Outside of India, pure instrumental Indian classical music is more popular than vocal music, possibly because the lyrics are not understandable. A number of musical instruments are associated with Hindustani classical music. Some of the most famous instruments are the sitar, a string instrument, the tabla, a percussion instrument, and other instruments like the sarod and sarangi. The most famous modern performer is undoubtedly sitarist Pandit Ravi Shankar, who helped popularize Hindustani ragas outside India. Alongside the sita ...

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Hindustani classical music, Hindustani classical music - History, Hindustani classical music - Instrumental music, Hindustani classical music - Vocal music, Hindustani classical music - Types of Compositions, Hindustani classical music - Principles of Hindustani music, Hindustani classical music - Other personalities

Read more here: » Hindustani classical music: Encyclopedia II - Hindustani classical music - Instrumental music

Despite the fact that instrumental music is better known outside India, Hindustani classical music is primarily vocal-centric, insofar as the musical forms were designed primarily for vocal performance, and many instruments were designed and evaluated as to how well they emulate the human voice. Some of the best known vocalists are Pandit Jasraj, Bhimsen Joshi, Kumar Gnadharva, Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Kishori Amonkar, Gangubai Hangal, Rajan and Sajan Mishra, Shubha Mudgal and Parveen Sultana . ...

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Hindustani classical music, Hindustani classical music - History, Hindustani classical music - Instrumental music, Hindustani classical music - Vocal music, Hindustani classical music - Types of Compositions, Hindustani classical music - Principles of Hindustani music, Hindustani classical music - Other personalities

Read more here: » Hindustani classical music: Encyclopedia II - Hindustani classical music - Vocal music

Kashmir has known both conquerors and despots and also peaceful rulers. Some of the Kashmiri rulers like Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin were tolerant to all religions in a way comparable to Akbar. Muslims and Hindus of Kashmir lived in relative harmony and friendliness since the 13th century when Islam first became the majority religion in Kashmir. The Sufi-Islamic way of life that ordinary Muslims followed in Kashmir complemented the rishi tradition of Kashmiri Pandits leading to a syncretic culture where Hindus and Mu ...

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History of Jammu and Kashmir, History of Jammu and Kashmir - Early history and Buddhism, History of Jammu and Kashmir - Islam and Hinduism, History of Jammu and Kashmir - The Histories, History of Jammu and Kashmir - The Raj

Read more here: » History of Jammu and Kashmir: Encyclopedia II - History of Jammu and Kashmir - Islam and Hinduism

Jagjit Singh - Early Years. His association with music goes back to his childhood days when he was twelve. He learnt music under Pandit Chaganlal Sharma for two years in Ganganagar, later for six years under Ustad Jamaal Khan of Sainia Gharana, under whom he learnt forms of Indian Classical Music such as Khayal, Thumri and Dhrupad. He was willing to learn from lesser known but talented musicians throughout his college days. The Vice Chancellor of Punjab and Kurukshetra University, Late Professor Surajbhan encoura ...

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Jagjit Singh, Jagjit Singh - Family and Education, Jagjit Singh - Career, Jagjit Singh - Early Years, Jagjit Singh - Rise of Jagjit Singh, Jagjit Singh - Awards, Jagjit Singh - Discography

Read more here: » Jagjit Singh: Encyclopedia II - Jagjit Singh - Career

Kalmyk language has been written in a variety of alphabets over the years. Since 11th century Kalmyks used Uyghur script. The official Kalmyk alphabet named Todo Bichig (Clear Script) was created in the 17th century by greatest Kalmyk buddist monk Zaya Pandit. The Todo Bichig was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, but Kalmyks in China has always beeng using it. In Mongolia Kalmyk (Oyirad) language has no official status and does not exist in written form. The modified Cyrillic alphabet used for Kalmyk l ...

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Kalmyk language, Kalmyk language - Writing system

Read more here: » Kalmyk language: Encyclopedia II - Kalmyk language - Writing system

The company was eastablished in 1959 as Indian Oil Company Ltd. Indian Oil Corporation was formed in 1964 with the merger of Indian Refineries Ltd. (Estd. 1958) with the Indian Oil Company Ltd. Guwahati Refinery, the first public sector refinery of the country, was built with Romanian collaboration and was inagurated by the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, on January 1, 1962. IndianOil refineries registered a record throughput of 35,300,00 tonnes during the financial year surpassing th ...

