Paleo-Balkan languages

Balkan linguistic union or Balkansprachbund is a name given to the similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology found in the languages of the Balkans, which belong to various Indo-European branches, such as Albanian, Greek, Romance and Slavic. While the common vocabulary between each language is relatively small, the grammars of the languages have a high degree of similarity, among which the adoption of a standard case system and a movement toward analyzation. Balkan linguistic union - History< ...

Including:

• Balkan linguistic union - History
• Balkan linguistic union - Languages
• Balkan linguistic union - Origins
• Balkan linguistic union - Thracian Dacian or Illyrian
• Balkan linguistic union - Greek
• Balkan linguistic union - Latin and Romance
• Balkan linguistic union - Multiple sources
• Balkan linguistic union - Timeline of contacts
• Balkan linguistic union - Features
• Balkan linguistic union - Grammatical features
• Balkan linguistic union - Vocabulary
• Balkan linguistic union - Phonetics

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The Iliad records that the Thracians from around the Hellespont and also the Thracian Cicones fought on the side of the Trojans (Iliad, book II). Many mythical figures, such as the god Dionysus, princess Europa and the hero Orpheus were borrowed by the Greeks from their Thracian neighbours. In book 7 of his Histories, Herodotus describes the equipment of the Thracians fighting under the Persians, The Thracians went to the war wearing the skins of foxes upon their heads, and about their bodies tunics, over which ...

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Thracians, Thracians - Origins, Thracians - Classical period, Thracians - Extinction of the ethnicity and language, Thracians - Archaeology, Thracians - Sources, Thracians - Thracian tribes, Thracians - Famous Thracians

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Balkan linguistic union - Grammatical features. The number of cases is reduced, several cases being replaced with prepositions, the only exception being Serbian. A common case system of a Balkan language is: Nominative Accusative (using prepositions and the form in the nominative case) Dative / Genitive (merged) Vocative In the Balkan languages, the genitive and dative cases (or corresponding prepositional constructions) are merged. Example: (Dadoh knigata na Mariya ...

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Balkan linguistic union, Balkan linguistic union - History, Balkan linguistic union - Languages, Balkan linguistic union - Origins, Balkan linguistic union - Thracian Dacian or Illyrian, Balkan linguistic union - Greek, Balkan linguistic union - Latin and Romance, Balkan linguistic union - Multiple sources, Balkan linguistic union - Timeline of contacts, Balkan linguistic union - Features, Balkan linguistic union - Grammatical features, Balkan linguistic union - Vocabulary, Balkan linguistic union - Phonetics

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Pelasgians - In Homer. The ethnonym Pelasgoí (Pelasgians) is of unknown etymology. It first occurs in the poems of Homer: the Pelasgians in the Iliad appear among the allies of Troy. In the section known to scholars as the Catalogue of Ships, which otherwise preserves a strict geographical order, they stand between the Hellespontine cities and the Thracians of south-east Europe, i.e. on the Hellespontine border of Thrace (2.840-843). Homer calls their town or district "Larissa" and character ...

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Pelasgians, Pelasgians - Classical Greek uses of Pelasgian, Pelasgians - In Homer, Pelasgians - Post-Homeric, Pelasgians - In Herodotus, Pelasgians - Modern theories, Pelasgians - Pelasgians as a Hellenic Greek people

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Greek is a Centum language, which would place a Graeco-Aryan protolanguage before Satemization, making it identical to late PIE. Proto-Greek does appear to have been affected by the general trend of Palatalization characteristic of the Satem group, evidenced for example by the (post-Mycenaean) change of labiovelars into dentals before e (e.g. kwe > te "and"), but the Satemizing influence appears to have reached Greek only after it had lost the palatovelars (i. ...

