Panpsychism and emergentism can be seen as alternative ways to bridge the more extreme positions of crude reductionism and crude holism. Panpsychism differs from emergentism in that according to panpsychism, even the smallest physical particles have mental characteristics. Emergentism claims that though the particles be mindless, some systems formed by them, and by nothing but them, do posses ...

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Panpsychism, Panpsychism - Relation to metaphysical positions, Panpsychism - In the history of philosophy, Panpsychism - In the Psychoanalytic Tradition, Panpsychism - Other manifestations

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Panpsychism, Panpsychism - Relation to metaphysical positions, Panpsychism - In the history of philosophy, Panpsychism - In the Psychoanalytic Tradition, Panpsychism - Other manifestations

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panpsychic

Seeing consciousness everywhere

(See also: Panpsychic, Body Mind and Soul)

In philosophy, a subject is a being which has subjective experiences or a relationship with another entity (or "object"). A subject is an observer and an object is a thing observed. The following are examples of subjective experiences (all examples of qualia): What the color red looks like to me; What a musical tone sounds like to me; What pleasure and pain feel like to me. And their corresponding objective analogues: The red surface; The musical instrument producing oscillations in ai ...

Including:

Subject philosophy - Epistemic subjectivity Subject philosophy - Subjectivism Subject philosophy - Metaphysical subjectivism
Subject philosophy - Subjectivism and panpsychism Subject philosophy - Criticisms
Subject philosophy - Ethical subjectivism Subject philosophy - Subjectivism in probability

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Hylozoism is the philosophical doctrine that all material things possess life. The term was introduced by Ralph Cudworth in 1678. Some of the ancient Greek philosophers taught a version of hylozoism. Thales, Anaximenes, and Heraklitus all taught that there is a form of life in all material objects, and the Stoics believed that a world soul informed all things in the world. It is important to note that these philosophies did not necessarily hold that material objects had separate life or identity, necessarily, but only that they had life, either as part of an overrid ...

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'Solipsism (from the Latin ipse = "self" and solus = "alone") is the epistemological belief that one's self is the only thing that can be known with certainty and verified (sometimes called egoism). Solipsism is also commonly understood to encompass the metaphysical belief that only one's self exists, and that "existence" just means being a par't of one's own mental states — all objects, people, etc, that one experiences are merely parts of one's own mind. Solipsism is first recorded with the presocrat ...

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Solipsism - Objections
Solipsism - Truism

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In religion, the term "Animism" is used in a number of ways. Animism (from animus, or anima, mind or soul), originally means the doctrine of spiritual beings. It is often extended to include the belief that personalized, supernatural beings (or souls) endowed with reason, intelligence and volition inhabit ordinary objects as well as animate beings, and govern their existence (pantheism or animatism). More simply, the belief is that "everything is alive", "everything is conscious" or "everything has ...

Including:

Animism - Overview Animism - Origins Animism - Plant souls Animism - Object souls Animism - Animism and death Animism - Evil spirits Animism - Differences between animism and religion Animism - Animism and the origin of religion Animism - Animism and mythology Animism - Animism in philosophy Animism - Tylor Animism - List of phenomena believed to lead to animism Animism - The new animism

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In probability, a subjectivism stands for the view that probabilities are simply degrees-of-belief by rational agents in a certain proposition, and which have no objective reality in and of themselves. For this kind of subjectivist, a phrase having to do with probability simply asserts the degree to which the subjective actor believes their assertion is true or false. As a consequence, a subjectivist has no problem with differing people giving different probabilities to ...

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Subject philosophy, Subject philosophy - Epistemic subjectivity, Subject philosophy - Subjectivism, Subject philosophy - Metaphysical subjectivism, Subject philosophy - Subjectivism and panpsychism, Subject philosophy - Criticisms, Subject philosophy - Ethical subjectivism, Subject philosophy - Subjectivism in probability

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Metaphysical subjectivism is the theory that perception creates reality, and that there is no underlying, true reality that exists independent of perception. One can also hold that it is consciousness rather than perception that creates reality. This is in contrast to metaphysical objectivism. This holding should not be confused with the stance that "all is illusion" or that "there is no such thing as reality." Metaphysical subjectivists hold that reality is real enough, and that physical objects do exist. They conceive, however, that the nature of reality as related to a given c ...

