pandemics - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery
The so-called Age of Discovery was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compulsory License: Encyclopedia - Compulsory License
In a compulsory license, the government forces the holder of a patent, copyright, or other exclusive right to grant use to the state or o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1931 Huang He Flood: Encyclopedia - 1931 Huang He Flood
The 1931 Huang He floods (Yellow River Floods) are generally thought to be the deadliest natural disaster of historic times, and almost c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Killer: Encyclopedia - Big Killer
In public health, a big killer is a disease or other major cause of loss of human life. For big killers of the past, see pandemics. Big...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia - Influenza
Influenza (or as it is commonly known, the flu or the grippe) is a contagious disease of the upper airways and the lungs, caused by an RN...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bubonic Plague: Encyclopedia - Bubonic Plague
ICD-10 codes are provided below. (A20.0) Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is believed to have caused several epidemics or pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World War Iii: Encyclopedia - World War Iii
World War III is the name given to a hypothetical world war that would be fought after World War II. Most usages of the term include the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Killer: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Killer - World Health Organization Deaths
2002 Big killer - By disease conditions. Ischaemic heart disease 7,208,000 13% Cerebrovascular disease 5,509,000 10% Lower respiratory...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spanish Flu: Encyclopedia Ii - Spanish Flu - Recent Research
In February 1998, The Molecular Pathology Division of the US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) recovered samples of the 1918 inf...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Types
There are three genera of the virus, identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein: Influenza A viruses ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - History
There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Fl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compulsory License: Encyclopedia Ii - Compulsory License - Examples In Patent Law
Compulsory licensing of patents is sometimes used to increase the deployment of beneficial new technology. Some countries will force an i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bubonic Plague: Encyclopedia Ii - Bubonic Plague - History
Bubonic plague - Historical epidemics. The first Western literary account of a possible outbreak of plague is found in the book of I Sa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World War Iii: Encyclopedia Ii - World War Iii - Artistic Treatments
A vast post-apocalyptic science fiction literature exists describing the likely aftermath of either, describing the impact of weapons of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bubonic Plague: Encyclopedia Ii - Bubonic Plague - History
Bubonic plague - Historical epidemics. The first Western literary account of a possible outbreak of plague is found in the book of Samu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Exploration By Land
The prelude to the Age of Exploration was a series of European expeditions crossing Eurasia by land in the late Middle Ages. While the Mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Waldemar Haffkine: Encyclopedia Ii - Waldemar Haffkine - Early Years
Born Vladimir Aaronovich Havkin (Russian language: Владимир Ааронович Хавкин), the fourth of five children in a fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Avian Influenza
Genetic reassortment ("mixing") of a human flu virus with the current H5N1 avian influenza has been identified as the most likely source ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Treatment
Antiviral treatments that have proven effective in influenza are amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir and ribavirin. As most o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Flu Season
Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Types
There are three genera of the virus, identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein: Influenza A viruses ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - History
There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Fl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Genetics
Influenza A viruses contain their genome in eight separate linear segments of negative-sense RNA, which code for ten proteins (eleven for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Symptoms
The virus attacks the respiratory tract, is transmitted from person to person by saliva droplets expelled by coughing, and causes the fol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Waldemar Haffkine: Encyclopedia Ii - Waldemar Haffkine - Little Dreyfus Affair
In 1902, nineteen Punjabi villagers (inoculated from the same bottle of vaccine) died of tetanus. An inquiry commission indicted Haffkine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World War Iii: Encyclopedia Ii - World War Iii - Technological Causes Of Ww3
The term Gigadeath War, first used by Hugo De Garis, described a confrontation not between nations or religions but between Terrans and C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Waldemar Haffkine: Encyclopedia Ii - Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-plague Vaccine
In October 1896, an epidemic of bubonic plague struck Bombay and the government asked Haffkine to help. He embarked upon the development ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Waldemar Haffkine: Encyclopedia Ii - Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-cholera Vaccine
At the time, one of the five great cholera pandemics of the 19th century ravaged Asia and Europe. Even though Robert Koch discovered Vibr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spanish Flu: Encyclopedia Ii - Spanish Flu - Effects Of New Strain
The strain was unusual in commonly killing many young and healthy victims, as opposed to more common influenzas which caused the bulk of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Avian Influenza
Genetic reassortment ("mixing") of a human flu virus with the current H5N1 avian influenza has been identified as the most likely source ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World War Iii: Encyclopedia Ii - World War Iii - Technological Causes Of Ww3
