Genital reconstructive surgery was pioneered between 1930 and 1960 by urologist Hugh Hampton Young and other surgeons at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and other major university centers. Understanding of intersex conditions was relatively primitive, based on identifying the type of gonad(s) by palpation or by surgery. Since ability to determine even the type of gonads in infancy was limited, sex of assignment and rearing were determined mainly by the appearance of the external genit ...

See also:

History of intersex surgery, History of intersex surgery - Surgical pioneering and the discovery that gender is constructed, History of intersex surgery - Triumph of infant surgery and nurture over nature, History of intersex surgery - Complications arise both in the theories and in the patients, History of intersex surgery - Nature back on top: surgeons go from hero to villain in 3 years, History of intersex surgery - Outcomes and statistics, History of intersex surgery - Controversy

Read more here: » History of intersex surgery: Encyclopedia II - History of intersex surgery - Surgical pioneering and the discovery that gender is constructed

Many breast cancers are diagnosed now by mammography before they are large enough to be palpated, but despite screening efforts, many women are diagnosed with breast cancer after they notice a lump or when experiencing symptoms due to metastatic disease. Breast cancer can be suspected after a cautious clinical history, physical examination and imaging (either mammography or ultrasound). The diagnosis can only be established when a suspicious lump is biopsied for histological confirmation of whether it is malignant or not. The biopsy i ...

See also:

Breast cancer, Breast cancer - Epidemiology, Breast cancer - Age, Breast cancer - Genes, Breast cancer - Alcohol, Breast cancer - Hormones, Breast cancer - Other, Breast cancer - Etiology, Breast cancer - Screening, Breast cancer - Diagnosis, Breast cancer - Staging, Breast cancer - Treatment, Breast cancer - Surgery, Breast cancer - Adjuvant therapy, Breast cancer - Prognosis, Breast cancer - Breast cancer awareness

Read more here: » Breast cancer: Encyclopedia II - Breast cancer - Diagnosis

Eye examination - External examination. External examination of eyes consists of inspection of the eyelids, surrounding tissues and palpebral fissure. Palpation of the orbital rim may also be desirable, depending on the presenting signs and symptoms. The conjunctiva and sclera can be inspected by having the individual look up, and shining a light while retracting the upper or lower eyelid. The cornea and iris may be similarly inspected. < ...

See also:

Eye examination, Eye examination - Comprehensive eye examination, Eye examination - Case history, Eye examination - Entrance tests, Eye examination - Refraction, Eye examination - Functional tests, Eye examination - Health assessment, Eye examination - Setting, Eye examination - Basic examination, Eye examination - External examination, Eye examination - Visual acuity, Eye examination - Pupil function, Eye examination - Ocular motility, Eye examination - Visual field confrontation testing, Eye examination - Intraocular pressure, Eye examination - Ophthalmoscopy, Eye examination - Slit lamp

Read more here: » Eye examination: Encyclopedia II - Eye examination - Basic examination

Many breast cancers are diagnosed now by mammography before they are large enough to be palpated, but despite screening efforts, many women are diagnosed with breast cancer after they notice a lump or when experiencing symptoms due to metastatic disease. Breast cancer can be suspected after a cautious clinical history, physical examination and imaging (either mammography or ultrasound). The diagnosis can only be established when a suspicious lump is biopsied for histological confirmation of whether it is malignant or not. The biopsy i ...

See also:

Breast cancer, Breast cancer - Epidemiologic risk factors, Breast cancer - Age, Breast cancer - Genes, Breast cancer - Alcohol, Breast cancer - Hormones, Breast cancer - Other, Breast cancer - Etiology, Breast cancer - Screening, Breast cancer - Diagnosis, Breast cancer - Staging, Breast cancer - Treatment, Breast cancer - Surgery, Breast cancer - Adjuvant therapy, Breast cancer - Prognosis, Breast cancer - Breast cancer awareness

Read more here: » Breast cancer: Encyclopedia II - Breast cancer - Diagnosis

Individuals with symptoms of CAP require further evaluation. Physical examination by a health provider may reveal fever, an increased respiratory rate (tachypnea), low blood pressure (hypotension), a fast heart rate (tachycardia), and/or changes in the amount of oxygen in the blood. Feeling the way the chest expands (palpation) and tapping the chest wall (percussion) to identify dull areas which do not resonate can identify areas of the lung which are stiff and full of fluid (consolidated). Examination of the lungs with the aid of a stethosc ...

