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Paradigm | A Wisdom Archive on Paradigm | | Paradigm A selection of articles related to Paradigm | |
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paradigm, Paradigm, Paradigm - Etymology, Paradigm - Other uses, Paradigm - Paradigm shifts, Paradigm - Quote, Macrocosm and microcosm
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Paradigm | | | |  Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - HistoryThe concept of objects and instances in computing had its first major breakthrough with the PDP-1 system at MIT which was probably the earliest example of capability based architecture. Another early indication was Sketchpad made by Ivan Sutherland in 1963, however this was an application and not a programming paradigm.
Objects as a programming entities were first introduced in Simula 67, a programming language designed for making simulations, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Centre in Oslo. (Re ...
See also:Object-oriented programming, Object-oriented programming - Fundamental concepts, Object-oriented programming - OOP as a new paradigm point of view or marketing term, Object-oriented programming - Actor model, Object-oriented programming - Subparadigms, Object-oriented programming - OOP with procedural languages, Object-oriented programming - Static typing with the object-oriented paradigm, Object-oriented programming - Prototype-based model, Object-oriented programming - Object-based model, Object-oriented programming - Multimethod model, Object-oriented programming - Possible programming mistakes, Object-oriented programming - Critique, Object-oriented programming - Formal definition, Object-oriented programming - OOP in scripting, Object-oriented programming - History, Object-oriented programming - Learning Read more here: » Object-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - History |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - History The concept of objects and instances in computing had its first major breakthrough with the PDP-1 system at MIT which was probably the earliest example of capability based architecture. Another early example was Sketchpad made by Ivan Sutherland in 1963; however, this was an application and not a programming paradigm.
Objects as programming entities were first introduced in Simula 67, a programming language designed for making simulations, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Centre in Oslo. (Report ...
See also:Object-oriented programming, Object-oriented programming - Fundamental concepts, Object-oriented programming - OOP as a new paradigm point of view or marketing term, Object-oriented programming - Actor model, Object-oriented programming - Subparadigms, Object-oriented programming - OOP with procedural languages, Object-oriented programming - Static typing with the object-oriented paradigm, Object-oriented programming - Prototype-based model, Object-oriented programming - Object-based model, Object-oriented programming - Multimethod model, Object-oriented programming - Possible programming mistakes, Object-oriented programming - Critique, Object-oriented programming - Formal definition, Object-oriented programming - OOP in scripting, Object-oriented programming - History, Object-oriented programming - Learning Read more here: » Object-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - History |
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| | | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Esoteric programming language - Esoteric programming terms
Esoteric programming language - Turing tarpit.
A Turing-complete programming language with arbitrarily few commands. These include brainfuck (8 commands, all with 0 operands), OISC (1 command, 3 operands), and Thue (1 command, 2 operands).
Esoteric programming language - Language paradigm.
The paradigm of a language can fall into a number of categories, and these categories are used to get a general understanding of the way that a specific language operates. These include imper ...
See also:Esoteric programming language, Esoteric programming language - History, Esoteric programming language - Esoteric programming terms, Esoteric programming language - Turing tarpit, Esoteric programming language - Language paradigm, Esoteric programming language - Nondeterministic language, Esoteric programming language - Despotic language, Esoteric programming language - Stateful encoding, Esoteric programming language - Example languages, Esoteric programming language - Internet community, Esoteric programming language - External link Read more here: » Esoteric programming language: Encyclopedia II - Esoteric programming language - Esoteric programming terms |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Demarcation problem - Falsificationism The philosopher Karl Popper noticed that the philosophers of the Vienna Circle had mixed two different problems and had accordingly given them a single solution: verificationism. In opposition to this view, Popper emphasized that a theory might well be meaningful without being scientific, and that, accordingly, a criterion of meaningfulness may not necessarily coincide with a criterion of demarcation. His own falsificationism, thus, is not only an alternative to verificationism; it is also an acknowledgment of the co ...
