There are three types of plate boundaries, characterised by the way the plates move relative to each other. They are associated with different types of surface phenomena. The different types of plate boundaries are: Transform boundaries occur where plates slide, or perhaps more accurately grind, past each other along transform faults. The relative motion of the two plates is either sinistral or dextral. Divergent boundaries occur where two plates slide apart from each other. Convergent boundari ...

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Plate tectonics, Plate tectonics - Key principles, Plate tectonics - Types of plate boundaries, Plate tectonics - Transform conservative boundaries, Plate tectonics - Divergent constructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Convergent destructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion, Plate tectonics - Friction, Plate tectonics - Gravity, Plate tectonics - Major plates, Plate tectonics - History and impact, Plate tectonics - Continental drift, Plate tectonics - Floating continents, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonic theory, Plate tectonics - Geological paradigm shift, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonics on Mars, Plate tectonics - Metaphoric uses

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As noted above, the plates are able to move because of the relative weakness of the asthenosphere. Dissipation of heat from the mantle is acknowledged to be the source of energy driving plate tectonics. Somehow, this energy must be converted into force in order for the plates to move. There are essentially two forces that could be driving plate motion: friction and gravity. These are further subdivided below. Plate tectonics - Friction. Mantle drag  Convection currents in the mantle are ...

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Plate tectonics, Plate tectonics - Key principles, Plate tectonics - Types of plate boundaries, Plate tectonics - Transform conservative boundaries, Plate tectonics - Divergent constructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Convergent destructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion, Plate tectonics - Friction, Plate tectonics - Gravity, Plate tectonics - Major plates, Plate tectonics - History and impact, Plate tectonics - Continental drift, Plate tectonics - Floating continents, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonic theory, Plate tectonics - Geological paradigm shift, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonics on Mars, Plate tectonics - Metaphoric uses

Read more here: » Plate tectonics: Encyclopedia II - Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion

The main plates are African Plate, covering Africa Antarctic Plate, covering Antarctica Australian Plate, covering Australia Eurasian Plate covering Eurasia North American Plate covering North America and north-east Siberia South American Plate covering South America Pacific Plate, covering the Pacific Ocean Notable minor plates ...

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Plate tectonics, Plate tectonics - Key principles, Plate tectonics - Types of plate boundaries, Plate tectonics - Transform conservative boundaries, Plate tectonics - Divergent constructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Convergent destructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion, Plate tectonics - Friction, Plate tectonics - Gravity, Plate tectonics - Major plates, Plate tectonics - History and impact, Plate tectonics - Continental drift, Plate tectonics - Floating continents, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonic theory, Plate tectonics - Geological paradigm shift, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonics on Mars, Plate tectonics - Metaphoric uses

Read more here: » Plate tectonics: Encyclopedia II - Plate tectonics - Major plates

There are three types of plate boundaries, characterised by the way the plates move relative to each other. They are associated with different types of surface phenomena. The different types of plate boundaries are: Transform boundaries occur where plates slide, or perhaps more accurately grind, past each other along transform faults. The relative motion of the two plates is either sinistral (left side toward the obsever) or dextral (right side toward the obsever). Divergent boundaries occur where two plat ...

See also:

Plate tectonics, Plate tectonics - Key principles, Plate tectonics - Types of plate boundaries, Plate tectonics - Transform conservative boundaries, Plate tectonics - Divergent constructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Convergent destructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion, Plate tectonics - Friction, Plate tectonics - Gravity, Plate tectonics - Major plates, Plate tectonics - History and impact, Plate tectonics - Continental drift, Plate tectonics - Floating continents, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonic theory, Plate tectonics - Geological paradigm shift, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonics on Other Planets, Plate tectonics - Metaphoric uses

Read more here: » Plate tectonics: Encyclopedia II - Plate tectonics - Types of plate boundaries

As noted above, the plates are able to move because of the relative weakness of the asthenosphere. Dissipation of heat from the mantle is acknowledged to be the source of energy driving plate tectonics. Somehow, this energy must be converted into force in order for the plates to move. There are essentially two forces that could be driving plate motion: friction and gravity. These are further subdivided below. Plate tectonics - Friction. Mantle drag  Convection currents in the mantle are ...