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Indian Oil Corporation, Indian Oil Corporation - History, Indian Oil Corporation - Countrywide network, Indian Oil Corporation - Pioneering R&D, Indian Oil Corporation - Future plans

Read more here: » Indian Oil Corporation: Encyclopedia II - Indian Oil Corporation - History

The Institute of Technology, like all other Faculties and Departments of the Banaras Hindu University, owes its existence to the far-sighted vision and relentless efforts of its founder Mahamana [Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]. During the days of India's freedom struggle, three engineering and technological institutions were established by Mahamana, viz. the Banaras Engineering College (BENCO) in 1919, the College of Mining and Metallurgy (MINMET) in 1923 and the College of Technology (TECHNO). The first-ever degree courses in Mining, Metallur ...

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Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University - The Past, Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University - The Present, Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University - Departments, Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University - Alumni

Read more here: » Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University: Encyclopedia II - Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University - The Past

When Atisha was invited and came to Tibet he was asked by Djang Jup Ö to give a complete and easy accessible summary of the doctrine in order to clarify wrong views - especially the apparent contradictions found across the Sutras and their commentaries. Based upon this request Atisha (whose presentation of the doctrine became later known as the Kadampa tradition) taught what came to be known as the Lam Rim for the Tibetans. Later he was honored very much for this by the Pandits of his original m ...

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Lamrim, Lamrim - History, Lamrim - Three kinds of person, Lamrim - Available Classical Lamrim Books, Lamrim - Available Modern Lamrim Books & Commentaries

Read more here: » Lamrim: Encyclopedia II - Lamrim - History

Born in Colfax, California, Riley studied at Shasta College, San Francisco State University, and the San Francisco Conservatory before earning an MA in composition at the University of California, Berkeley, studying with Seymour Shifrin. His most influential teacher, however, was the late Pandit Pran Nath, a master of Indian classical voice, who also taught La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela. Riley made numerous trips to India over the course of their association to study and to accompany him on tabla, tambura, and voice. Throughout the sixti ...

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Terry Riley, Terry Riley - Life, Terry Riley - Musical style and techniques, Terry Riley - Notable works

Read more here: » Terry Riley: Encyclopedia II - Terry Riley - Life

Asha Bhosle was born in the small hamlet of Goar in Sangli, Maharashtra, into the musical family of Pandit Dinanath Mangeshkar. When she was just nine years old, her father passed away. The family moved from Pune to Kolhapur and then to Bombay. She and her elder sister Lata Mangeshkar started singing and acting in films to support their family. She sang her first film song Chala Chala Nav Bala for the Marathi movie Majha Bal (1943). The music for the film was composed by Datta Dawjekar. She made her Hindi film debut when she sang the song Saawan aayaSee also:

Asha Bhosle, Asha Bhosle - Brief biography, Asha Bhosle - Four hit films, Asha Bhosle - Partnership with music directors, Asha Bhosle - O P Nayyar, Asha Bhosle - Khayyam, Asha Bhosle - Ravi, Asha Bhosle - Sachin Dev Burman, Asha Bhosle - Rahul Dev Burman Pancham, Asha Bhosle - A R Rahman, Asha Bhosle - Other composers, Asha Bhosle - Non-Bollywood music, Asha Bhosle - Private albums, Asha Bhosle - Concerts and collaborations with foreign artists, Asha Bhosle - Awards, Asha Bhosle - Rivalry with Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle - Personal Life, Asha Bhosle - Footnotes and References

Read more here: » Asha Bhosle: Encyclopedia II - Asha Bhosle - Brief biography

The ancestry of Chandragupta is shrouded in mystery. Indian literary traditions connect him with the Nanda dynasty of Magadha. The Sanskrit drama Mudrarakashasa not only calls him Mauryaputra (Act II) but also a Nandanvaya (Act IV). The commentator on the Vishnu Purana informs us that Chandragupta was son of a Nanda prince and a dasi (Hindi:maid), Mura. But the commentator on Mudrarakshasa, states that Chandragupta was son of Maurya who in turn, was son of the Nanda king Sarvarthasiddhi by a wife named Mura, daughter of a shudra. Pandit Kshmendra and Somadeva call him Purva ...