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Subject philosophy, Subject philosophy - Epistemic subjectivity, Subject philosophy - Subjectivism, Subject philosophy - Metaphysical subjectivism, Subject philosophy - Subjectivism and panpsychism, Subject philosophy - Criticisms, Subject philosophy - Ethical subjectivism, Subject philosophy - Subjectivism in probability

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Ethical subjectivism is the meta-ethical view that ethical sentences reduce to factual statements about the attitudes and/or conventions of individual people. An ethical subjectivist might propose, for example, that what it means for something to be morally right is just for it to be approved of. (This can lead to the view that different things are right according to each idiosyncratic moral outlook.) Another kind of ethical subjectivist might define "good" as "that which I desire". A related view is that of conventionalism, which considers ethical sentences to be representations of th ...

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Subject philosophy, Subject philosophy - Epistemic subjectivity, Subject philosophy - Subjectivism, Subject philosophy - Metaphysical subjectivism, Subject philosophy - Subjectivism and panpsychism, Subject philosophy - Criticisms, Subject philosophy - Ethical subjectivism, Subject philosophy - Subjectivism in probability

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The classic objection to solipsism is that people die. However, the objector has not died, and therefore has not disproved it. This objection is also vulnerable to the criticism that it is impossible to know whether the mind lives on after death or not; hence, the theory is not disproven, because someone could exist even after death. Death can also be seen as a figment of the imagination - that person may not have died at all. A further objection is that life causes pain. Why would we create pain for ourselves? One response to this is ...

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Solipsism, Solipsism - Objections, Solipsism - Truism

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Early ideas on the subject of the soul, and at the same time the origin of them, can be illustrated by analysis of the terms applied to them. Readers of Dante know the idea that the dead have no shadows. This was no invention of the poet's but a piece of traditional lore. Among the Basutus it is held that a man walking by the brink of a river may lose his life if his shadow falls on the water, for a croc ...

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Animism, Animism - Overview, Animism - Origins, Animism - Plant souls, Animism - Object souls, Animism - Animism and death, Animism - Evil spirits, Animism - Differences between animism and religion, Animism - Animism and the origin of religion, Animism - Animism and mythology, Animism - Animism in philosophy, Animism - Tylor, Animism - List of phenomena believed to lead to animism, Animism - The new animism

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In some animistic worldviews found in hunter-gatherer cultures, the human being is often regarded as on a roughly equal footing with animals, plants, and natural forces. Therefore, it is morally imperative to treat these agents with respect. In this worldview, humans are considered a denizen, or part, of nature, rather than superior to or separate from it. In such societies, ritual is considered essential for survival as it wins the favor of the spirits of one's source of food, shelter, and fertility and wards off malevolent spirits. In more ...

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Animism, Animism - Overview, Animism - Origins, Animism - Plant souls, Animism - Object souls, Animism - Animism and death, Animism - Evil spirits, Animism - Differences between animism and religion, Animism - Animism and the origin of religion, Animism - Animism and mythology, Animism - Animism in philosophy, Animism - Tylor, Animism - List of phenomena believed to lead to animism, Animism - The new animism

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Just as human souls are assigned to animals, so too are trees and plants often credited with souls, both human and animal in form. All over the world agricultural peoples practise elaborate ceremonies explicable, as Wilhelm Mannhardt has shown, on animistic principles. In Europe the corn spirit sometimes immanent in the crop, sometimes a presiding deity whose life does not depend on that of the growing corn, is conceived in some districts in the form of an ox, hare or cock, in others as an old man or woman. In the East Indies and Amer ...

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Animism, Animism - Overview, Animism - Origins, Animism - Plant souls, Animism - Object souls, Animism - Animism and death, Animism - Evil spirits, Animism - Differences between animism and religion, Animism - Animism and the origin of religion, Animism - Animism and mythology, Animism - Animism in philosophy, Animism - Tylor, Animism - List of phenomena believed to lead to animism, Animism - The new animism

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Some cultures do not make a distinction between animate and inanimate objects. Natural phenomenon, geographic features, everyday objects, and manufactured articles may also be attributed with souls. In the north of Europe, in ancient Greece, in China, the water or river spirit is horse or bull-shaped. The water monster in serpent shape is even more widely found, but it is less strictly the spirit of the water. The spirit of syncretism manifests itself in this department of animism too, turning the immanent spirit into the pres ...