See also:

Plate tectonics, Plate tectonics - Key principles, Plate tectonics - Types of plate boundaries, Plate tectonics - Transform conservative boundaries, Plate tectonics - Divergent constructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Convergent destructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion, Plate tectonics - Friction, Plate tectonics - Gravity, Plate tectonics - Major plates, Plate tectonics - History and impact, Plate tectonics - Continental drift, Plate tectonics - Floating continents, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonic theory, Plate tectonics - Geological paradigm shift, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonics on Other Planets, Plate tectonics - Metaphoric uses

Read more here: » Plate tectonics: Encyclopedia II - Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion

The main plates are African Plate, covering Africa Antarctic Plate, covering Antarctica Australian Plate, covering Australia (fused with Indian Plate between 50 and 55 million years ago) Eurasian Plate covering Eurasia North American Plate covering North America and north-east Siberia South American Plate covering South America Pacific Plate, covering the Pacific Ocean Notable minor plates ...

See also:

Plate tectonics, Plate tectonics - Key principles, Plate tectonics - Types of plate boundaries, Plate tectonics - Transform conservative boundaries, Plate tectonics - Divergent constructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Convergent destructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion, Plate tectonics - Friction, Plate tectonics - Gravity, Plate tectonics - Major plates, Plate tectonics - History and impact, Plate tectonics - Continental drift, Plate tectonics - Floating continents, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonic theory, Plate tectonics - Geological paradigm shift, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonics on Other Planets, Plate tectonics - Metaphoric uses

Read more here: » Plate tectonics: Encyclopedia II - Plate tectonics - Major plates

As a result of 1999 observations of the magnetic fields on Mars by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, it has been proposed that the mechanisms of plate tectonics may once have been active on the planet - see Geology of Mars. Venus Otherwise considered to be a "twin" of the Earth, Venus shows no evidence of plate tectonics - see Geology of Venus. ...

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Plate tectonics, Plate tectonics - Key principles, Plate tectonics - Types of plate boundaries, Plate tectonics - Transform conservative boundaries, Plate tectonics - Divergent constructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Convergent destructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion, Plate tectonics - Friction, Plate tectonics - Gravity, Plate tectonics - Major plates, Plate tectonics - History and impact, Plate tectonics - Continental drift, Plate tectonics - Floating continents, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonic theory, Plate tectonics - Geological paradigm shift, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonics on Other Planets, Plate tectonics - Metaphoric uses

Read more here: » Plate tectonics: Encyclopedia II - Plate tectonics - Plate tectonics on Other Planets

The division of the Earth's interior into lithospheric and asthenospheric components is based on their mechanical differences. The lithosphere is cooler and more rigid, whilst the asthenosphere is hotter and mechanically weaker. This division should not be confused with the chemical subdivision of the Earth into (from innermost to outermost) core, mantle, and crust. The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates, which "float" on the fluid-like asthenosphere. The relative fluidity of the asthenosphere allows the tectonic ...

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Plate tectonics, Plate tectonics - Key principles, Plate tectonics - Types of plate boundaries, Plate tectonics - Transform conservative boundaries, Plate tectonics - Divergent constructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Convergent destructive boundaries, Plate tectonics - Sources of plate motion, Plate tectonics - Friction, Plate tectonics - Gravity, Plate tectonics - Major plates, Plate tectonics - History and impact, Plate tectonics - Continental drift, Plate tectonics - Floating continents, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonic theory, Plate tectonics - Geological paradigm shift, Plate tectonics - Plate tectonics on Other Planets, Plate tectonics - Metaphoric uses

Read more here: » Plate tectonics: Encyclopedia II - Plate tectonics - Key principles

"Without Barry Windsor-Smith, Valiant is an over-hyped and not terribly funny joke." - Dave Sim 2 "It shall take a long-term, keenly processed, whole-world paradigm shift in our consciousness to perceive, acknowledge, and accept that all that we see, hear, smell, touch and taste are but five tiny shells on one small dune on the cosmic beach-head of Everywhere Else." - BWS 3See also:

Barry Windsor-Smith, Barry Windsor-Smith - Biography, Barry Windsor-Smith - Awards, Barry Windsor-Smith - Cover Gallery, Barry Windsor-Smith - Quotes, Barry Windsor-Smith - Footnotes

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Basic research (also called fundamental or pure research) has as its primary objective the advancement of knowledge and the theoretical understanding of the relations among variables (see statistics). It is exploratory and often driven by the researcher’s curiosity, interest, or hunch. It is conducted without any practical end in mind, although it may have unexpected results pointing to practical applications. The terms “basic” or “fundamental” indicate that, through theory generation, basic research provides t ...

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Research, Research - Basic research, Research - Applied research, Research - Research methods, Research - Research process, Research - Publishing, Research - Research funding

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The scope of the research process is to produce some new knowledge. This, in principle, can take three main forms: Exploratory research: a new problem can be structured and identified Constructive research: a (new) solution to a problem can be developed Empirical research: empirical evidence on the feasibility of an existing solution to a problem can be provided Research methods used by scholars: Action research Case study Classification Experience and intui ...

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Research, Research - Basic research, Research - Applied research, Research - Research methods, Research - Research process, Research - Publishing, Research - Research funding

Read more here: » Research: Encyclopedia II - Research - Research methods

Main article: Research funding Most funding for scientific research comes from two major sources, corporations (through research and development departments) and government (primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors). Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend more than a trivial amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out their research, but also as a source of merit. Some faculty positions require t ...

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Research, Research - Basic research, Research - Applied research, Research - Research methods, Research - Research process, Research - Publishing, Research - Research funding

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Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied: Formation of the topic Hypothesis Conceptual definitions Operational definitions Gathering of data Analysis of data Conclusion, revising of hypothesis A common misunderstanding is that by this method a hypothesis can be proven. Ins ...

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Research, Research - Basic research, Research - Applied research, Research - Research methods, Research - Research process, Research - Publishing, Research - Research funding

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Applied research is done to solve specific, practical questions; its primary aim is not to gain knowledge for its own sake. It can be exploratory, but is usually descriptive. It is almost always done on the basis of basic research. Applied research can be carried out by academic or industrial institutions. Often, an academic instituion such as a university will have a specific applied research program funded by an industrial partner interested in that program. Common areas of applied research include electronics, informatics, computer s ...

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Research, Research - Basic research, Research - Applied research, Research - Research methods, Research - Research process, Research - Publishing, Research - Research funding

Read more here: » Research: Encyclopedia II - Research - Applied research

Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied: Formation of the topic Hypothesis Conceptual definitions Operational definitions Gathering of data Analysis of data ...

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Research, Research - Basic research, Research - Applied research, Research - Research methods, Research - Research process, Research - Publishing, Research - Research funding

Read more here: » Research: Encyclopedia II - Research - Research process

Academic publishing describes a system that is necessary in order for academic scholars to review work and make it available for a wider audience. The 'system', which is probably disorganized enough not to merit the title, varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and medicine. Most established academic fields have their own journals and other ou ...

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Research, Research - Basic research, Research - Applied research, Research - Research methods, Research - Research process, Research - Publishing, Research - Research funding

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Over the last decade, the work of developmental biologists and molecular phylogeneticists spawned new ideas about bilaterian relationships resulting in a paradigm shift. The current widely accepted hypothesis, based on molecular data (mostly 18S rRNA sequences) divides bilateria into the following four groups: Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Platyzoa (sometimes included in Lophotrochozoa). However, many skeptics emphasize the pitfalls and inconsistencies associated with the new data. Clause Nielsen, a professor of ...

