The so-called Age of Discovery was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. In the process, Europeans encountered peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them. Among the most famous explorers of the period were Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Pedro Álvares Cabral, John Cabo ...

Including:

• Age of Discovery - Exploration by land
• Age of Discovery - Exploration begins in Portugal
• Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas
• Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly
• Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement
• Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia
• Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe
• Age of Discovery - End of the Age of Exploration

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In a compulsory license, the government forces the holder of a patent, copyright, or other exclusive right to grant use to the state or others. Usually, the holder does receive some royalties, either set by law or determined through some form of arbitration. Compulsory license - Examples in copyright law. A compulsory copyright license is an exception to copyright law that is usually philosophically justified as an attempt by the government to correct a market failure. Some compulsory license ...

Including:

• Compulsory license - Examples in copyright law
• Compulsory license - Examples in patent law

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The 1931 Huang He floods (Yellow River Floods) are generally thought to be the deadliest natural disaster of historic times, and almost certainly of the twentieth century (when pandemics are discounted). Estimates of the number of people killed range from 850,000 to 4,000,000. Deaths caused by the flooding include but are not limited to drowning, disease, ensuing famines, and droughts. The Huang He or Yellow River has been prone to flooding due to the broad expanse of almost flat land around it. The 1887 Huang He floods had devastated the area, killing 900,000-2,000,000. ...

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In public health, a big killer is a disease or other major cause of loss of human life. For big killers of the past, see pandemics. Big killer - United States deaths. Ten Leading Causes of Death in the United States in the year 2001: Heart disease: 700,142 Cancer: 553,768 Stroke: 163,538 Chronic lower respiratory disease: 123,013 Accidents: 101,537 (includes 38,754 traffic fatalities and estimated 44,000 or more medical errors) ...

Including:

• Big killer - United States deaths
• Big killer - World Health Organization deaths
• Big killer - By disease conditions
• Big killer - By category

Read more here: » Big killer: Encyclopedia - Big killer

Influenza (or as it is commonly known, the flu or the grippe) is a contagious disease of the upper airways and the lungs, caused by an RNA virus of the orthomyxoviridae family. It rapidly spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, imposing considerable economic burden, in the form of health care costs and lost productivity. Three influenza pandemics in the 20th century, each following a major genetic ...

Including:

• Influenza - Types
• Influenza - Genetics
• Influenza - History
• Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview
• Influenza - Symptoms
• Influenza - Variability
• Influenza - Flu season
• Influenza - Prevention
• Influenza - Treatment
• Influenza - Avian influenza
• Influenza - Sources

Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia - Influenza

ICD-10 codes are provided below. (A20.0) Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is believed to have caused several epidemics or pandemics throughout history. The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague, and is characterized by swollen, tender, inflamed lymph glands (called buboes). (A20.7) Septicemic plague occurs when plague bacteria multiply ...

Including:

• Bubonic plague - Types
• Bubonic plague - Infection/transportation
• Bubonic plague - Symptoms and treatment
• Bubonic plague - History
• Bubonic plague - Historical epidemics
• Bubonic plague - Historical pandemics
• Bubonic plague - Plague as a biological weapon
• Bubonic plague - Contemporary cases
• Bubonic plague - Uses in literature

Read more here: » Bubonic plague: Encyclopedia - Bubonic plague

World War III is the name given to a hypothetical world war that would be fought after World War II. Most usages of the term include the use of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons. In the latter half of the 20th century, military confrontation between the superpowers was considered to pose an extreme threat to establishing world peace, when the Cold War saw the capitalist United States face the communist Soviet Union. If this confrontation had escalated into full-scale war, it was widely thought that the conflic ...