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Animism, Animism - Overview, Animism - Origins, Animism - Plant souls, Animism - Object souls, Animism - Animism and death, Animism - Evil spirits, Animism - Differences between animism and religion, Animism - Animism and the origin of religion, Animism - Animism and mythology, Animism - Animism in philosophy, Animism - Tylor, Animism - List of phenomena believed to lead to animism, Animism - The new animism

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In many parts of the world it is held that the human body is the seat of more than one soul. On the island of Nias four are distinguished: the shadow and the intelligence, which die with the body, a tutelary spirit, termed begoe, and a second spirit, which is carried on the head. Similar ideas are found among the Euahlayi of southeast Australia, the Dakotas and many other tribes. Just as in Europe the ghost of a dead person is held to haunt the churchyard or the place of death, so do other cultures assign different abodes to the multi ...

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Animism, Animism - Overview, Animism - Origins, Animism - Plant souls, Animism - Object souls, Animism - Animism and death, Animism - Evil spirits, Animism - Differences between animism and religion, Animism - Animism and the origin of religion, Animism - Animism and mythology, Animism - Animism in philosophy, Animism - Tylor, Animism - List of phenomena believed to lead to animism, Animism - The new animism

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Side by side with the doctrine of separable souls with which we have so far been concerned, exists the belief in a great host of unattached spirits. These are not immanent souls that have become detached from their abodes, but have instead every appearance of independent spirits. These spirits are at first mainly malevolent. Side by side with them we find the spirits of the dead as hostile beings. At a higher stage the spirits of dead kinsmen are no longer unfriendly, nor yet all non-human spirits. As fetishes, naguals (see totem), fa ...

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Animism, Animism - Overview, Animism - Origins, Animism - Plant souls, Animism - Object souls, Animism - Animism and death, Animism - Evil spirits, Animism - Differences between animism and religion, Animism - Animism and the origin of religion, Animism - Animism and mythology, Animism - Animism in philosophy, Animism - Tylor, Animism - List of phenomena believed to lead to animism, Animism - The new animism

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Animism is commonly described as the most primitive form of religion, but properly speaking it is not a religion at all. Animism is in the first instance an explanation of phenomena rather than an attitude of mind toward the cause of them, a philosophy rather than a religion. The term may, however, be conveniently used to describe the early stage of religion in which people endeavour to set up relations between themselves and the unseen powers, conceived as spirits, but differing in many particulars from the gods of polytheism. As an example ...

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Animism, Animism - Overview, Animism - Origins, Animism - Plant souls, Animism - Object souls, Animism - Animism and death, Animism - Evil spirits, Animism - Differences between animism and religion, Animism - Animism and the origin of religion, Animism - Animism and mythology, Animism - Animism in philosophy, Animism - Tylor, Animism - List of phenomena believed to lead to animism, Animism - The new animism

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Two animistic theories of the origin of religion have been put forward. The one, often termed the "ghost theory," mainly associated with the name of Herbert Spencer, but also maintained by Grant Allen, refers the beginning of religion to the cult of dead human beings. The other, put forward by Dr. E. B. Tylor, makes the foundation of all religion animistic, but recognizes the non-human character of polytheistic gods. Although ancestor-worship, or, more broadly, the cult of the dead, has in many cases overshadowed other cults or even e ...

See also:

Animism, Animism - Overview, Animism - Origins, Animism - Plant souls, Animism - Object souls, Animism - Animism and death, Animism - Evil spirits, Animism - Differences between animism and religion, Animism - Animism and the origin of religion, Animism - Animism and mythology, Animism - Animism in philosophy, Animism - Tylor, Animism - List of phenomena believed to lead to animism, Animism - The new animism

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If the mind is not seen as a "mysterious" substance, and it is assumed there are only mental events and that "the mind" is no more than a series of mental events, then it is possible to inquire about the relation between mind and body in terms of the relation between mental events and physical events. One can ask: are mental events completely different from physical events, so that you can't explain what mental events are in terms of physical events; or are mental events somehow explainable as being identical with certain physi ...

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Mind-body problem, Mind-body problem - Philosophical perspectives, Mind-body problem - What science has to say

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