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pandemics | A Wisdom Archive on pandemics | | pandemics A selection of articles related to pandemics | |
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pandemics, Pandemic, Pandemic - Common killers and pandemics, Pandemic - Concern about possible future pandemics, Pandemic - Pandemics through history, Pandemic - Reference, Endemic, Epidemic, List of epidemics, Influenza pandemic
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO pandemics | | | |  pandemics: Encyclopedia II - TypesThere are three genera of the virus, identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein:
Influenza A viruses are known to infect humans, other mammals and birds (see also avian influenza)
Influenza B viruses are known to infect humans and seals
Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs [1].
The A type of influenza virus is the type most likely to cause epidemics and pandemics. This is because the influenza A virus can undergo antigenic shift and present a n ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Types |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - History There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 strain), which lasted from 1918 to 1919, and is believed to have killed more people in total than World War I. While the war casualties accumulated over several years, the pandemic took most of its toll over a period of weeks. Lesser flu epidemics included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A, H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (type A, H3N ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - History |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Genetics Influenza A viruses contain their genome in eight separate linear segments of negative-sense RNA, which code for ten proteins (eleven for type A if including the novel PB1-F1 protein) [2]. Each segment contains a single gene, but some can be read twice at different starting points to create two distinct proteins. The segmented nature of the genome also allows for the exchange of entire genes between different viral strains when they cohabitate the same cell. The 8 genes are:
HA gene encoding hemagglutinin which produces about 50 ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Genetics |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Symptoms The virus attacks the respiratory tract, is transmitted from person to person by saliva droplets expelled by coughing, and causes the following symptoms:
Fever
Headache
Fatigue/Sore joints (can be extreme)
Dry cough
Sore throat
Nasal congestion
Sneezing
Irritated eyes
Body aches
Extreme coldness
Influenza's effects are much more severe, and last longer than those of the "cold". Recovery takes about one to two weeks. Influenza can be deadly, especially for the weak, old or chronically ill. Some flu pan ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Symptoms |
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| | | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Technological causes of WW3 The term Gigadeath War, first used by Hugo De Garis, described a confrontation not between nations or religions but between Terrans and Cosmists, determined respectively to resist or advance artilect ("artificial intelligence" on a godlike scale) evolution beyond humans — a "technological singularity" out of human control. This is not an isolated concept — apocalypse literature throughout the late 20th century emphasized lack of human control over wa ...
See also:World War III, World War III - Historical scenarios, World War III - Historical close calls, World War III - Preparations for war, World War III - Use of the term, World War III - Cold War, World War III - Gulf War, World War III - War on Terrorism, World War III - Technological causes of WW3, World War III - Artistic treatments, World War III - Film and television, World War III - Literature, World War III - Computer games, World War III - Music Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Technological causes of WW3 |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Plague vaccine In October 1896, an epidemic of bubonic plague struck Bombay and the government asked Haffkine to help. He embarked upon the development of a vaccine in a makeshift laboratory in a corridor of Grant Medical College. In three months of persistent work (one of his assistants got nervous breakdown, two others quit), a form for human trials was ready and on January 10, 1897 Haffkine tested it on himself. After these results were announced to the authorities, volunteers at the Byculla jail were inoculated and survived the ...
See also:Waldemar Haffkine, Waldemar Haffkine - Early years, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Cholera vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Plague vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Connection with Zionism, Waldemar Haffkine - Little Dreyfus affair, Waldemar Haffkine - Late years Read more here: » Waldemar Haffkine: Encyclopedia II - Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Plague vaccine |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Cholera vaccine At the time, one of the five great cholera pandemics of the 19th century ravaged Asia and Europe. Even though Robert Koch discovered Vibrio cholerae in 1883, the medical science at that time did not consider it a sole cause of the disease. This view was supported by experiments by several biologists, notably Jaime Ferran in Spain.
Haffkine focused his research on developing cholera vaccine and produced an attenuated form of the bacterium. On July 18, 1892, Haffkine performed the first human test on himself and reported his find ...
See also:Waldemar Haffkine, Waldemar Haffkine - Early years, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Cholera vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Plague vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Connection with Zionism, Waldemar Haffkine - Little Dreyfus affair, Waldemar Haffkine - Late years Read more here: » Waldemar Haffkine: Encyclopedia II - Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Cholera vaccine |
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| | | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Avian influenza Genetic reassortment ("mixing") of a human flu virus with the current H5N1 avian influenza has been identified as the most likely source of the next pandemic.
The natural host for influenza virus is aquatic birds. Pandemic influenza often occurs when an avian-adapted virus infects a porcine host, which can be infected by human and avian varieties of influenza A virus. The virus may then recombine within the pig, to ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Avian influenza |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Technological causes of WW3 The term Gigadeath War, first used by Hugo De Garis, described a confrontation not between nations or religions but between Terrans and Cosmists, determined respectively to resist or advance artilect ("artificial intelligence" on a godlike scale) evolution beyond humans — a "technological singularity" out of human control. This is not an isolated concept — apocalypse literature throughout the late 20th century emphasized lack of human control over war machines, e.g ...