See also:Demarcation problem, Demarcation problem - Science and religion part ways, Demarcation problem - Logical Positivism, Demarcation problem - Falsificationism, Demarcation problem - Kuhn and paradigm shifts, Demarcation problem - Feyerabend and the problem of autonomy in science, Demarcation problem - Conclusion Read more here: » Demarcation problem: Encyclopedia II - Demarcation problem - Falsificationism |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - History The term chaos magick first appeared in print in the widely influential Liber Null by Peter Carroll, first published in 1978. In it, Carroll formulated several concepts on magic that were radically different from what was considered magical mysteries in the days of Crowley. This book, along with Psychonaut (1981) by the same author, remain important sourcebooks. Magicians who align themselves with these ideas call themselves Ch ...
See also:Chaos magic, Chaos magic - Pre-History, Chaos magic - History, Chaos magic - Magical paradigm shifting, Chaos magic - The Gnostic state, Chaos magic - Chaos magicians, Chaos magic - Symbols and deities, Chaos magic - In pop culture Read more here: » Chaos magic: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - History |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - The Gnostic state A concept introduced by Carroll is the gnostic state, also referred to as gnosis. This is defined as a special state of consciousness that in his magic theory is what is necessary for working most forms of magic. This is a departure from older concepts which described energies, spirits or symbolic acts as the source of magical powers. The concept has an ancestor in the Buddhist concept of Samadhi, made popular in western occultism by Aleister Cr ...
See also:Chaos magic, Chaos magic - Pre-History, Chaos magic - History, Chaos magic - Magical paradigm shifting, Chaos magic - The Gnostic state, Chaos magic - Chaos magicians, Chaos magic - Symbols and deities, Chaos magic - In pop culture Read more here: » Chaos magic: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - The Gnostic state |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - The Gnostic state A concept introduced by Carroll is the gnostic state, also referred to as gnosis. This is defined as a special state of consciousness that in his magic theory is what is necessary for working most forms of magick. This is a departure from older concepts which described energies, spirits or symbolic acts as the source of magical powers. The concept has an ancestor in the Buddhist concept of Samadhi, made popular in western occultism by Aleister Cr ...
See also:Chaos magic, Chaos magic - Pre-History, Chaos magic - History, Chaos magic - Magical paradigm shifting, Chaos magic - The Gnostic state, Chaos magic - Chaos magicians, Chaos magic - Symbols and deities, Chaos magic - In pop culture Read more here: » Chaos magic: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - The Gnostic state |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - History The term chaos magick first appeared in print in the widely influential Liber Null by Peter Carroll, first published in 1978. In it, Carroll formulated several concepts on magick that were radically different from what was considered magical mysteries in the days of Crowley. This book, along with Psychonaut (1981) by the same author, remain important sourcebooks. Magicians who align themselves with these ideas call themselves Ch ...
See also:Chaos magic, Chaos magic - Pre-History, Chaos magic - History, Chaos magic - Magical paradigm shifting, Chaos magic - The Gnostic state, Chaos magic - Chaos magicians, Chaos magic - Symbols and deities, Chaos magic - In pop culture Read more here: » Chaos magic: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - History |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - Pre-History Austin Osman Spare was initially involved with the Golden Dawn tradition, and its offshoots such as the O.T.O and Aleister Crowley's Argenteum Astrum but later broke with them to work independently. He would develop theory and practices which would, after his death, profoundly influence the Illuminates of Thanateros. Specifically, Spare developed the use of sigils, and techniques involving states of ecstasy (see gnosis below) to empower these. Spare also pioneered the development of a personal sacred alphabet, and was a talented artist who u ...
See also:Chaos magic, Chaos magic - Pre-History, Chaos magic - History, Chaos magic - Magical paradigm shifting, Chaos magic - The Gnostic state, Chaos magic - Chaos magicians, Chaos magic - Symbols and deities, Chaos magic - In pop culture Read more here: » Chaos magic: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - Pre-History |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - Symbols and deities Chaos magick is unique among magical traditions in that it does not attribute significance to any particular symbol or deity. Wicca and Thelema, for example, could not be what they are without the Mother goddess and Horus, respectively. In contrast, chaos magicians may (or may not) pick any concept or set of concepts to worship, invoke or evoke.