See also:

Community-acquired pneumonia, Community-acquired pneumonia - Symptoms, Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Microorganisms causing CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - Treatment, Community-acquired pneumonia - Newborn infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - The decision to hospitalize, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prognosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Complications of CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Sepsis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Respiratory failure, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pleural effusion and empyema, Community-acquired pneumonia - Abscess, Community-acquired pneumonia - Special circumstances leading to CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Obstruction, Community-acquired pneumonia - Lung disease, Community-acquired pneumonia - Immune problems, Community-acquired pneumonia - Epidemiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prevention

Read more here: » Community-acquired pneumonia: Encyclopedia II - Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis

UNIFIED FIELD THERAPY

Unified field therapy (UFT) proposes that beyond the body, beyond energy, lies a matrix of consciousness that permeates every aspect of our world. This dynamic, ever expansive matrix forms a single field from which all conscious life flows. This field is called the Unified Field.

All physical, mental, emotional, and energetic patterns known to our world originate from this single source. Present in our every experience, these patterns form the very fabric of our reality. The most subtle shift or change in these patterns can yield immense expansion in our consciousness and bring enormous transformation to one’s life. Utilizing this knowledge, Unified field therapy directly accesses the Unified Field to initiate shifts within a conscious system.

Clients remain fully clothed and are asked to lie face up on a massage table in a comfortable position with eyes closed and attention focused internally. The therapist then begins to evaluate, palpate, and integrate fields of consciousness surrounding and permeating the client. This can be done in a hands-on or hands-off application. Sessions last approximately 40 to 60 minutes. Accordingly, clients must define for themselves how their consciousness integrates and changes as a result of this work. For this reason, therapists are trained not to define or project their perceptions or expectations onto a client’s experience.

Therapists often request that new clients follow up between 48 to 72 hours after the initial visit to discuss any additional “shifts” that may have occurred in the interim.

(See also: UNIFIED FIELD THERAPY, Alternative Health, Massage, Bodywork, Body Mind and Soul)

Examination Process

Eight (Asht) fold (Bidha) Examination (Pariksha)

Provides a clear picture of nature of ailment and patient's general condition.

Involves the examination of pulse, tongue, voice, skin, eye, general appearance, urine & stool.

1  Examination of the pulse (nadi pariksha):

The foremost clinical art in ayurvedic diagnosis it can provide deep insights into the history of the patient. The ideal time for pulse examination is early morning in empty stomach. But in case of emergency, it can be examined at any time of the day or night. An experienced ayurvedic physician can assess your body’s nature (prakriti), pathological state (vikruti), imbalances of body type, very subtle observations & even prognosis of disease through the pulse.

2 Examination of the tongue (jivha pariksha):

Assessed through its doshic state, a vata aggravated tongue is dry, rough & cracked, pitta suffered tongue is red with a burning sensation and kapha influenced it is wet, slimy and coated. Suggesting the state of the digestive system.

3 Examination of the voice (sabda pariksha):

Healthy and natural when the doshas are in balance, the voice will become heavy when aggravated by kapha, cracked under pitta effect and hoarse & rough when afflicted by vata.

4 Examination of skin (sparsha pariksha):

Also used for assessing the state of organs and tissue, palpation is an important clinical method for examination of skin. Noted for doshic influences, a vata aggravated skin is course & rough with below normal temperature, a pitta influenced one has quite high temperature and kapha effected it becomes cold & wet.

5 Examination of eyes (drka pariksha):

Vata domination makes the eyes sunken, dry and reddish brown in colour. On aggravation of pitta, they turn red or yellow and the patient suffers from photophobia and burning sensations. High kapha makes them wet & watery with heaviness in the eyelids.

