Pamir languages

Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) - a people of Central Asia, originally Pamirian or Turkic, whose branches became Slavicized and Turkic over time. The Turkic etymology most often given for their name is Bulgha meaning sable and is of totemistic origin. Bulgars - History. Bulgars - Migration to Europe. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and the Black S ...

Including:

• Bulgars - History
• Bulgars - Migration to Europe
• Bulgars - Establishment of Great Bulgaria
• Bulgars - Subsequent migrations
• Bulgars - List of Bulgar tribes

Read more here: » Bulgars: Encyclopedia - Bulgars

The Nuristani languages are said to represent the third and by far the smallest branch of the Indo-Iranian languages. The recognition of its independent status came much later than that of the other two branches. As the term "Indo-Iranian" is well established, there is resistance to any change in the nomenclature. They were not described in the literature until the 19th century. The older name for the region was Kafiristan and the languages were termed Kafiiri or Kafiristani, but the terms have been replaced by the present ones as being less perjorative, for kafir means "infidel". ...

See also:

Nuristani, Nuristani - Nuristani languages, Nuristani - List of Nuristani langugaes, Nuristani - Literature

Read more here: » Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Nuristani - Nuristani languages

Bulgars - Migration to Europe. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and the Black Sea. Between 351 and 389 AD, some of these crossed the Caucasus and settled in Armenia. Toponymic data testify to the fact that they remained there and were eventually assimilated by the Armenians. Swept by the Hunnish wave at the beginning of the 4th century AD, other Bulgar tribes broke loose from their settlements in central Asia to m ...

See also:

Bulgars, Bulgars - History, Bulgars - Migration to Europe, Bulgars - Establishment of Great Bulgaria, Bulgars - Subsequent migrations, Bulgars - List of Bulgar tribes

Read more here: » Bulgars: Encyclopedia II - Bulgars - History

Bulgars - Migration to Europe. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and Black Seas. Between AD 351 and 389, some of these crossed the Caucasus and settled in Armenia. Toponymic data testify to the fact that they remained there and were eventually assimilated by the Armenians. Swept by the Hunnish wave at the beginning of the 4th century AD, other Bulgar tribes broke loose from their settlements in central Asia to migr ...

See also:

Bulgars, Bulgars - History, Bulgars - Migration to Europe, Bulgars - Establishment of Great Bulgaria, Bulgars - Subsequent migrations, Bulgars - List of Bulgar tribes

Read more here: » Bulgars: Encyclopedia II - Bulgars - History

The Nuristani languages are said to represent the third and by far the smallest branch of the Indo-Iranian languages. The recognition of its independent status came much later than that of the other two branches. As the term "Indo-Iranian" is well established, there is resistance to any change in the nomenclature. They were not described in the literature until the 19th century. The older name for the region was Kafiristan and the languages were termed Kafiiri or Kafiristani, but the terms have been replaced by the present ones as being less perjorative. ...

See also:

Nuristani, Nuristani - Nuristani languages, Nuristani - List of Nuristani langugaes, Nuristani - Literature

Read more here: » Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Nuristani - Nuristani languages

Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic languages. Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from other Slavic languages, such as the elimination of noun declension, the development of a suffixed definite article (possibly inherited from the Bulgar language), the lack of a verb infinitive, and the retention and further development of the proto-Slavic verb system. There are various verb fo ...

Including:

• Bulgarian language - History
• Bulgarian language - Alphabet
• Bulgarian language - Phonetics
• Bulgarian language - Vowels
• Bulgarian language - Semivowels
• Bulgarian language - Consonants
• Bulgarian language - Grammar
• Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology
• Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar
• Bulgarian language - Vocabulary
• Bulgarian language - Syntax
• Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia - Bulgarian language

The parts of speech in Bulgarian are divided in 10 different types, which are categorized in two broad classes: mutable and immutable. The difference is that mutable parts of speech vary grammatically, whereas the immutable ones do not change, regardless of their use. The five classes of mutables are: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs. Syntactically, the first four of these form the group of the noun or the nominal group. The immutables are: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections. Verbs and adverbs f ...