Following the tenet that anything can have significance and hold magical power, chaos magic rituals have centered around symbols as diverse as the color Octarine, a single worn sock, or Harpo ...
See also:Chaos magic, Chaos magic - Pre-History, Chaos magic - History, Chaos magic - Magical paradigm shifting, Chaos magic - The Gnostic state, Chaos magic - Chaos magicians, Chaos magic - Symbols and deities, Chaos magic - In pop culture Read more here: » Chaos magic: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - Symbols and deities |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - Symbols and deities Chaos magick is unique among magical traditions in that it does not attribute significance to any particular symbol or deity. Wicca and Thelema, for example, could not be what they are without the Mother goddess and Horus, respectively. In contrast, chaos magicians may (or may not) pick any concept or set of concepts to worship, invoke or evoke.
Following the tenet that anything can have significance and hold magical power, chaos magick rituals have centered around symbols as diverse as the color Octarine, a single worn sock, or Harpo ...
See also:Chaos magic, Chaos magic - Pre-History, Chaos magic - History, Chaos magic - Magical paradigm shifting, Chaos magic - The Gnostic state, Chaos magic - Chaos magicians, Chaos magic - Symbols and deities, Chaos magic - In pop culture Read more here: » Chaos magic: Encyclopedia II - Chaos magic - Symbols and deities |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - Formal definition There have been several attempts on formalizing the concepts used in object-oriented programming. The following concepts and constructs have been used as interpretations of OOP concepts:
coalgebraic datatypes
existential quantification and modules
recursion
records and record extensions
F-bounded polymorphism
Attempts to find a consensus definition or theory behind objects have not proven very successful, and often diverge widely. For example, some definitio ...
See also:Object-oriented programming, Object-oriented programming - Fundamental concepts, Object-oriented programming - OOP as a new paradigm point of view or marketing term, Object-oriented programming - Actor model, Object-oriented programming - Subparadigms, Object-oriented programming - OOP with procedural languages, Object-oriented programming - Static typing with the object-oriented paradigm, Object-oriented programming - Prototype-based model, Object-oriented programming - Object-based model, Object-oriented programming - Multimethod model, Object-oriented programming - Possible programming mistakes, Object-oriented programming - Critique, Object-oriented programming - Formal definition, Object-oriented programming - OOP in scripting, Object-oriented programming - History, Object-oriented programming - Learning Read more here: » Object-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - Formal definition |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - OOP in scripting In recent years, object-based programming has become especially popular in scripting programming languages, with abstraction, encapsulation, reusability, and ease of use being the most commonly cited reasons, (the value of inheritance in these languages is often questioned). Smalltalk is probably the first language that fits into this category. Python and Ruby are relatively recent languages that were built from the ground up with OOP in mind, while the popular Perl and PHP scripting languages have been slowly adding new object oriented feat ...
See also:Object-oriented programming, Object-oriented programming - Fundamental concepts, Object-oriented programming - OOP as a new paradigm point of view or marketing term, Object-oriented programming - Actor model, Object-oriented programming - Subparadigms, Object-oriented programming - OOP with procedural languages, Object-oriented programming - Static typing with the object-oriented paradigm, Object-oriented programming - Prototype-based model, Object-oriented programming - Object-based model, Object-oriented programming - Multimethod model, Object-oriented programming - Possible programming mistakes, Object-oriented programming - Critique, Object-oriented programming - Formal definition, Object-oriented programming - OOP in scripting, Object-oriented programming - History, Object-oriented programming - Learning Read more here: » Object-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - OOP in scripting |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - Subparadigms There are several distinct styles of object-oriented programming. The distinctions between different styles occur because different programming languages emphasize different aspects of object-oriented facilities and combine with other constructs in different ways.
Object-oriented programming - OOP with procedural languages.
In procedural languages, OOP often appears as a form where data types are extended to behave like a type of an object in OOP, very similar to an abstract data type with an extension such as inheritance. Each method is ac ...
