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pandemics | A Wisdom Archive on pandemics | | pandemics A selection of articles related to pandemics | |
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pandemics, Pandemic, Pandemic - Common killers and pandemics, Pandemic - Concern about possible future pandemics, Pandemic - Pandemics through history, Pandemic - Reference, Endemic, Epidemic, List of epidemics, Influenza pandemic
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO pandemics | | | |  pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Bubonic plague - Infection/transportationBubonic plague is primarily a disease of rodents, particularly marmots (in which the most virulent strains of plague are primarily found), but also black rats, prairie dogs, chipmunks, squirrels and other similar large rodents. Human infection most often occurs when a person is bitten by a rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis) that has fed on an infected rodent. The bacillus multiplies in the stomach of the flea, blocking it. When the flea next bites a mammal, blood consumed by the flea is regurgitated along with the bacillus into the bloods ...
See also:Bubonic plague, Bubonic plague - Types, Bubonic plague - Infection/transportation, Bubonic plague - Symptoms and treatment, Bubonic plague - History, Bubonic plague - Historical epidemics, Bubonic plague - Historical pandemics, Bubonic plague - Plague as a biological weapon, Bubonic plague - Contemporary cases, Bubonic plague - Uses in literature Read more here: » Bubonic plague: Encyclopedia II - Bubonic plague - Infection/transportation |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Bubonic plague - Symptoms and treatment The disease becomes evident 2–7 days after infection. Initial symptoms are chills, fever, headaches, and the formation of buboes. The buboes are formed by the infection of the lymph nodes, which swell and become prominent. If unchecked, the bacteria infects the bloodstream (septicemic plague), and can progress to the lungs (pneumonic plague).
In septicemic plague there is bleeding into the skin and other organs, which creates black patches on the skin. Untreated septicemic plague is universally fatal, but early treatment with antibi ...
See also:Bubonic plague, Bubonic plague - Types, Bubonic plague - Infection/transportation, Bubonic plague - Symptoms and treatment, Bubonic plague - History, Bubonic plague - Historical epidemics, Bubonic plague - Historical pandemics, Bubonic plague - Plague as a biological weapon, Bubonic plague - Contemporary cases, Bubonic plague - Uses in literature Read more here: » Bubonic plague: Encyclopedia II - Bubonic plague - Symptoms and treatment |
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| | | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia In 1552 Russian tsar Ivan IV the Terrible conquered the Kazan khanate, which opened new opportunities in conquests in the East. In 1580 Yermak entered Siberia with a band of 1636 men, following the Tagil and Tura rivers. Next year they were on the Tobol, and 500 men successfully laid siege to Isker, the residence of Khan Kuchum, in the neighbourhood of what is now Tobolsk. Kuchum fled to the steppes, abandoning his domains to Yermak, who, according to tradition, purchased by the present o ...
See also:Age of Discovery, Age of Discovery - Exploration by land, Age of Discovery - Exploration begins in Portugal, Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas, Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly, Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement, Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia, Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe, Age of Discovery - End of the Age of Exploration Read more here: » Age of Discovery: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement The nations outside of Iberia refused to acknowledge the Treaty of Tordesillas. France, the Netherlands, and Britain each had a long maritime tradition and, despite Iberian protections, the new technologies and maps soon made their way north.
The first of these missions (1497) was that of the British funded John Cabot. It was the first of a series of French and British missions exploring North America. Spain had largely ignored the northern part of the Americas as it had few people and far fewer riches than Central America. In 1525, G ...
See also:Age of Discovery, Age of Discovery - Exploration by land, Age of Discovery - Exploration begins in Portugal, Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas, Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly, Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement, Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia, Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe, Age of Discovery - End of the Age of Exploration Read more here: » Age of Discovery: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement |
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| | | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas Portugal's rival Castile had been somewhat slower than their neighbour to begin exploring the Atlantic, and it was not until late in the fifteenth century that Castilian sailors began to compete with their Iberian neighbours. The first contest was for control of the Canary Islands, which Castille won. It was not until the union of Aragon and Castille and the completion of the reconquista that the large nation became fully committed to looking for new trade routes and colonies overseas. In 1492 the joint rulers of the nation decided to ...
See also:Age of Discovery, Age of Discovery - Exploration by land, Age of Discovery - Exploration begins in Portugal, Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas, Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly, Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement, Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia, Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe, Age of Discovery - End of the Age of Exploration Read more here: » Age of Discovery: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly Portuguese exploration and colonization continued despite the new rivalry with Spain. The Portuguese became the first westerners to reach and trade with Japan. Under the King Manuel I the Portuguese crown launched an audacious scheme to keep control of the lands and trade routes that had been declared theirs. The strategy was to build a series of forts that would allow them to control all the major trade routes of the east. Thus forts and colonies were established on the Gold Coast, Luanda, Mozambique, Zanzibar, Mombassa, Socotra, Ormuz, Cal ...