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Proto-Greek language, Proto-Greek language - Phonology, Proto-Greek language - Morphology, Proto-Greek language - Noun, Proto-Greek language - Pronoun, Proto-Greek language - Verb, Proto-Greek language - Numerals, Proto-Greek language - Example text

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Balkan languages - Romance languages. Romanian Aromanian Meglenitic Italian (on the Adriatic coast) Ladino (in Greece and Turkey) Balkan languages - Slavic languages. Bosnian Bulgarian Serbian Macedonian Croatian Slovenian Balkan languages - Indo-Aryan languages. Romany ...

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Balkan languages, Balkan languages - Indo-European languages, Balkan languages - Romance languages, Balkan languages - Slavic languages, Balkan languages - Indo-Aryan languages, Balkan languages - Turkish languages, Balkan languages - Ibero-Caucasian languages, Balkan languages - Extinct languages

Read more here: » Balkan languages: Encyclopedia II - Balkan languages - Indo-European languages

Further than belonging to the Indo-European language family, probably as a centum language, the relation of Illyrian to other ancient and modern languages remains unclear because no writings in Illyrian have been found. Today, the main source of authoritative information about the Illyrian language consists of a handful of Illyrian words cited in classical sources, and numerous examples of Illyrian anthroponyms, ethnonyms, toponyms and hydronyms. A grouping of Illyrian with the Messapian language has been proposed for about a century, ...

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Illyrian languages, Illyrian languages - Language affinity, Illyrian languages - Outside influences, Illyrian languages - Illyrian words, Illyrian languages - Illyrian names, Illyrian languages - Notes, Illyrian languages - External link

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The three chief candidates considered by historians are Illyrian, Dacian, or Thracian, though there were other groups in the ancient Balkans besides Greeks who were neither Illyrian, Dacian, nor Thracian, including Paionians (who lived north of Macedon) and Agrianians. The Illyrian language and the Thracian language are generally considered to have been on different Indo-European branches. Not much is left of the old Illyrian, Dacian or Thracian tong ...

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Origin of Albanians, Origin of Albanians - Place of origin, Origin of Albanians - Earliest mentions of Albanians in Albania, Origin of Albanians - Ethnic origin, Origin of Albanians - Illyrian Origin, Origin of Albanians - Thracian/Dacian origin, Origin of Albanians - Note

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The place where the Albanian language was formed is also under dispute, but analyses have indicated that it was in a mountainous region, rather than in a plain or seacoast: while the words for plants and animals characteristic of mountainous regions are entirely original, the names for fish and for agricultural activities (such as ploughing) are borrowed from other languages. It can also be presumed that the Albanians didn't live in Dalmatia, because the Latin influence over Albanian is of Balkan Romance (that evolved into Romanian) o ...

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Origin of Albanians, Origin of Albanians - Place of origin, Origin of Albanians - Earliest mentions of Albanians in Albania, Origin of Albanians - Ethnic origin, Origin of Albanians - Illyrian Origin, Origin of Albanians - Thracian/Dacian origin, Origin of Albanians - Note

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Only a few Illyrian words are cited in Classical sources by Roman or Greek writers: brisa, "husk of grapes" [citation needed] rhinos, "fog, cloud"; compared to Old Albanian ren, modern Albanian re, "cloud" sabaia, sabaium, sabaius, "a type of beer" sibina (Lat.), sibyna (Lat.), sybina (Lat.); σιβυνη (Gk.), σιβυνης (Gk.), συβινη (Gk.), ζιβυνη (Gk.): "a hunting spea ...

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Illyrian languages, Illyrian languages - Language affinity, Illyrian languages - Outside influences, Illyrian languages - Illyrian words, Illyrian languages - Illyrian names, Illyrian languages - Notes, Illyrian languages - External link

Read more here: » Illyrian languages: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Illyrian words

The Ancient Greek language (and also the Ancient Macedonian language) would have become an important external influence on Illyrian-speakers who occupied lands adjacent to ancient Greeks and Ancient Macedonians, and this is indicated by the adoption of Greek names by prominent Illyrians (Cleitus, Glaukias) in the south. As Greek influence increased, some Illyrian-speakers would have abandoned their language and adopted Greek. Invading Celts who settled on lands occupied by Illyrians brought the Illyrians into contact with the Celtic l ...