See also:Object-oriented programming, Object-oriented programming - Fundamental concepts, Object-oriented programming - OOP as a new paradigm point of view or marketing term, Object-oriented programming - Actor model, Object-oriented programming - Subparadigms, Object-oriented programming - OOP with procedural languages, Object-oriented programming - Static typing with the object-oriented paradigm, Object-oriented programming - Prototype-based model, Object-oriented programming - Object-based model, Object-oriented programming - Multimethod model, Object-oriented programming - Possible programming mistakes, Object-oriented programming - Critique, Object-oriented programming - Formal definition, Object-oriented programming - OOP in scripting, Object-oriented programming - History, Object-oriented programming - Learning Read more here: » Object-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - Subparadigms |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Aspect-oriented programming - Problems for AOP Debugging can become one of the greatest problems for AOP. While at the syntactic level AOP program code appears separate, at run-time it is not. Concern-weaving can become unpredictable if it is not specified which aspect should dominate. Designers have considered alternative ways to achieve separation of code, such as C#'s partial types. However, such approaches lack a quantification mechanism enabling programmers to reach ...
See also:Aspect-oriented programming, Aspect-oriented programming - Motivation and basic concepts, Aspect-oriented programming - Join Point Models, Aspect-oriented programming - The Pointcuts and Advice JPM in AspectJ, Aspect-oriented programming - Inter-Type Declarations in AspectJ, Aspect-oriented programming - Other Join Point Models, Aspect-oriented programming - Weaving, Aspect-oriented programming - AspectJ: an AOP language, Aspect-oriented programming - AOP and other programming paradigms, Aspect-oriented programming - Problems for AOP, Aspect-oriented programming - Implementations, Aspect-oriented programming - Publications Read more here: » Aspect-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Aspect-oriented programming - Problems for AOP |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - Fundamental concepts Object-oriented programming (OOP) emphasizes the following concepts:
Class — the unit of definition of data and behavior (functionality) for some kind-of-thing, a class (for example, Dog) is the basis of modularity and structure in an object-oriented computer program. A class should typically be recognizable to a non-programmer familiar with the problem domain, and the code for a class should be coherent and decoupled (as should the code for any good pre-OOP function). With such modularity, the structure of a program will corr ...
See also:Object-oriented programming, Object-oriented programming - Fundamental concepts, Object-oriented programming - OOP as a new paradigm point of view or marketing term, Object-oriented programming - Actor model, Object-oriented programming - Subparadigms, Object-oriented programming - OOP with procedural languages, Object-oriented programming - Static typing with the object-oriented paradigm, Object-oriented programming - Prototype-based model, Object-oriented programming - Object-based model, Object-oriented programming - Multimethod model, Object-oriented programming - Possible programming mistakes, Object-oriented programming - Critique, Object-oriented programming - Formal definition, Object-oriented programming - OOP in scripting, Object-oriented programming - History, Object-oriented programming - Learning Read more here: » Object-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - Fundamental concepts |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - Critique Hierarchical taxonomies often do not match the real world and real-world changes according to some critics, and should be avoided. However, many OOP proponents also suggest avoiding hierarchies and instead using OO techniques such as "composition". A simple way of avoiding over-specification of hierarchies when modeling the real world is to consider the most specific types of objects and model relationships between those.
Also, many feel that OOP runs counter to the philosophy of relational modeling and relational databases, returning ...
See also:Object-oriented programming, Object-oriented programming - Fundamental concepts, Object-oriented programming - OOP as a new paradigm point of view or marketing term, Object-oriented programming - Actor model, Object-oriented programming - Subparadigms, Object-oriented programming - OOP with procedural languages, Object-oriented programming - Static typing with the object-oriented paradigm, Object-oriented programming - Prototype-based model, Object-oriented programming - Object-based model, Object-oriented programming - Multimethod model, Object-oriented programming - Possible programming mistakes, Object-oriented programming - Critique, Object-oriented programming - Formal definition, Object-oriented programming - OOP in scripting, Object-oriented programming - History, Object-oriented programming - Learning Read more here: » Object-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Object-oriented programming - Critique |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Aspect-oriented programming - Weaving Weaving - injecting the advice presented in aspects into the specified join-points associated with each advice - provides the final challenge of any AOP solution.