6 Examination of general appearance (akriti pariksha):

The doshic influences that reflect on the face of the patient enables physicians to gauge the basic constitution and the nature of the disease.

7 Examination of urine (mutra pariksha):

Both examination of urine sample and questioning of patient are important for assessing doshic influence. A modification of this is the oil (taila) drop (bindu) test (pariksha) in which the effect of an oil drop on urine sample suggests the curability of disease.

8 Examination of stool (mala pariksha):

If digestion & absorption of food are poor, the stool carries a foul odour and sinks in water. Vata aggravated, the stool is hard, dry and grey / ash in colour. Excess pitta makes it green / yellow in colour and liquid in form. And high kapha lines it with mucus.

(See also: Eight Fold Examination Process, Ayurveda, Ayurvedic Dictionary, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

This type of biopsy is performed for one of two reasons: A biopsy is performed on a lump or mass when its nature is in question. For known tumors, this biopsy is performed to assess the effect of treatment or to obtain tissue for special studies. The biopsy is usually performed by a diagnostic radiologist, a doctor with special training in performing and inter-preting x-ray procedures and in performing biopsies using ...

See also:

Needle aspiration biopsy, Needle aspiration biopsy - Applications, Needle aspiration biopsy - Preparation, Needle aspiration biopsy - Procedure, Needle aspiration biopsy - Post-operative care and complications, Needle aspiration biopsy - Source

Read more here: » Needle aspiration biopsy: Encyclopedia II - Needle aspiration biopsy - Applications

The vein is often removed by cardiothoracic surgeons and used for auto-transplantation in coronary artery bypass operations, when arterial grafts are not available or many grafts are required, such as in a triple bypass or quadruple bypass. The great saphenous vein is the conduit of choice for vascular surgeons,[1][2] when available, for doing peripheral arterial ...

See also:

Great saphenous vein, Great saphenous vein - Use in cardiovascular procedures

Read more here: » Great saphenous vein: Encyclopedia II - Great saphenous vein - Use in cardiovascular procedures

The stethoscope is used in aid of diagnosing certain diseases. The stethoscope is able to transmit certain sounds and exclude others. Before the stethoscope was invented, doctors placed their ear next to the patient's body in hope of hearing something. Stethoscopes are often considered as a symbol of the doctor's profession, as doctors are often seen or depicted with a stethoscope hanging around their neck. Stethoscopes are also used by mechanics to isolate sounds of a particular moving engine part for diagnosis. Ste ...

See also:

Stethoscope, Stethoscope - History, Stethoscope - Current practice, Stethoscope - Types of stethoscopes, Stethoscope - Methods of examination, Stethoscope - External link

Read more here: » Stethoscope: Encyclopedia II - Stethoscope - Current practice

Possible treatments include: In stable cases, use of laxatives and bulking agents, as well as modifications in diet and stool habits are effective Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory medication is used in toxic megacolon Desimpaction of feces and decompression using anorectal and nasogastric tubes When megacolon worsens and the conservative measures fail to restore tr ...

See also:

Megacolon, Megacolon - Aganglionic megacolon, Megacolon - Toxic megacolon, Megacolon - Megacolon in Chagas disease, Megacolon - Signs and symptoms, Megacolon - Diagnosis, Megacolon - Treatment

Read more here: » Megacolon: Encyclopedia II - Megacolon - Treatment

Individuals with HCM have some degree of left ventricular hypertrophy. Usually this is an asymmetric hypertrophy, involving the inter-ventricular septum, and is known as asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH). This is in contrast to the concentric hypertrophy seen in aortic stenosis or hypertension. About 2/3 of individuals with HCM have asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Many individuals with HCM demonstrate an obstruction to the outflow of blood from the left ventricle. This is known as dynamic outflow obstruction, because the degree of obstruction is variable and is dependent on the amount of bl ...