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Illyrian languages, Illyrian languages - Language affinity, Illyrian languages - Outside influences, Illyrian languages - Illyrian words, Illyrian languages - Illyrian names, Illyrian languages - Notes, Illyrian languages - External link

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Eduard Schwyzer in his Griechische Grammatik (1939, I.74f.) projected the initial lines of Plato's Apology into Proto-Greek: ὅτι μὲν ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων, wotti mān umme. ō aneres Athānaioi, pepasthe upo katāgoron meo. οὐκ οἶδα: ἐγὼ δ' οὖν ... οὕτω πιθ ...

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Proto-Greek language, Proto-Greek language - Phonology, Proto-Greek language - Morphology, Proto-Greek language - Noun, Proto-Greek language - Pronoun, Proto-Greek language - Verb, Proto-Greek language - Numerals, Proto-Greek language - Example text

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Illyrian names borrowed from Greek: Glaukias, akin to Gk. glaukos, "gleaming, gray, gray-green, etc." Kleitos, akin to Gk. kleinos, "renowned" The following Illyrian names, all of which occur in inscriptions from the upper Neretva river valley near Konjic in Bosnia, are considered to derive from Celtic: Boio Bricussa Iacus Mallaius Mascelio ...

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Illyrian languages, Illyrian languages - Language affinity, Illyrian languages - Outside influences, Illyrian languages - Illyrian words, Illyrian languages - Illyrian names, Illyrian languages - Notes, Illyrian languages - External link

Read more here: » Illyrian languages: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Illyrian names

Proto-Greek language - Noun. The PIE dative, instrumental and locative cases are syncretized into a single dative case. Some desinences are innovated (dative plural -si from locative plural -su). Nominative plural -oi, -ai replaces late PIE -ōs, -ās. The superlative on -tatos becomes productive. The peculiar oblique stem gunaik- "women", attested from the Thebes tablets is probably Proto-Greek; it appears, at least as gunai- also in Armenian. See also:

Proto-Greek language, Proto-Greek language - Phonology, Proto-Greek language - Morphology, Proto-Greek language - Noun, Proto-Greek language - Pronoun, Proto-Greek language - Verb, Proto-Greek language - Numerals, Proto-Greek language - Example text

Read more here: » Proto-Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Greek language - Morphology

The languages that share these similarities belong to five distinct branches of the Indo-European languages: Albanian Modern Greek Indo-Iranian (Arli Romany/Gypsy) Romance languages (Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian) Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian Torlak) However, not all of these languages have the same number of features shared. That is why they are divided into three groups: Albanian, Romanian, Macedonian and Bulgarian hav ...

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Balkan linguistic union, Balkan linguistic union - History, Balkan linguistic union - Languages, Balkan linguistic union - Origins, Balkan linguistic union - Thracian Dacian or Illyrian, Balkan linguistic union - Greek, Balkan linguistic union - Latin and Romance, Balkan linguistic union - Multiple sources, Balkan linguistic union - Timeline of contacts, Balkan linguistic union - Features, Balkan linguistic union - Grammatical features, Balkan linguistic union - Vocabulary, Balkan linguistic union - Phonetics

Read more here: » Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Balkan linguistic union - Languages

The earliest scholar to notice the similarities between Balkan languages belonging to different families was the Slovenian scholar Jernej Kopitar in 1829 [1], but only in the 1920s and 1930s the theory was developed, with important contributions Gustav Weigand and Kristian Sandfeld-Jensen (Linguistique balkanique, 1930). The term "Balkan linguistic union" was coined by the Romanian linguist Alexandru Rosetti in 1958, when he claimed that th ...