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Chandragupta Maurya, Chandragupta Maurya - Origin or ancestry, Chandragupta Maurya - Chanakya, Chandragupta Maurya - Expansion, Chandragupta Maurya - Jainism & death, Chandragupta Maurya - Family, Chandragupta Maurya - Trivia, Chandragupta Maurya - Additional reading, Chandragupta Maurya - External link

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The Roorkee College was established in 1847 AD as the First Engineering College in the British Empire. The College was renamed as The Thomason College of Civil Engineering in 1854. It was given the status of University by Act No. IX of 1948 of the United Province (Uttar Pradesh) in recognition of its performance, potential and keeping in view the needs of post-independent India. Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, presented the Charter in November 1949 elevating the erstwhil ...

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Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - Indian Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - Heritage, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - Academics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - Research, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - Campus, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - Student life

Read more here: » Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee: Encyclopedia II - Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - Heritage

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India and a close friend of Azad, paying a tribute in the Indian Parliament on 24 February 1958 said: "So we mourn today the passing of a great man, a man of luminous intelligence and a mighty intellect with an amazing capacity to pierce through a problem to it score." Azad is featured on an Indian postage stamp; there are many schools, colleges, roads and hospitals all over India named after him,the most famous of which is the Maulana Azad medical college situated in old del ...

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Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Early years, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Journalism and Khilafat, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Movement for India's Freedom, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Partition of India, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Post Independence, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Writings, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Commemoration, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Quotes, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - See Also

Read more here: » Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: Encyclopedia II - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Commemoration

A thread ceremony (Upanayanam) took place on May 29, 1674, and then a Vratya Stoma ceremony was performed. Shivaji was formally crowned Chatrapati ("Holder of the Umbrella", representing the protection he bestowed on his people) on June 6, 1674 at the Raigad fort, and given the title, Kshatriya Kulavantas Simhasanadheeshwar Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Pandit Gaga Bhatt, renowned as Vedonarayana (Greatest exponent of Vedic discourse) Brahmin from Varanasi, officially presided over the ceremony and traced Sh ...

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Shivaji, Shivaji - The political scene before Shivaji, Shivaji - Early life, Shivaji - Confrontation with the local Sultanates, Shivaji - Afzal Khan, Shivaji - Siddi Jauhar, Shivaji - Clash with the Moghuls, Shivaji - Shahista Khan, Shivaji - Surat, Shivaji - Coronation, Shivaji - Shivaji's rule, Shivaji - Shivaji's forts, Shivaji - The Epilogue, Shivaji - Remembering Shivaji, Shivaji - Associates of Shivaji

Read more here: » Shivaji: Encyclopedia II - Shivaji - Coronation

Pandita (Sanskrit) Often anglicized to pandit or pundit; a scholar, learned man, teacher, or philosopher.

(See also: Pandita, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Virasvamin (Sanskrit) [from vira eminent, excellent + svamin master, pandit]

The father of Medhatithi, the author of the Manubhashya, the commentary on the Laws of Manu.

(See also: Virasvamin, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body mind and Soul)

Brahmin (Brahmana): A knower of Brahman; a member of the highest Hindu caste consisting of priests, pandits, philosophers, and religious leaders.

(See also: Brahmin, Hinduism, Hinduism Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

Thsang Thisrong tsan (Tibet, Tibetan). A king who flourished between the years 728 and 787, and who invited from Bengal Pandit Rakshit, called for his great learning Bodhisattva, to come and settle in Tibet, in order to teach Buddhist philosophy to his priests.

(See also: Thsang Thisrong tsan, Theosophy, Spirituality, Body mind and Soul, Spiritual Dictionary, )

Jagadacharya: (Sanskrit) "World teacher."