See also:

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Genetics, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Anatomic characteristics, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Dynamic outflow obstruction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Associated symptoms, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Physical examination, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Diagnostic testing, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Cardiac catheterization, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Treatment, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Related disorders, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - External link

Read more here: » Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Encyclopedia II - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Anatomic characteristics

The basics of TCM diagnostics are: observe (望 wàng), hear and smell (聞 wén), ask about background (問 wèn) and read the pulse (切 qiè). Then a diagnosis is made using a system to classify the symptoms. Systems of diagnosis include: Yin or Yang Five elements eight principles Zang Fu theory Meridian (Chinese medicine) Six levels four stages Three jiaos And a modern cross that is not formal but in China TCM diagnosis is being very heavily ...

See also:

Traditional Chinese medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine - Uses, Traditional Chinese medicine - TCM theory, Traditional Chinese medicine - TCM diagnostics, Traditional Chinese medicine - Diagnostic techniques, Traditional Chinese medicine - TCM treatment techniques, Traditional Chinese medicine - TCM and science, Traditional Chinese medicine - The question of efficaciousness, Traditional Chinese medicine - Purported mechanism of action, Traditional Chinese medicine - Safety of Chinese medicines, Traditional Chinese medicine - The relationship between TCM and Western medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine - TCM and Animals

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese medicine: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese medicine - TCM diagnostics

Tennessee Walking Horses are known for their gaits: the running walk, the flat walk, and their "rocking horse" canter. Although many members of the breed can perform other gaits, including the trot, fox trot, rack, stepping pace, and single foot, these gaits are typically penalized in breed shows since they are not considered "correct" gaits for a Walking Horse. The running walk is the most famous gait, with speeds from 10-20 km/h (6-12 mph). As the speed increases, the horse's rear foot overstrides the front print 15-45 cm (6-18 in). The gr ...

See also:

Tennessee Walker, Tennessee Walker - Breed characteristics, Tennessee Walker - Showing, Tennessee Walker - History

Read more here: » Tennessee Walker: Encyclopedia II - Tennessee Walker - Showing

There may be no symptoms referrable to the location of the DVT, but the classical symptoms of DVT include pain, swelling and redness of the leg and dilatation of the surface veins. In up to 25% of all hospitalised patients, there may be some form of DVT, which often remains clinically inapparent (unless pulmonary embolism develops). There are several techniques during physical examination to increase the detection of DVT. These include measuring the circumference of the affected and the contralateral limb at a fixed point (to o ...

See also:

Deep vein thrombosis, Deep vein thrombosis - Signs and symptoms, Deep vein thrombosis - Diagnosis, Deep vein thrombosis - Therapy, Deep vein thrombosis - Prophylaxis, Deep vein thrombosis - Pathogenesis, Deep vein thrombosis - Epidemiology

Read more here: » Deep vein thrombosis: Encyclopedia II - Deep vein thrombosis - Signs and symptoms

Sonography is a sensitive and specific modality for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis; adjusted sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis are 88% and 80%, respectively. The 2 major diagnostic criteria are cholelithiasis and sonographic Murphy's sign. Minor criteria include gallbladder wall thickening greater than 3mm, pericholecystic fluid, and gallbladder dilatation. The reported sensitivity and specificity of CT scan findings are in the range of 90-95%. CT is more sensitive than ultrasonography in the depiction ...

See also:

Cholecystitis, Cholecystitis - Diagnosis, Cholecystitis - Radiology, Cholecystitis - References, Cholecystitis - Therapy, Cholecystitis - Complications, Cholecystitis - of cholecystitis, Cholecystitis - of cholecystectomy

Read more here: » Cholecystitis: Encyclopedia II - Cholecystitis - Radiology

Although antibiotics will often help reduce the inflammation of the gallbladder, acute cholecystitis is an indication for gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy). This can be accomplished with an open surgery or a laparoscopic procedure. Laparoscopic procedures can have less morbidity and a shorter recovery stay. An open procedure is preferred by many surgeons if the gallbladder is so inflamed that it could fall apart with the manipulations that could be needed with a laparoscopic procedure. A laparoscopic procedure may also be 'converted' to an open procedure during the operation if the surgeon feels that further attempts at lap ...