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Balkan linguistic union, Balkan linguistic union - History, Balkan linguistic union - Languages, Balkan linguistic union - Origins, Balkan linguistic union - Thracian Dacian or Illyrian, Balkan linguistic union - Greek, Balkan linguistic union - Latin and Romance, Balkan linguistic union - Multiple sources, Balkan linguistic union - Timeline of contacts, Balkan linguistic union - Features, Balkan linguistic union - Grammatical features, Balkan linguistic union - Vocabulary, Balkan linguistic union - Phonetics

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(under development) Most likely the earliest contact was between the Proto-Romanians and Proto-Albanians, (1st century - 5th century AD) this theory being supported by the Albanian vocabulary borrowed from Balkan Latin, as well as the Romanian substrate, which has words cognates to Albanian words. The exact area where the contact occurred is under debate, ranging from Northern Albania to Transylvania, for more, see Origin of Romanians and Origin of Albanians. All Romanian varieties (from the Republic of Moldova to the Vlachs of Serbia) are part of the sp ...

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Balkan linguistic union, Balkan linguistic union - History, Balkan linguistic union - Languages, Balkan linguistic union - Origins, Balkan linguistic union - Thracian Dacian or Illyrian, Balkan linguistic union - Greek, Balkan linguistic union - Latin and Romance, Balkan linguistic union - Multiple sources, Balkan linguistic union - Timeline of contacts, Balkan linguistic union - Features, Balkan linguistic union - Grammatical features, Balkan linguistic union - Vocabulary, Balkan linguistic union - Phonetics

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The source of these features as well as the directions have long been debated, various theories being suggested. Balkan linguistic union - Thracian Dacian or Illyrian. Since most of these features cannot be found in languages related to those that belong to the linguistic union (such as other Slavic or Romance languages), the early researchers, including Kopitar, believed they had to be inherited from the ancient indigenous languages (Thracian, Dacian and Illyrian) which fo ...

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Balkan linguistic union, Balkan linguistic union - History, Balkan linguistic union - Languages, Balkan linguistic union - Origins, Balkan linguistic union - Thracian Dacian or Illyrian, Balkan linguistic union - Greek, Balkan linguistic union - Latin and Romance, Balkan linguistic union - Multiple sources, Balkan linguistic union - Timeline of contacts, Balkan linguistic union - Features, Balkan linguistic union - Grammatical features, Balkan linguistic union - Vocabulary, Balkan linguistic union - Phonetics

Read more here: » Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Balkan linguistic union - Origins

History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples. Western Huns empire stretched in 434 AD from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube river to the Baltic. The Hunnish-Bulgar association existed throughout the period between 377-453 AD - the time of the Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Other transient incursions were made by Goths, Gepids, Onogur, Avars. At one point the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths were Christians, but Arians. Ulfilas was the apostle to the Goths and he translated the Bible from Gr ...