In the original introduction of AOP, Kiczales and his team listed the following possibilities for weaving:
a source preprocessor (similar to that in the original implementations of C++ )
a post-processor that patches binary files
an AOP-aware compiler that generates woven binary files
load-time weaving (for example, in the case ...
See also:Aspect-oriented programming, Aspect-oriented programming - Motivation and basic concepts, Aspect-oriented programming - Join Point Models, Aspect-oriented programming - The Pointcuts and Advice JPM in AspectJ, Aspect-oriented programming - Inter-Type Declarations in AspectJ, Aspect-oriented programming - Other Join Point Models, Aspect-oriented programming - Weaving, Aspect-oriented programming - AspectJ: an AOP language, Aspect-oriented programming - AOP and other programming paradigms, Aspect-oriented programming - Problems for AOP, Aspect-oriented programming - Implementations, Aspect-oriented programming - Publications Read more here: » Aspect-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Aspect-oriented programming - Weaving |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Social research - The ethics of social research Two main assumptions of the ethics in social research are:
voluntary participation
no harm to subjects
third assumption of social research ethics : contracts that are moral and have been entered into freely and legally should be honored.
...
See also:Social research, Social research - Ordinary human inquiry, Social research - Foundations of social research, Social research - Types of explanations, Social research - Types of inquiry, Social research - Quantitative / Qualitative Debate, Social research - Paradigms, Social research - The ethics of social research, Social research - Social Research Organisations, Social research - Social Research Projects, Social research - Social Research Techniques Read more here: » Social research: Encyclopedia II - Social research - The ethics of social research |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Progress philosophy - Argument for Progress in Philosophy If it be conceded that philosophical claims are a function of the sophistication of conceptual distinctions, arguments, and logical tools, and if it is conceded that there has been progress in making conceptual distinctions, in progressing in our sophistication about the nature of philosophical arguments, and progress in logic, then clearly there is progress in philosophy.
Those who deny progress because of lack of agreement must take stock of the fact that agreements must be relativized to those who are taking part in the discussion. ...
See also:Progress philosophy, Progress philosophy - Argument for Progress in Philosophy, Progress philosophy - Argument for Lack of Progress in Philosophy, Progress philosophy - Optimism pessimism and paradigms, Progress philosophy - Would it have been worth it after all?, Progress philosophy - Philosophy as worthless, Progress philosophy - Philosophy as intrinsically worthy, Progress philosophy - Philosophy as instrumentally worthy Read more here: » Progress philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Progress philosophy - Argument for Progress in Philosophy |
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| | | | | Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Aspect-oriented programming - Motivation and basic concepts Aspect-Oriented Programming has at its core the enabling of a better separation of concerns, by allowing the programmer to create cross-cutting concerns as first-class program modules. (Cross-cutting concerns defined as those parts, or aspects, of the program that in standard design mechanisms end up scattered across multiple program modules, and tangled with other modules.)
For example, consider a banking application with a conceptual ...
See also:Aspect-oriented programming, Aspect-oriented programming - Motivation and basic concepts, Aspect-oriented programming - Join Point Models, Aspect-oriented programming - The Pointcuts and Advice JPM in AspectJ, Aspect-oriented programming - Inter-Type Declarations in AspectJ, Aspect-oriented programming - Other Join Point Models, Aspect-oriented programming - Weaving, Aspect-oriented programming - AspectJ: an AOP language, Aspect-oriented programming - AOP and other programming paradigms, Aspect-oriented programming - Problems for AOP, Aspect-oriented programming - Implementations, Aspect-oriented programming - Publications Read more here: » Aspect-oriented programming: Encyclopedia II - Aspect-oriented programming - Motivation and basic concepts |
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