Including:

• World War III - Historical scenarios
• World War III - Historical close calls
• World War III - Preparations for war
• World War III - Use of the term
• World War III - Cold War
• World War III - Gulf War
• World War III - War on Terrorism
• World War III - Technological causes of WW3
• World War III - Artistic treatments
• World War III - Film and television
• World War III - Literature
• World War III - Computer games
• World War III - Music

Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia - World War III

2002 Big killer - By disease conditions. Ischaemic heart disease 7,208,000 13% Cerebrovascular disease 5,509,000 10% Lower respiratory infections 3,884,000 7% HIV/AIDS 2,777,000 5% Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2,748,000 5% Perinatal conditions (low birthweight, birth asphyxia, birth trauma) 2,462,000 4% Diarrhoeal diseases 1,798,000 3% Tuberculosis 1,566,000 3% Malaria 1,272,000 2% Trachea/broncus/lung cancers 1 ...

See also:

Big killer, Big killer - United States deaths, Big killer - World Health Organization deaths, Big killer - By disease conditions, Big killer - By category

Read more here: » Big killer: Encyclopedia II - Big killer - World Health Organization deaths

In February 1998, The Molecular Pathology Division of the US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) recovered samples of the 1918 influenza from the frozen corpse of a Native Alaskan woman buried for nearly eight decades in permafrost near Brevig Mission, Alaska. Brevig Mission lost approximately eighty-five percent of its population to the Spanish flu in November, 1918. One of the four recovered samples contained viable genetic material of the 1918 virus. This sample provided scientists a first hand opportunity to study the virus, which ...

See also:

Spanish flu, Spanish flu - Mutation theory, Spanish flu - Effects of new strain, Spanish flu - Social facts, Spanish flu - Notable victims, Spanish flu - Recent research, Spanish flu - Sources

Read more here: » Spanish flu: Encyclopedia II - Spanish flu - Recent research

There are three genera of the virus, identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein: Influenza A viruses are known to infect humans, other mammals and birds (see also avian influenza) Influenza B viruses are known to infect humans and seals Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs [1]. The A type of influenza virus is the type most likely to cause epidemics and pandemics. This is because the influenza A virus can undergo antigenic shift and present a n ...

See also:

Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources

Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - Types

There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 strain), which lasted from 1918 to 1919, and is believed to have killed more people in total than World War I. While the war casualties accumulated over several years, the pandemic took most of its toll over a period of weeks. Lesser flu epidemics included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A, H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (type A, H3N2 strain). Known epidemic ...

See also:

Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources

Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - History

Compulsory licensing of patents is sometimes used to increase the deployment of beneficial new technology. Some countries will force an inventor to sell the rights to his work at a government-specified price if he fails to "work" his patent or is seen as gouging the prospective buyers. The U.S. Clean Air Act weakens patent protection on technology that makes it easier to meet air pollution standards. When someone develops new technology funded by U.S. government grants, the inventor may hold the patent, but the state retains th ...

See also:

Compulsory license, Compulsory license - Examples in copyright law, Compulsory license - Examples in patent law

Read more here: » Compulsory license: Encyclopedia II - Compulsory license - Examples in patent law

Bubonic plague - Historical epidemics. The first Western literary account of a possible outbreak of plague is found in the book of I Samuel 5:6 of the Hebrew Bible. In this account, the Philistines of Ashdod were struck with a plague for the crime of stealing the Ark of the Covenant from the Children of Israel. These events have been dated to approximately the second half of the eleventh century B.C. The word "hemorrhoids" is used in English translations to describe the sores that came upon the Philistines. The H ...

See also:

Bubonic plague, Bubonic plague - Types, Bubonic plague - Infection/transportation, Bubonic plague - Symptoms and treatment, Bubonic plague - History, Bubonic plague - Historical epidemics, Bubonic plague - Historical pandemics, Bubonic plague - Plague as a biological weapon, Bubonic plague - Contemporary cases, Bubonic plague - Uses in literature

Read more here: » Bubonic plague: Encyclopedia II - Bubonic plague - History

A vast post-apocalyptic science fiction literature exists describing the likely aftermath of either, describing the impact of weapons of mass destruction. None of it describes a very happy world. Many science fiction works are also set in a far future in which a WWIII-type conflict is a historical event. The genre of post-apocalyptic science fiction often uses post-World War III scenarios. Such stories were found mostly in Western science fiction publications; Soviet writers were discouraged from writing them. ...

