfighters, the Imperial Navy used the pre World War II strategy of focusing on naval tactics/capital ship firepower. The Imperial Navy reflected this through the design of their starships, the formation of their naval units and the overall organization of the force. It should be noted that much of the following organization principles come from West End Game's Imperia ...

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Imperial Navy Star Wars, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Ships of the Fleet, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Education, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Organization, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Command, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Line of Battle, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Squadron, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Systems Force, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Fleet, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Sector Group, Imperial Navy Star Wars - Bibliography

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Coined after the evolutionary biologist, George C. Williams, the Williams revolution is a paradigm shift which occurred in evolutionary biology in the mid-1960s in which verbal arguments, couched in terms of "survival of the species" (essentially group selection arguments) were largely replaced by a gene-centered view of evolution, epitomised by kin selection. Models of the period showed that group selection was severely limited in its strength, although these models have since b ...

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History of evolutionary thought, History of evolutionary thought - From ancient times to 1850s, History of evolutionary thought - Acquired characteristics Lamarckism and natural selection, History of evolutionary thought - Later discrediting of Lamarckism and Orthogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1850s - early 20th century: Darwin's theory, History of evolutionary thought - 1920s-1940s: the modern evolutionary synthesis, History of evolutionary thought - 1940s-1960s: developments following molecular biology, History of evolutionary thought - 1960s-1980s: Williams revolution punctuated equilibrium, History of evolutionary thought - 1970s-2000s: evolutionary biology as a discipline, History of evolutionary thought - Recent developments in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Symbiogenesis, History of evolutionary thought - Neo-structuralist themes in evolutionary theory, History of evolutionary thought - Altruism, History of evolutionary thought - Horizontal gene transfer, History of evolutionary thought - Unconventional extensions to evolutionary ideas, History of evolutionary thought - De Chardin's and Huxley's theories

Read more here: » History of evolutionary thought: Encyclopedia II - History of evolutionary thought - 1960s-1980s: Williams revolution punctuated equilibrium

Popper refuted the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science, and put forth falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation for proper scientific theories. 1962: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn Kuhn reformulated the conception of scientific progress, resisting the formalization of a "scientific method", arguing instead that scientific theories are accepted and rejected based on their expalanatory power within their historical context. He coined the term "paradigm shift" to ...

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List of controversial non-fiction books, List of controversial non-fiction books - Agriculture, List of controversial non-fiction books - Anthropology, List of controversial non-fiction books - Artificial intelligence and the nature of consciousness, List of controversial non-fiction books - Astronomy, List of controversial non-fiction books - Business and bureaucracy, List of controversial non-fiction books - Cosmology, List of controversial non-fiction books - Drug culture, List of controversial non-fiction books - Environmentalism, List of controversial non-fiction books - Evolution, List of controversial non-fiction books - Feminist theory, List of controversial non-fiction books - Futurology, List of controversial non-fiction books - Globalization, List of controversial non-fiction books - History, List of controversial non-fiction books - Media, List of controversial non-fiction books - Philosophy of science, List of controversial non-fiction books - Politics, List of controversial non-fiction books - Psychiatry, List of controversial non-fiction books - Race and intelligence, List of controversial non-fiction books - Religion, List of controversial non-fiction books - Sociology

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Moby Dick (Led Zeppelin II) Black Mountain Side (Led Zeppelin I) Bron-Yr-Aur (Physical Graffiti) White Summer (Coda) Bonzo's Montreux (Coda) Session (Meteora) Cure For The Itch (Hybrid Theory) Paradigm Shift ( Liquid Tension Experiment ) Osmosis ( Liquid Tension Experiment ) Kindred Spirits ( Liquid Tension Experiment ) The Stretch ( ...

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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Examples. In the book, Kuhn explains his ideas by discussing examples. At some stage in the history of chemistry, some chemists began to explore the idea of atomism. Generally, when substances are heated they fall apart in their constituent elements, and often, but by no means always, the elements would be found to only combine in certain proportions. At the time, a mixture of water and alcohol was generally classified as a compound. Nowadays it is thought to be a ...