See also:World War III, World War III - Historical scenarios, World War III - Historical close calls, World War III - Preparations for war, World War III - Use of the term, World War III - Cold War, World War III - Gulf War, World War III - War on Terrorism, World War III - Technological causes of WW3, World War III - Artistic treatments, World War III - Film and television, World War III - Literature, World War III - Computer games, World War III - Music Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Technological causes of WW3 |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - How H5N1 kills H5N1 is a virus. It has eight RNA molecules in each virion. The exact molecular makeup of hundreds of genotypes (variants) of both H5N1 and other avian flu viruses are known. For example, according to this genome database, the NS RNA molecule of one variant of H5N1 looks like this:
gtgacaaaga cataatggat tccaacacga taacctcgtt tcaggtagat tgttatctat
ggcacataag aaagctactc agtatgagag acatgtgtga tgcccccttt gatgacaggc
tccgaagaga ccaaaaggca ttaaagggaa gaggcagcac acttggactc gatttaagag
tggctacaat ggaggggaaa aagatcgttg aggacatcct gaagagtgag a ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - How H5N1 kills |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Variability WHO pandemic phases:
1. Low risk
2. New virus
3. Self limiting
4. Person to person
5. Epidemic exists
6. Pandemic exists
Influenza is an extremely variable disease and is also found in pigs (swine flu), birds (bird flu), and other animals. In areas where there are high concentrations of humans, pigs and birds in close proximity, such as parts of Asia, simultaneous infections across species enable genet ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Variability |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Spanish flu - Social facts While it usually only infected less than one-third of the population in most places and killed only a fraction of those infected, there were a number of towns in several countries where the entire population was wiped out.
Many cities, states, and countries enforced restrictions on public gatherings and travel to try to stay the pandemic. In many places theaters, dance halls, churches and other public gathering places were shut down for over a year. Quarantines were enforced with little success. Some communities placed armed guards at the borders and turned back or quarantined any travellers ...
See also:Spanish flu, Spanish flu - Mutation theory, Spanish flu - Effects of new strain, Spanish flu - Social facts, Spanish flu - Notable victims, Spanish flu - Recent research, Spanish flu - Sources Read more here: » Spanish flu: Encyclopedia II - Spanish flu - Social facts |
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| | | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Flu season Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two flu seasons each year. Therefore, the World Health Organization (assisted by the National Influenza Centers) makes two vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere.
While most influenza outbreaks in the Northern Hemisphere tend to peak in January or February, not all do. For example, the influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919 reached ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Flu season |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Prevention It is possible and in many cases recommended to get vaccinated against influenza with a flu vaccine. However, due to the high mutability of the virus, a particular flu vaccine formulation usually only works for about a year. The World Health Organization co-ordinates the contents of the vaccine each year, to contain the most likely strains of the virus which probably will attack the next year. The flu vaccine is usually recommended for anyone in a high-risk group, who would be likely to suffer complications from influenza. Flu vaccine is available as nasal spray vaccine (recommended for all healthy people ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Prevention |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Treatment If you get the flu, get plenty of rest, drink a lot of liquids, and avoid using alcohol and tobacco. You can take medications such as acetaminophen to relieve the fever and muscle aches associated with the flu. Children and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid taking aspirin as taking aspirin in the presence of influenza infection (especially influenza type B) can lead to Reye syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease of the liver. [3]
During the 2005-2006 flu season in the United States, CDC encourages the use of oseltamivir for flu prevention and the use of oseltami ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Treatment |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Symptoms The virus attacks the respiratory tract, is transmitted from person to person by saliva droplets expelled by coughing, and causes the following symptoms:
Fever
Headache
Fatigue/Sore joints (can be extreme)
Dry cough
Sore throat
Nasal congestion
Sneezing
Irritated eyes
Body aches
Extreme coldness
Influenza's effects are much more severe than those of the "cold", and last longer. Recovery takes about one to two weeks. Influenza can be deadly, especially for the weak, old or chronically ill. Some flu pan ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Symptoms |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - History There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 strain), which lasted from 1918 to 1919, and is believed to have killed more people in total than World War I. While the war casualties accumulated over several years, the pandemic took most of its toll over a period of weeks. Lesser flu epidemics included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A, H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (type A, H3N ...
See also:Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - History |
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| | | | | pandemics: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe The effect of the Age of Exploration was unprecedented. For millennia it had been the Mediterranean economy that had been the continent's most vibrant and regions like Italy and Greece had thus been the wealthiest and most potent. The newly dominant Atlantic economy was controlled by the states of Western Europe, such as France, Britain, and Germany, and to the present they have been the wealthiest and most powerful on the continent.
Following the period of exploration was the Commercial Revolution when trans-oceanic trade became comm ...
See also:Age of Discovery, Age of Discovery - Exploration by land, Age of Discovery - Exploration begins in Portugal, Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas, Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly, Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement, Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia, Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe, Age of Discovery - End of the Age of Exploration Read more here: » Age of Discovery: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe |
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