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Eumetazoa, Eumetazoa - Taxonomy, Eumetazoa - Evolutionary origins

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There is much scholarly debate as to the nature, emergence, and even the existence of the scientific revolution. This debate began with the work of Alexandre Koyré when he coined the term and definition of 'The Scientific Revolution' in 1939, which later influenced the work of traditional historians A. Rupert Hall and J.D. Bernal and subsequent historiography on the subject (Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution, 1996). To some extent, this arises from different conceptions of what the revolution was; some of the rancor and cross-purposes in such debates ...

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Scientific revolution, Scientific revolution - Emergence of the revolution, Scientific revolution - Early and Medieval Views of Science, Scientific revolution - New Scientific Thought, Scientific revolution - Theoretical developments, Scientific revolution - Experimental developments, Scientific revolution - Methodological developments, Scientific revolution - Mechanisation, Scientific revolution - Empiricism, Scientific revolution - Literary criticisms

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In 1543 Copernicus' work on the heliocentric model of the solar system was published, in which he tried to prove that the sun was the centre of the universe. Ironically, this was at the behest of the Catholic Church as part of the Catholic Reformation efforts for a means of creating a more accurate calendar for its activities. For almost two millennia, the geocentric model had been accepted by all but a few astronomers. The idea that the earth moved around the sun, as advocated by Copernicus, was to most of his contemporaries preposterous. I ...

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Scientific revolution, Scientific revolution - Emergence of the revolution, Scientific revolution - Early and Medieval Views of Science, Scientific revolution - New Scientific Thought, Scientific revolution - Theoretical developments, Scientific revolution - Experimental developments, Scientific revolution - Methodological developments, Scientific revolution - Mechanisation, Scientific revolution - Empiricism, Scientific revolution - Literary criticisms

Read more here: » Scientific revolution: Encyclopedia II - Scientific revolution - Theoretical developments

The most important changes were in the way that science was done. Three main developments can be identified as mathematisation, mechanisation, and empiricism. Scientific revolution - Mechanisation. Aristotle recognised four kinds of causes, of which the most important was the "final cause". The final cause was the aim or goal of something. Thus, the final cause of rain was to let plants grow. Until the scientific revolution, it was very natural to see such goals in nature. The world was inhabited by angels ...

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Scientific revolution, Scientific revolution - Emergence of the revolution, Scientific revolution - Early and Medieval Views of Science, Scientific revolution - New Scientific Thought, Scientific revolution - Theoretical developments, Scientific revolution - Experimental developments, Scientific revolution - Methodological developments, Scientific revolution - Mechanisation, Scientific revolution - Empiricism, Scientific revolution - Literary criticisms

Read more here: » Scientific revolution: Encyclopedia II - Scientific revolution - Methodological developments

A recent trend in literary theory, "cultural materialism" questions whether there was a scientific revolution, or, if a revolution occurred, it questions whether it was important. Literary critics who hold this point of view have a special (and some would claim, mistaken), definition of what the term "revolution" means. These literary critics hold that if a scientific revolution did not occur instantaneously, and without historical precedent, then by definition it cannot be a revolution, and can only be an evolution. If the scientific revolu ...

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Scientific revolution, Scientific revolution - Emergence of the revolution, Scientific revolution - Early and Medieval Views of Science, Scientific revolution - New Scientific Thought, Scientific revolution - Theoretical developments, Scientific revolution - Experimental developments, Scientific revolution - Methodological developments, Scientific revolution - Mechanisation, Scientific revolution - Empiricism, Scientific revolution - Literary criticisms

Read more here: » Scientific revolution: Encyclopedia II - Scientific revolution - Literary criticisms

... Emotional expression - Ventilation hypothesis. ... In Expressing Negative Emotions: Healthy Catharsis or Sign of Pathology?, Milton Spett refers to opponents of the ventilation hypothesis: In the past year, a number of publications have argued convincingly for a paradigm shift in our view of expressing negative emotions. In "Expressing Emotion" (New York: the Guilford Press, 1999), Eileen Kennedy-Moore and Jeanne Watson carefully review the empirical research on th ...

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Emotional expression, Emotional expression - Emotional regulation, Emotional expression - Ventilation hypothesis

Read more here: » Emotional expression: Encyclopedia II - Emotional expression - Emotional regulation