See also:

World War III, World War III - Historical scenarios, World War III - Historical close calls, World War III - Preparations for war, World War III - Use of the term, World War III - Cold War, World War III - Gulf War, World War III - War on Terrorism, World War III - Technological causes of WW3, World War III - Artistic treatments, World War III - Film and television, World War III - Literature, World War III - Computer games, World War III - Music

Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Artistic treatments

Bubonic plague - Historical epidemics. The first Western literary account of a possible outbreak of plague is found in the book of Samuel V of the Hebrew Bible. In this account, the Philistines of Ashdod were struck with a plague for the crime of stealing the Ark of the Covenant from the Children of Israel. These events have been dated to approximately the second half of the eleventh century B.C. The word "hemorrhoids" is used in English translations to describe the sores that came upon the Philistines. The Hebre ...

See also:

Bubonic plague, Bubonic plague - Types, Bubonic plague - Infection/transportation, Bubonic plague - Symptoms and treatment, Bubonic plague - History, Bubonic plague - Historical epidemics, Bubonic plague - Historical pandemics, Bubonic plague - Plague as a biological weapon, Bubonic plague - Contemporary cases, Bubonic plague - Uses in literature

Read more here: » Bubonic plague: Encyclopedia II - Bubonic plague - History

The prelude to the Age of Exploration was a series of European expeditions crossing Eurasia by land in the late Middle Ages. While the Mongols had threatened Europe with pillage and destruction they also unified much of Eurasia creating trade routes and communication lines stretching from the Middle East to China. A series of Europeans took advantage of these to explore eastwards. These were almost all Italians as the trade between Europe and the Middle East was almost completely controlled by traders from the Italian city states. Their clos ...

See also:

Age of Discovery, Age of Discovery - Exploration by land, Age of Discovery - Exploration begins in Portugal, Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas, Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly, Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement, Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia, Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe, Age of Discovery - End of the Age of Exploration

Read more here: » Age of Discovery: Encyclopedia II - Age of Discovery - Exploration by land

Born Vladimir Aaronovich Havkin (Russian language: Владимир Ааронович Хавкин), the fourth of five children in a family of a Jewish schoolmaster in Odessa, Russian Empire, he received his education in Odessa, Berdyansk and St. Petersburg. For a short time, young Haffkine was a member of Narodnaya Volya, but after the group turned to terrorism against public officials, he broke up with the revolutionary movement. During the pogroms in Odessa of 1880s, he participated in Jewish self-defen ...

See also:

Waldemar Haffkine, Waldemar Haffkine - Early years, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Cholera vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Plague vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Connection with Zionism, Waldemar Haffkine - Little Dreyfus affair, Waldemar Haffkine - Late years

Read more here: » Waldemar Haffkine: Encyclopedia II - Waldemar Haffkine - Early years

Genetic reassortment ("mixing") of a human flu virus with the current H5N1 avian influenza has been identified as the most likely source of the next pandemic. The natural host for influenza virus is aquatic birds. Pandemic influenza often occurs when an avian-adapted virus infects a porcine host, which can be infected by human and avian varieties of influenza A virus. The virus may then recombine within the pig, to ...

See also:

Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources

Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Avian influenza

Antiviral treatments that have proven effective in influenza are amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir and ribavirin. As most of these substances are expensive, various healthcare organisations and insurers only support their use where this would make a significant difference, e.g. in the elderly. Worryingly, investigators at the CDC in Atlanta found high rates of resistance to adamantane derivatives (amantadine, rimantadine) in the H3N2 strain of influenza A: China 74%, Hong Kong (70%), Taiwan (23%), South Korea (15%) (Brig ...

See also:

Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources

Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Treatment

Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two flu seasons each year. Therefore, the World Health Organization makes two vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere. While most influenza outbreaks in the Northern Hemisphere tend to peak in January or February, not all do. For example, the influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919 reached peak virulence during late spring and summer ...

See also:

Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources

Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Flu season