See also:Age of Discovery, Age of Discovery - Exploration by land, Age of Discovery - Exploration begins in Portugal, Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas, Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly, Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement, Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia, Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe, Age of Discovery - End of the Age of Exploration Read more here: » Age of Discovery: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Big killer - United States deaths Ten Leading Causes of Death in the United States in the year 2001:
Heart disease: 700,142
Cancer: 553,768
Stroke: 163,538
Chronic lower respiratory disease: 123,013
Accidents: 101,537 (includes 38,754 traffic fatalities and estimated 44,000 or more medical errors)
Diabetes: 71,372
Pneumonia and Influenza: 62,034
Alzheimer's disease: 53,852
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and n ...
See also:Big killer, Big killer - United States deaths, Big killer - World Health Organization deaths, Big killer - By disease conditions, Big killer - By category Read more here: » Big killer: Encyclopedia II - Big killer - United States deaths |
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| | | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Treatment Antiviral treatments that have proven effective in influenza are amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir and ribavirin. As most of these substances are expensive, various healthcare organisations and insurers only support their use where this would make a significant difference, e.g. in the elderly.
Worryingly, investigators at the CDC in Atlanta found high rates of resistance to adamantane derivatives (amantadine, rimantadine) in the H3N2 strain of influenza A: China 74%, Hong Kong (70%), Taiwan (23%), South Korea (15%) (Brig ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Treatment |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Avian influenza Genetic reassortment ("mixing") of a human flu virus with the current H5N1 avian influenza has been identified as the most likely source of the next pandemic.
The natural host for influenza virus is aquatic birds. Pandemic influenza often occurs when an avian-adapted virus infects a porcine host, which can be infected by human and avian varieties of influenza A virus. The virus may then recombine within the pig, to ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Avian influenza |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Historical scenarios When asked what kind of weapons World War III would be fought with, Albert Einstein replied:
"I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones."
Not all scenarios for World War III have begun with the use of nuclear weapons. Operation DROPSHOT, a since-declassified U.S. plan, written in 1947, assumed a long period of conventional war between NATO and the Soviet Union before any nuclear weapons would be employed by both sides. The standard NATO ...
See also:World War III, World War III - Historical scenarios, World War III - Historical close calls, World War III - Preparations for war, World War III - Use of the term, World War III - Cold War, World War III - Gulf War, World War III - War on Terrorism, World War III - Technological causes of WW3, World War III - Artistic treatments, World War III - Film and television, World War III - Literature, World War III - Computer games, World War III - Music Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Historical scenarios |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Flu season Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two flu seasons each year. Therefore, the World Health Organization makes two vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere.
While most influenza outbreaks in the Northern Hemisphere tend to peak in January or February, not all do. For example, the influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919 reached peak virulence during late spring and summer ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Flu season |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Symptoms The virus attacks the respiratory tract, is transmitted from person to person by saliva droplets expelled by coughing, and causes the following symptoms:
Fever
Headache
Fatigue/Sore joints (can be extreme)
Dry cough
Sore throat
Nasal congestion
Sneezing
Irritated eyes
Body aches
Extreme coldness
Influenza's effects are much more severe, and last longer than those of the "cold". Recovery takes about one to two weeks. Influenza can be deadly, especially for the weak, old or chronically ill. Some flu pan ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Symptoms |
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| | | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Spanish flu - Social facts While it usually only infected less than one-third of the population in most places and killed only a fraction of those infected, there were a number of towns in several countries where the entire population was wiped out. The only sizeable inhabited place with no documented outbreak of the flu in 1918–1919 was the island of Marajó at the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil.
Many cities, states, and countries enforced restrictions on public gatherings and travel to try to stay the pandemic. In many places theaters, dance halls, chu ...
See also:Spanish flu, Spanish flu - Mutation theory, Spanish flu - Effects of new strain, Spanish flu - Social facts, Spanish flu - Notable victims, Spanish flu - Recent research, Spanish flu - Sources Read more here: » Spanish flu: Encyclopedia II - Spanish flu - Social facts |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Genetics Influenza A viruses contain their genome in eight separate linear segments of negative-sense RNA, which code for ten proteins (eleven for type A if including the novel PB1-F1 protein) [2]. Each segment contains a single gene, but some can be read twice at different starting points to create two distinct proteins. The segmented nature of the genome also allows for the exchange of entire genes between different viral strains when they cohabitate the same cell. The 8 genes are:
HA gene encoding hemagglutinin which produces about 50 ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Genetics |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Use of the term
World War III - Cold War.
The term World War III has been used by Project for the New American Century (PNAC) to describe the Cold War of the 20th century, while the War on Terror, including the Iraq military conflict, is referred to as World War IV. PNAC has numerous members who are senior officials in the George W. Bush administration in the USA as well as in other high positions of influence in the United States. James Woolsey, a founding member of PNAC, stated during his opening statements while speaking on A ...
See also:World War III, World War III - Historical scenarios, World War III - Historical close calls, World War III - Preparations for war, World War III - Use of the term, World War III - Cold War, World War III - Gulf War, World War III - War on Terrorism, World War III - Technological causes of WW3, World War III - Artistic treatments, World War III - Film and television, World War III - Literature, World War III - Computer games, World War III - Music Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Use of the term |
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