A Papal bull is a special kind of patent or charter issued by a pope and named for the seal (bulla) that was appended to the end to authenticate it. Papal bulls were originally issued by the pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature, but after the 15th century, only for the more formal or solemn of occasions. Modern scholars have retroactively used the term "bull" to describe any elaborate papal document issued in the form of a decree or privilege (solemn or simple), and to some less elaborate ones issued in the form of a letter. Popularly, the name is used f ...

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Papal bull, Papal bull - Format, Papal bull - Content, Papal bull - Examples of papal bulls

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The bull's format began with one-line in tall elongated letters containing three elements: the pope's name, the pope's title (episcopus servus servorum Dei), and a phrase indicative of the bull's purpose for record keeping purposes (the incipit), from which the bull would also take its name. The body of the text had no special formatting and was often very simple in layout. The closing section consisted of a short datum, mentioning the place it was issued, the day of the month and the year of the pope's pontificati ...

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A charter is a document bestowing certain rights on a town, city, university, land or institution; sometimes used as a loan of money. The term derives from a root word meaning "paper". Charter - Origin. As John Fiske described in his 1890 treatise on the Origin of Civil Government in the United States: The word "charter" originally meant simply a paper or written document, and it was often applied to deeds for the transfer of real estate. In contracts of such importance papers or parchment docu ...

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• Charter - History
• Charter - Legal status
• Charter - Charter schools
• Charter - Charter colony
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A circular may be: the adjective form of circle an advertisement which is circulated a Pastoral letter, Encyclic, or Papal bull that is circulated between churches a circular argument is a term for a type of logical fallacy where the very thing that is trying to be proved is assumed to be true. The historical term (due to a mistranslation) for this is Begging the question. Other related archivesBegging the question, Papal bul

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On November 18, 1302, Pope Boniface VIII issued the Papal bull Unam sanctam ("The One Holy"), which historians consider one of the most extreme statements of Papal spiritual supremacy ever made. It arose due to the Pope's conflict with Philip IV of France over attempts of each to prevent the other from receiving money from taxes. Unam sanctam - Content. Most significantly, the bull proclaimed, "outside of her (the Church) there is neither salvation nor the remission of sins". (See Extra Ecclesiam Nul ...

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Abbreviators, a body of writers in the papal chancery, whose business was to sketch out and prepare in due form the pope's bulls, briefs and consistorial decrees before these are written out in extenso by the scriptores. They are first mentioned in the papal bulls Extravagantes of Pope John XXII and of Pope Benedict XII. Their number was fixed at seventy-two by Pope Sixtus IV. From the time of Pope Benedict XII (1334-1342) they were classed as de Parco majori or Praesidentiae majoris, and d ...

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The Ancient universities of Scotland are those universities founded during the mediaeval period, and comprise (list by year of being chartered): The University of St Andrews, founded 1413 by papal bull The University of Glasgow, founded 1451 by papal bull The University of Aberdeen, founded 1495 by papal bull The University of Edinburgh, founded 1583 by Royal Charter Ancient universities of Scotland - University of Dundee. The University of Dundee (chartered 19 ...

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• Ancient universities of Scotland - Governance and administration
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• Ancient universities of Scotland - Scottish Master of Arts
• Ancient universities of Scotland - Master of Letters

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Audita tremendi was a papal bull issued by Pope Gregory VIII on October 29, 1187, calling for the Third Crusade. It was issued just days after Gregory had succeeded Urban III as pope, in response to the defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin on July 4 of 1187. Jerusalem itself had fallen to Saladin on October 2 (see Siege of Jerusalem), but news of this had not yet reached Europe by ...

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For broader historical context, see 1260s and 13th century. 1262 - Events. King Mindaugas of Lithuania renounces Christianity, returning to his pagan roots and reverting to Grand Duke of Lithuania. The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into a treaty establishing a union with Norway and acknowledges Norwegian King Haakon IV as its ruler. Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire. King Henry III of England obtains a papal bull releasing him from the Provisi ...

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For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. 1252 - Events. 1252 - Europe. May 15 - Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. Torture quickly gains widespread usage across Catholic Europe. The first European gold coins are minted in the Italian city of Florence, and are known as florins. The Polish land of Lebus is incorporated into German state of Bran ...