The term Gigadeath War, first used by Hugo De Garis, described a confrontation not between nations or religions but between Terrans and C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - How H5n1 Kills
H5N1 is a virus. It has eight RNA molecules in each virion. The exact molecular makeup of hundreds of genotypes (variants) of both H5N1 a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Variability
WHO pandemic phases:   1. Low risk   2. New virus   3. Self limiting   4. Person to person  ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spanish Flu: Encyclopedia Ii - Spanish Flu - Social Facts
While it usually only infected less than one-third of the population in most places and killed only a fraction of those infected, there w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spanish Flu: Encyclopedia Ii - Spanish Flu - Mutation Theory
One prevailing theory hypothesizes that two primary mechanisms in genetics -- genetic drift and antigenic shift -- were involved in the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Flu Season
Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Prevention
It is possible and in many cases recommended to get vaccinated against influenza with a flu vaccine. However, due to the high mutability ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Treatment
If you get the flu, get plenty of rest, drink a lot of liquids, and avoid using alcohol and tobacco. You can take medications such as ace...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Symptoms
The virus attacks the respiratory tract, is transmitted from person to person by saliva droplets expelled by coughing, and causes the fol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - History
There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Fl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Effect On Europe
The effect of the Age of Exploration was unprecedented. For millennia it had been the Mediterranean economy that had been the continent's...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bubonic Plague: Encyclopedia Ii - Bubonic Plague - Infection/transportation
Bubonic plague is primarily a disease of rodents, particularly marmots (in which the most virulent strains of plague are primarily found)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bubonic Plague: Encyclopedia Ii - Bubonic Plague - Symptoms And Treatment
The disease becomes evident 2–7 days after infection. Initial symptoms are chills, fever, headaches, and the formation of buboes. The b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compulsory License: Encyclopedia Ii - Compulsory License - Examples In Copyright Law
A compulsory copyright license is an exception to copyright law that is usually philosophically justified as an attempt by the government...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Conquest Of Siberia
In 1552 Russian tsar Ivan IV the Terrible conquered the Kazan khanate, which opened new opportunities in conquests in the East. In 1580 Y...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Northern European Involvement
The nations outside of Iberia refused to acknowledge the Treaty of Tordesillas. France, the Netherlands, and Britain each had a long mari...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Exploration Begins In Portugal
It was not until the carrack and then the caravel were developed in Iberia that European thoughts returned to the fabled East. These expl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Discovery Of The Americas
Portugal's rival Castile had been somewhat slower than their neighbour to begin exploring the Atlantic, and it was not until late in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Discovery: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Discovery - Decline Of The Portuguese Monopoly
Portuguese exploration and colonization continued despite the new rivalry with Spain. The Portuguese became the first westerners to reach...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Killer: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Killer - United States Deaths
Ten Leading Causes of Death in the United States in the year 2001: Heart disease: 700,142 Cancer: 553,768 Stroke: 163,538 Chronic lower ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spanish Flu: Encyclopedia Ii - Spanish Flu - Mutation Theory
One prevailing theory hypothesizes that two primary mechanisms in genetics -- genetic drift and antigenic shift -- were involved in the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Treatment
Antiviral treatments that have proven effective in influenza are amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir and ribavirin. As most o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Avian Influenza
Genetic reassortment ("mixing") of a human flu virus with the current H5N1 avian influenza has been identified as the most likely source ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World War Iii: Encyclopedia Ii - World War Iii - Historical Scenarios
When asked what kind of weapons World War III would be fought with, Albert Einstein replied: "I know not with what weapons World War III...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Flu Season
Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Symptoms
The virus attacks the respiratory tract, is transmitted from person to person by saliva droplets expelled by coughing, and causes the fol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spanish Flu: Encyclopedia Ii - Spanish Flu - Effects Of New Strain
The strain was unusual in commonly killing many young and healthy victims, as opposed to more common influenzas which caused the bulk of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spanish Flu: Encyclopedia Ii - Spanish Flu - Social Facts
While it usually only infected less than one-third of the population in most places and killed only a fraction of those infected, there w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenza: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenza - Genetics
Influenza A viruses contain their genome in eight separate linear segments of negative-sense RNA, which code for ten proteins (eleven for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World War Iii: Encyclopedia Ii - World War Iii - Use Of The Term
World War III - Cold War. The term World War III has been used by Project for the New American Century (PNAC) to describe the Cold War ...   » Read the article