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History of the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Early history, History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic civilization, History of the Balkans - Hallstatt, History of the Balkans - Indo-Europeanization, History of the Balkans - Classical antiquity, History of the Balkans - Odrysian empire, History of the Balkans - Dacian kingdom, History of the Balkans - Greek city-states and their colonies, History of the Balkans - Empire of Macedon, History of the Balkans - Illyrian kingdoms, History of the Balkans - The Roman conquests, History of the Balkans - Christianity during the Daco-Roman era, History of the Balkans - The Dark Ages and the Great Migrations, History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples, History of the Balkans - Slavs, History of the Balkans - Magyars, History of the Balkans - Bulgars and Bulgarians, History of the Balkans - Vlachs Romanians Aromanians Morlachs Istro-Romanians, History of the Balkans - Balkan linguistic union, History of the Balkans - Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, History of the Balkans - Genoa colonies in lower Danube, History of the Balkans - Fourth Crusade in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Battle of Nicopolis, History of the Balkans - Eastern Roman Empire, History of the Balkans - Ottoman Empire, History of the Balkans - East-West Schism, History of the Balkans - Habsburg Empire, History of the Balkans - Rise of Independence, History of the Balkans - 1804 First Serbian Uprising and 1815 Second Serbian Uprising, History of the Balkans - 1821 revolt in Greece and Romania, History of the Balkans - 1829 Adrianople peace, History of the Balkans - 1831 Bosnian Rebellion, History of the Balkans - 1848 Revolution, History of the Balkans - Russian defeat in Crimea: the Balkan implications, History of the Balkans - Desire of Independence, History of the Balkans - April uprising, History of the Balkans - 1877 War, History of the Balkans - Secularisation in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Orthodoxy, History of the Balkans - The Pig War, History of the Balkans - Balkan Wars, History of the Balkans - First Balkan War, History of the Balkans - Second Balkan War, History of the Balkans - The Balkans in modern times, History of the Balkans - World War I in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War I, History of the Balkans - World War II in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War II, History of the Balkans - Balkans during the Cold War, History of the Balkans - Post-Communism, History of the Balkans - Current state and perspectives, History of the Balkans - Reference

Read more here: » History of the Balkans: Encyclopedia II - History of the Balkans - The Dark Ages and the Great Migrations

History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples. Western Huns empire stretched in 434 AD from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube river to the Baltic. The Hunnish-Bulgar association existed throughout the period between 377-453 AD - the time of the Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Other transient incursions were made by Goths, Gepids, Onogur, Avars. At one point the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths were Christians, but Arians. Ulfilas was the apostle to the Goths and he translated the Bible from Gr ...

See also:

History of the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Early history, History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic cultures, History of the Balkans - Hallstatt, History of the Balkans - Indo-Europeanization, History of the Balkans - Classical antiquity, History of the Balkans - Odrysian empire, History of the Balkans - Dacian kingdom, History of the Balkans - Greek city-states and their colonies, History of the Balkans - Empire of Macedon, History of the Balkans - Illyrian kingdoms, History of the Balkans - The Roman conquests, History of the Balkans - Christianity during the Daco-Roman era, History of the Balkans - The Dark Ages and the Great Migrations, History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples, History of the Balkans - Slavs, History of the Balkans - Magyars, History of the Balkans - Bulgars and Bulgarians, History of the Balkans - Vlachs Romanians Aromanians Morlachs Istro-Romanians, History of the Balkans - Balkan linguistic union, History of the Balkans - Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, History of the Balkans - Genoa colonies in lower Danube, History of the Balkans - Fourth Crusade in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Battle of Nicopolis, History of the Balkans - Eastern Roman Empire, History of the Balkans - Ottoman Empire, History of the Balkans - East-West Schism, History of the Balkans - Habsburg Empire, History of the Balkans - Rise of Independence, History of the Balkans - 1804 First Serbian Uprising and 1815 Second Serbian Uprising, History of the Balkans - 1821 revolt in Greece and Romania, History of the Balkans - 1829 Adrianople peace, History of the Balkans - 1831 Bosnian Rebellion, History of the Balkans - 1848 Revolution, History of the Balkans - Russian defeat in Crimea: the Balkan implications, History of the Balkans - Desire of Independence, History of the Balkans - April uprising, History of the Balkans - 1877 War, History of the Balkans - Secularisation in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Orthodoxy, History of the Balkans - The Pig War, History of the Balkans - Balkan Wars, History of the Balkans - First Balkan War, History of the Balkans - Second Balkan War, History of the Balkans - The Balkans in modern times, History of the Balkans - World War I in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War I, History of the Balkans - World War II in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War II, History of the Balkans - Balkans during the Cold War, History of the Balkans - Post-Communism, History of the Balkans - Current state and perspectives

Read more here: » History of the Balkans: Encyclopedia II - History of the Balkans - The Dark Ages and the Great Migrations