In 1986 the World Religious Parliament of New Delhi named five world leaders who were most active in spreading Sanatana Dharma outside India. The five are: H.H. Swami Chinmayananda of Chinmaya Missions, India; Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami of Saiva Siddhanta Church and Himalayan Academy, USA; Yogiraj Amrit Desai of Kripalu Yoga Center, USA; Pandit Tej Ramji Sharma of Nepali Baba, Nepal; and Swami Jagpurnadas Maharaj, Mauritius.

(See also: Jagadacharya, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

A Theosophical definition of Veda (Vedas) :

Veda (Vedas)

(Sanskrit) From a verbal root vid signifying "to know." These are the most ancient and the most sacred literary and religious works of the Hindus. Veda as a word may be described as "divine knowledge." The Vedas are four in number: the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sama-Veda, and the Atharva-Veda, this last being commonly supposed to be of later date than the former three.

Manu in his Work on Law always speaks of the three Vedas, which he calls "the ancient triple Brahman"  - sanatanam trayam brahma." Connected with the Vedas is a large body of other works of various kinds, liturgical, ritualistic, exegetical, and mystical, the Veda itself being commonly divided into two great portions, outward and inner: the former called the karma-kanda, the "Section of Works," and the latter called jnana-kanda or "Section of Wisdom."

The authorship of the Veda is not unitary, but almost every hymn or division of a Veda is ascribed to a different author or rather to various authors; but they are supposed to have been compiled in their present form by Veda-Vyasa. There is no question in the minds of learned students of theosophy that the Vedas run back in their origins to enormous antiquity, thousands of years before the beginning of what is known in the Occident as the Christian era, whatever Occidental scholars may have to say in objection to this statement. Hindu pandits themselves claim that the Veda was taught orally for thousands of years, and then finally compiled on the shores of the sacred lake Manasa-Sarovara, beyond the Himalayas in a district of what is now Tibet.

See also: Veda (Vedas, Mysticism, Body Mind and Soul)

List of mathematicians - Aa — Ac. Abakanowicz, Bruno (Poland, 1852 – 1900) Abdelkader, Mostafa A. (?, ? – ) Abel, Niels Henrik (Norway, 1802 – 1829) Abelson, Harold (USA, ? – ) Al-Abhari Athir al-Din Mufaddal ibn Umar (Persia, 1200 – 1265) Abhyankar, Shreeram Shankar (India/USA, 1930 – ) Abouabdillah, Driss (Morocco, 1948 – ) Abraham, Ralph (USA, 1936 – ) Abramowitz, Milton (?, ? – ) Achenwall, Gottfried (Germany, 1719 – 1772) Ackerm ...