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Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Grammar

The parts of speech in Bulgarian are divided in 10 different types, which are categorized in two broad classes: mutable and immutable. The difference is that mutable parts of speech vary grammatically, whereas the immutable ones do not change, regardless of their use. The five classes of mutables are: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs. Syntactically, the first four of these form the group of the noun or the nominal group. The immutables are: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections. Verbs and adverbs f ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Grammar

Bulgarian language - Vowels. Bulgarian's six vowels may be grouped in three pairs according to their backness: front, central and back. All vowels are relatively lax, as in most other Slavic languages, and unlike the tense vowels, for example, in the Germanic languages. Unstressed vowels tend to be shorter and weaker compared to their stressed counterparts, the corresponding pairs of open and closed vowels approaching each other with a tendency to merge, although the coalescence is not always complete. Th ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Phonology

The development of the Bulgarian language may be divided into several historical periods. The prehistoric period (essentially proto-Slavic) occurred between the Slavonic invasion of the eastern Balkans and the mission of St. Cyril and St. Methodius to Great Moravia in the 860s. Old Bulgarian (9th to 11th century, also referred to as Old Church Slavonic) was the language used by St. Cyril, St. Methodius and their disciples to translate the Bible and other liturgical literature from Greek. Middle Bulgarian (12th to 15th century) ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - History

Most of the word-stock of modern Bulgarian consists of derivations of some 2,000 words inherited from proto-Slavonic through the mediation of Old and Middle Bulgarian. The influence of the old Bolgar language is relatively insignificant, and a negligible number of words of presumably Bulgar origin have survived in Modern Bulgarian (20 at best according to most estimates, though some scholars will have that number increased up to 200). Thus, the native lexical terms in Bul ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Lexis

Colloquial Bulgarian employs clitic doubling, mostly for emphatic purposes. For example: Аз го дадох подаръка на майка ми (lit. "I gave it the present to my mother") Аз й го дадох подаръка на майка ми (lit. "I gave her it the present to my mother") The phenomenon is practically obligatory in the case of inversion signalling information structure: Подаръка (й) го дадох на майка ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Syntax

In 886 AD, Bulgaria adopted the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Byzantine missionaries Saint Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in the following centuries by the Cyrillic alphabet, which was developed around the Preslav Literary School in the beginning of the 10th century. Most of the letters in the Cyrillic alphabet were borrowed from the Greek alphabet; those which had no Greek equivalents, ho ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Alphabet

The development of the Bulgarian language may be divided into several historical periods. The prehistoric period (essentially proto-Slavic) occurred between the Slavonic invasion of the eastern Balkans and the mission of St. Cyril and St. Methodius to Great Moravia in the 860s. Old Bulgarian (9th to 11th century, also referred to as Old Church Slavonic) was the language used by St. Cyril, St. Methodius and their disciples to translate the Bible and other liturgical literature from Greek. Middle Bulgarian (12th to 15th century) ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - History

Most of the vocabulary of modern Bulgarian consists of derivations of some 2,000 words inherited from proto-Slavonic through the mediation of Old and Middle Bulgarian. The influence of the old Bolgar language is otherwise relatively insignificant, and a negligible number of words of presumably Bulgar origin have survived in Modern Bulgarian (20 at best according to most estimates, though some scholars will have that number increased up to 200). Thus, the native lexical terms in Bulgarian (both from proto-Slavonic and from the Bulgar la ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Vocabulary

Colloquial Bulgarian employs clitic doubling, mostly for emphatic purposes. For example: Аз го дадох подаръка на майка ми (lit. "I gave it the present to my mother") Аз й го дадох подаръка на майка ми (lit. "I gave her it the present to my mother") The phenomenon is practically obligatory in the case of inversion signalling information structure: Подаръка (й) го дадох на майка ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Syntax

In 886 AD, Bulgaria adopted the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Byzantine missionaries Saint Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in the following centuries by the Cyrillic alphabet, which was developed around the Preslav Literary School in the beginning of the 10th century. Most of the letters in the Cyrillic alphabet were borrowed from the Greek alphabet; those which had no Greek equivalents, ho ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Alphabet

Bulgarian language - Vowels. The Bulgarian vowel system consists of the following six vowels: The Bulgarian vowels may be grouped in three pairs according to their backness: front, central and back. All vowels are relatively lax, as in most other Slavic languages, and unlike the tense vowels, for example, in the Germanic languages. Unstressed vowels tend to be shorter and weaker compared to their stressed counterparts, the corresponding pairs of open and closed vowels approaching each other with a tendency ...

See also:

Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Phonetics