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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Synopsis, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Examples, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - The Copernican Revolution, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Coherency, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Three phases, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Transition period, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Kuhn's opinion on scientific progress, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Relevance of SSR

Read more here: » The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: Encyclopedia II - The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Synopsis

But this is where the agreement ends; philosophers differ widely over the exact diagnosis of the situation, and the lesson to be taken from it. They differ, for example, over whether the lack of paradigms is an accidental or an essential feature of philosophy. We might call the former optimists about philosophical progress and the latter pessimists. (Note that being a pessimist about the prospects for philosophical pro ...

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Progress philosophy, Progress philosophy - Argument for Progress in Philosophy, Progress philosophy - Argument for Lack of Progress in Philosophy, Progress philosophy - Optimism pessimism and paradigms, Progress philosophy - Would it have been worth it after all?, Progress philosophy - Philosophy as worthless, Progress philosophy - Philosophy as intrinsically worthy, Progress philosophy - Philosophy as instrumentally worthy

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As of 2005, the cut-and-paste paradigm is so universal as to be taken for granted, and it may be instructive to compare a competing paradigm, popular in some early, highly successful "easy-to-use" applications: Initially, no text is selected. The user initiates the operation by selecting a move command in some manner. The system displays a prompt such as "Move what?" The system enters a modal state in which the only actions available to the user are either to select text or cancel the move opera ...

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Cut and paste, Cut and paste - Performing cut and pastes, Cut and paste - Comparing paradigms

Read more here: » Cut and paste: Encyclopedia II - Cut and paste - Comparing paradigms

The brain MERMER testing is a paradigm change that has resulted from the discovery of MERMER by Dr. B. S. Farwell. This discovery was brought about by the failure of polygraphs and other attempts at lie detection to solve the issue of a universal detector of knowledge of a crime. This inability to understand the mechanisms of lying or the ability to omit pertinent facts undetected has been acknowledged as a crisis by the forensic science and criminal science communities. Dr. Farwell discuss that is unclear what the impact will be of this new ...

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MERMER, MERMER - MERMER methodology, MERMER - MERMER paradigm, MERMER - Comparative MERMER methodologies, MERMER - Deception method, MERMER - Sampling methodologies, MERMER - Sample design, MERMER - Conceptual variables

Read more here: » MERMER: Encyclopedia II - MERMER - MERMER paradigm

Alfred Wegener had proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912. However, the theory had been dismissed by geologists because there was no mechanism to explain how continents could plow through ocean crust, and the theory became largely forgotten. Following the discovery of the mid-ocean ridge in the 1950s, geologists faced a new task: explaining how such an enormous geological structure could have formed. In the 1960s, geologists began to propose the mechanism of sea floor spreading. Plate tectonics was a direct consequence of se ...

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Mid-ocean ridge, Mid-ocean ridge - Discovery, Mid-ocean ridge - Impact, Mid-ocean ridge - Description and characteristics

Read more here: » Mid-ocean ridge: Encyclopedia II - Mid-ocean ridge - Impact

Though many tools are available for political purposes, the threat or use violence attracts those of a more proactive disposition as the simplest way to resolve any conflict or achieve any ends, because its strategies are well-known and weapons easily obtained. When asked to identify alternative nonviolent techniques, people find it difficult to visualise effective methods; moreover, sceptics can quickly raise moral and practical dilemmas to complicate any set of choices until violence appears the easiest option. Thus, this topic is relevant ...

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Aestheticization as propaganda, Aestheticization as propaganda - The aestheticization of violence for political purposes, Aestheticization as propaganda - An example of semiotic analysis

Read more here: » Aestheticization as propaganda: Encyclopedia II - Aestheticization as propaganda - The aestheticization of violence for political purposes

SSR is interpreted by postmodern and post-structuralist thinkers as having undermined the enterprise of science by showing that scientific knowledge is dependent on the culture of groups of scientists rather than on adherence to a specific, definable method. In this regard, Kuhn is considered a precursor to the more radical thinking of Paul Feyerabend. Kuhn's work has also been interpreted as blurring the demarcation between scientific and non-scientific enterprises because it describes scientific progress without reference to an idealized s ...

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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Synopsis, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Examples, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - The Copernican Revolution, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Coherency, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Three phases, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Transition period, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Kuhn's opinion on scientific progress, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Relevance of SSR

Read more here: » The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: Encyclopedia II - The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Relevance of SSR

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