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• 1252 - Asia
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For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. 1256 - Events. 1256 - Europe. April 13 - Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull constituting the Augustinian monastic order. The city of Lviv, in present-day Ukraine, is founded by Danylo King of Rus. Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians. ...

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• 1256 - Europe
• 1256 - Asia
• 1256 - Births
• 1256 - Deaths

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For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. 1289 - Events. 1289 - Europe. June 11 - The Italian Guelph and Ghibelline factions fight in the battle of Campaldino; the Guelph victory secures their position of power in Florence. Pope Nicholas IV formally constitutes the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university. Construction of Conwy Castle, ordered by King Ed ...

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• 1289 - Europe
• 1289 - Asia
• 1289 - North America
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1521 - Events. January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. January 28 - Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25. March 6 - Ferdinand Magellan discovers Guam. March 16 - Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines. April 7 - Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu. April 16 - 18 - Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the German Diet of Worms. April 26 - Martin Luther leaves Worms and disap ...

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Above all else, the Roman Catholic Council of Vienne was the Ecumenical Council that withdrew papal support for the Knights Templar, confirming the destruction of the rich Order by the bureaucrats of Philip IV of France. Pope Clement V, by the bull Regnans in coelis, August 12, 1308, called a general council to meet at the fine old city of Vienne on the Rhône River, technically outside the jurisdiction of the king of France, but quite convenient to Paris, avowedly regarding not only the Order of Knights Templar, but als ...

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Dalgety Bay, a coastal town in Fife, Scotland, stands on the north shore of the Firth of Forth. Dalgety Bay is the name of the town and the bay which fronts a large proportion of the shoreline. The bay was named after the original village of Dalgety, but the ruins of the 12th century St. Bridget's Kirk are all that now mark the site. St. Bridget's Kirk was in existence some time before 1178, as it is mentioned in a Papal Bull written by Pope Alexander III. The new town takes its name from the main bay it adjoins, but the town stretches over many bays and c ...

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January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 362 days (363 during leap years) remain in the year after this day. January 3 - Events. 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. 1496 - Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine. 1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. 1749 - Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leadin ...

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• January 3 - Holidays and observances

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The Gregorian calendar is the calendar that is used nearly everywhere in the world. A modification of the Julian calendar, it was first proposed by the Neapolitan doctor Aloysius Lilius, and was decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, for whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 (Note: The papal bull Inter gravissimas was signed in the year 1581 for unknown reasons, but printed on 1 March 1582. Although the use of the date 1581 is often attributed to the supposed adoption by the papacy of a reckoning by which the year began on 25 March, other contemporaneous papal bulls have years that do not agree with March years, let alo ...

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• Gregorian calendar - History
• Gregorian calendar - Invention
• Gregorian calendar - Beginning of the year
• Gregorian calendar - Adoption outside of Roman Catholic nations
• Gregorian calendar - Proleptic Gregorian calendar
• Gregorian calendar - Confusion with British vs. American usage
• Gregorian calendar - Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates
• Gregorian calendar - Months of the year
• Gregorian calendar - Accuracy
• Gregorian calendar - Calendar seasonal error
• Gregorian calendar - Numerical facts
• Gregorian calendar - Number of leap years starting on a given day of the week
• Gregorian calendar - Days of the week
• Gregorian calendar - Reference

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University of Glasgow The University of Glasgow, founded in 1451, is the largest of the three universities in Glasgow, Scotland. It is a renowned centre for teaching and research and one of the ancient universities of Scotland and is amongst the largest and most prestigious in the United Kingdom. University of Glasgow - History. It was founded in 1451 by papal bull of Pope Nicholas V, at the suggestion of King James II, giving Bishop William Turnbull permission to add the university to the cit ...

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There is a source document for or relating to this article that could be added to Wikipedia's sister project, Wikisource. Wikipedia is not a repository of source data; Wikisource is. While this article does not itself contain source data that should be moved to Wikisource, a document that could be used as a source for or relating to this article could be on Wikisource but currently is not. The source document is: ...

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