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List of mathematicians, List of mathematicians - A, List of mathematicians - Aa — Ac, List of mathematicians - Ad, List of mathematicians - Ag — Ak, List of mathematicians - Al, List of mathematicians - Am — An, List of mathematicians - Ap — Ar, List of mathematicians - As — Az, List of mathematicians - B, List of mathematicians - Ba, List of mathematicians - Be, List of mathematicians - Bh — Bi, List of mathematicians - Bl, List of mathematicians - Bo, List of mathematicians - Br, List of mathematicians - Bu, List of mathematicians - By — Bz, List of mathematicians - C, List of mathematicians - Ca, List of mathematicians - Ce — Ch, List of mathematicians - Cl — Co, List of mathematicians - Cr — Cs, List of mathematicians - Ct — Cz, List of mathematicians - D, List of mathematicians - Da, List of mathematicians - De, List of mathematicians - Di, List of mathematicians - Do — Dr, List of mathematicians - Du, List of mathematicians - Dw — Dz, List of mathematicians - E, List of mathematicians - Ea — Ef, List of mathematicians - Eg — El, List of mathematicians - Em — Er, List of mathematicians - Es — Ez, List of mathematicians - F, List of mathematicians - Fa, List of mathematicians - Fe, List of mathematicians - Fi, List of mathematicians - Fl — Fo, List of mathematicians - Fr, List of mathematicians - Fu — Fz, List of mathematicians - G, List of mathematicians - Ga, List of mathematicians - Ge, List of mathematicians - Gh — Gi, List of mathematicians - Gl — Go, List of mathematicians - Gr, List of mathematicians - Gu, List of mathematicians - Gy — Gz, List of mathematicians - H, List of mathematicians - Ha, List of mathematicians - He, List of mathematicians - Hi, List of mathematicians - Hl — Ho, List of mathematicians - Hr — Hu, List of mathematicians - Hy — Hz, List of mathematicians - I, List of mathematicians - J, List of mathematicians - Ja, List of mathematicians - Je — Jo, List of mathematicians - Ju — Jz, List of mathematicians - K, List of mathematicians - Ka, List of mathematicians - Ke, List of mathematicians - Kh — Ki, List of mathematicians - Kl — Ko, List of mathematicians - Kr, List of mathematicians - Ku — Kz, List of mathematicians - L, List of mathematicians - La, List of mathematicians - Le, List of mathematicians - Li, List of mathematicians - Ll — Lo, List of mathematicians - Lu, List of mathematicians - Ly — Lz, List of mathematicians - M, List of mathematicians - Ma, List of mathematicians - Mc — Me, List of mathematicians - Mi, List of mathematicians - Mo, List of mathematicians - Mu — Mz, List of mathematicians - N, List of mathematicians - Na — Ne, List of mathematicians - Ni — No, List of mathematicians - Nu — Nz, List of mathematicians - O, List of mathematicians - Oa — Om, List of mathematicians - On — Oz, List of mathematicians - P, List of mathematicians - Pa, List of mathematicians - Pe, List of mathematicians - Pf — Pi, List of mathematicians - Pl — Po, List of mathematicians - Pr, List of mathematicians - Pt — Pz, List of mathematicians - Q, List of mathematicians - R, List of mathematicians - Ra, List of mathematicians - Re, List of mathematicians - Rh — Ri, List of mathematicians - Ro, List of mathematicians - Ru — Rz, List of mathematicians - S, List of mathematicians - Sa, List of mathematicians - Sc, List of mathematicians - Se, List of mathematicians - Sh, List of mathematicians - Si, List of mathematicians - Sk — Sm, List of mathematicians - Sn — So, List of mathematicians - Sp, List of mathematicians - Sr — St, List of mathematicians - Su — Sy, List of mathematicians - Sz, List of mathematicians - T, List of mathematicians - Ta, List of mathematicians - Te — Th, List of mathematicians - Ti — To, List of mathematicians - Tr — Ts, List of mathematicians - Tu, List of mathematicians - Tv — Tz, List of mathematicians - U, List of mathematicians - V, List of mathematicians - Va, List of mathematicians - Ve — Vi, List of mathematicians - Vo — Vz, List of mathematicians - W, List of mathematicians - Wa, List of mathematicians - We, List of mathematicians - Wh, List of mathematicians - Wi, List of mathematicians - Wo — Wz, List of mathematicians - X, List of mathematicians - Y, List of mathematicians - Ya — Yo, List of mathematicians - Yu — Yz, List of mathematicians - Z, List of mathematicians - Za, List of mathematicians - Ze — Zh, List of mathematicians - Zi — Zz

Read more here: » List of mathematicians: Encyclopedia II - List of mathematicians - A

Lata's playback songs for Madhubala - Mohe panghat and Jab pyaar kiya to darna kya from the movie Mughal-e-Azam (1960) -- became huge hits. The songs were penned by Shakil Badayuni and composed by Naushad. While recording Mohe panghat, Naushad told Lata "I've created this song only for you. Nobody else can render this song." In 1962, Lata sang the non-film patriotic song Aye mere watan ke logon at a function. The composer was C. Ramchandra and the lyricist was poet Pradeep. The ...

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Lata Mangeshkar, Lata Mangeshkar - Childhood, Lata Mangeshkar - 1940s: Early years in Bollywood, Lata Mangeshkar - 1950s: Popularity on the rise, Lata Mangeshkar - 1960s: Lata is the playback queen, Lata Mangeshkar - 1970s: Lata is ageless diva, Lata Mangeshkar - 1980s: Lata gets selective, Lata Mangeshkar - 1990s, Lata Mangeshkar - 2000s, Lata Mangeshkar - Singing style, Lata Mangeshkar - Lata the person

Read more here: » Lata Mangeshkar: Encyclopedia II - Lata Mangeshkar - 1960s: Lata is the playback queen