See also:

Cholecystitis, Cholecystitis - Diagnosis, Cholecystitis - Radiology, Cholecystitis - References, Cholecystitis - Therapy, Cholecystitis - Complications, Cholecystitis - of cholecystitis, Cholecystitis - of cholecystectomy

Read more here: » Cholecystitis: Encyclopedia II - Cholecystitis - Therapy

In anatomy, the thumb is also called the first finger, pollex, digitus primus, or digitus I. The thumb consists of 3 bones: distal phalanx (of the first digit) proximal phalanx (of the first digit) first metacarpal Its movements are controlled by eight muscles: opponens pollicis abductor pollicis brevis flexor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis flexor pollicis longus abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis b ...

See also:

Thumb, Thumb - Anatomy of the thumb, Thumb - Grips, Thumb - Origin of the thumb, Thumb - Other animals with opposable thumbs or digits

Read more here: » Thumb: Encyclopedia II - Thumb - Anatomy of the thumb

Gynaecology is typically a consultant specialty. In most countries, women must see a general practitioner first. If their condition requires knowledge or equipment unavailable to the GP, they are referred to a gynaecologist. However, in the United States, law and many health insurance plans allow gynaecologists to provide primary care, and some women select that option. As in all of medicine, the main tools of diagnosis are clinical history and examination. Gynaecological examination is special in that it is quite intimate, and that i ...

See also:

Gynaecology, Gynaecology - Examination, Gynaecology - Investigations, Gynaecology - Diseases, Gynaecology - Therapies

Read more here: » Gynaecology: Encyclopedia II - Gynaecology - Examination

During this procedure, a very thin needle is used to remove cells or other material from a tumor or mass detected in the body. These cells will then be given to the cytopathologist, who will attempt to make a diagnosis. There may be times when a diagnosis cannot be made; not all cells removed during a needle aspiration biopsy can be identified with certainty. Several preparations are necessary before this procedure. Suspension of intake of aspirin or aspirin substitutes (ibuprofen, Motrin, Advil, Naprosyn, etc.) for one w ...

See also:

Needle aspiration biopsy, Needle aspiration biopsy - Applications, Needle aspiration biopsy - Preparation, Needle aspiration biopsy - Procedure, Needle aspiration biopsy - Post-operative care and complications, Needle aspiration biopsy - Source

Read more here: » Needle aspiration biopsy: Encyclopedia II - Needle aspiration biopsy - Preparation

Early in pregnancy the baby changes position freely and frequently. By 28 weeks gestation, most babies are in the "head-down" position most of the time. The mother carrying a breech fetus often feels that there is a hard, round part of the baby under her ribs; she feels kicking in the lower part of her uterus or around her umbilicus rather than at the top of her uterus; she may feel the baby hiccupping just under her ribs and may report ...

See also:

Breech birth, Breech birth - Etiology, Breech birth - Epidemiology, Breech birth - Categories of Breech Presentation, Breech birth - Process of Breech Birth, Breech birth - Risks of Breech Birth, Breech birth - Factors Influencing the Safety of Breech Birth, Breech birth - Diagnosis of Breech Presentation, Breech birth - Turning the Baby to Avoid Breech Birth, Breech birth - Breech Birth versus Caesarean Section

Read more here: » Breech birth: Encyclopedia II - Breech birth - Diagnosis of Breech Presentation

Note: There may be no symptoms until late in the disease. In particular, women should watch for symptoms occurring in groups and lasting two weeks or more. Women experiencing these symptoms may want to request a blood test called CA-125, along with a complete pelvic examination. While this test is not generally regarded as useful for large scale screening by the medical community, a high value may be an indication that the woman should receive further diagnostic screening or treatment. Normal values range f ...

See also:

Ovarian cancer, Ovarian cancer - Causes, Ovarian cancer - Symptoms, Ovarian cancer - Classification, Ovarian cancer - Staging, Ovarian cancer - Treatment, Ovarian cancer - Expectations prognosis, Ovarian cancer - Complications, Ovarian cancer - Victims of ovarian cancer

Read more here: » Ovarian cancer: Encyclopedia II - Ovarian cancer - Symptoms