The Vietnamese language was first written down, from the 13th century onwards, using variant Chinese characters (chữ nôm 字喃), each of them representing one word. The system was based on the script used for writing classical Chinese (chữ nho), but it was supplemented with characters developed in Vietnam (chữ thuần nôm, proper Nom characters) to represent native Vietnamese words. As early as 1527, Portuguese Christian missionaries in Vietnam began using the Latin alphabet to transcribe the Vietnamese l ...

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Vietnamese alphabet, Vietnamese alphabet - The letters, Vietnamese alphabet - Vowels, Vietnamese alphabet - Consonants, Vietnamese alphabet - Tone markings, Vietnamese alphabet - History, Vietnamese alphabet - Vietnamese fonts and encoding schemes, Vietnamese alphabet - Bibliography

Read more here: » Vietnamese alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Vietnamese alphabet - History

The adjectival suffix -euse is added to verbal stems to form "the machine that verbs." For example laver -> laveuse "washing machine"; balayer -> balayeuse "vacuum cleaner" (but "streetsweeper" in France) Quebec French - Non-sexist usage. Formal Quebec French also has a very different approach to non-sexist language than France French. There is a much greater tendency to generalize feminine markers among nouns referring to professions. This is done in order to avoid ...

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Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - Morphology

If considered as a system of morae (or moras) instead of syllables, (as the katakana and hiragana phonetic writing systems explicitly do) the sound structure is very simple: The language is made of morae, each with the same approximate time value and stress (stress, here, being correlated with loudness, not pitch). The Japanese mora may consist of either a vowel or one of the two moraic consonants, /ɴ̩/ and /Q/. A vowel may be preceded by an optional (non-moraic) consonant with or without a palatal gli ...

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Japanese phonology, Japanese phonology - Consonants, Japanese phonology - Vowels, Japanese phonology - Phonological processes, Japanese phonology - Consonant processes, Japanese phonology - Vowel processes, Japanese phonology - Moras and phonotactics, Japanese phonology - Prosody, Japanese phonology - Notes, Japanese phonology - Bibliography

Read more here: » Japanese phonology: Encyclopedia II - Japanese phonology - Moras and phonotactics

Japanese has 5 vowels: [i, ɯ̹̈ ~ ü̜, e̞, o̞, ä] Japanese vowels are pronounced as monophthongs, unlike in English; they are similar to their Spanish counterparts. However, the high back vowel /ü̜/ is somewhat fronted as well as "compressed", rather than rounded as [u] or unrounded as [ɯ]. Mor ...

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Japanese phonology, Japanese phonology - Consonants, Japanese phonology - Vowels, Japanese phonology - Phonological processes, Japanese phonology - Consonant processes, Japanese phonology - Vowel processes, Japanese phonology - Moras and phonotactics, Japanese phonology - Prosody, Japanese phonology - Notes, Japanese phonology - Bibliography

Read more here: » Japanese phonology: Encyclopedia II - Japanese phonology - Vowels

In general, standard spoken and written Quebec French uses the same grammar as the French of France, though there are isolated exceptions. There are many differences in informal grammar: for instance, some words have a different gender than in standard French (une job rather than un job). This is partially systematic. For example, just as the difference in pronunciation between chien /ʃjɛ̃/ (masc.) and chienne See also:

Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - Grammar and syntax

The [ŋ] sound is a fairly common sound cross-linguistically. It is unusual in that in many languages it is only permitted in postvocalic positions (after vowels), like in English, Mandarin Chinese, and Korean. However, in other languages it is permitted at the beginnings of syllables, like in the name of the language Ngaju Dayak; Nenets even inserts it in word-initial position. In Cantonese Chinese, not only is it permitted at the beginning of syllables, but it can be a standalone syllable itself. For instance, the surname Ng (sometimes transliterated as Eng) is a common Cantonese surname and is pronounced See also:

Velar nasal, Velar nasal - Features, Velar nasal - Varieties of [ŋ], Velar nasal - In English, Velar nasal - In other languages

Read more here: » Velar nasal: Encyclopedia II - Velar nasal - In other languages

Main article: History of Quebec French Quebec French is substantially different in pronunciation and vocabulary from the other varieties of French spoken throughout the world, just as the Portuguese, Spanish, and English languages of the Americas differ from the corresponding European dialects. However, in the case of Quebec French, the separation was increased by the reduction of cultural contacts with France after the conquest of New France by Great Britain in 1759. The French Revolution and its aftermath substantially altered the French spoken in Fr ...

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Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - History

The Vietnamese language was first written down, from the 13th century onwards, using variant Chinese characters (chữ nôm 字喃), each of them representing one word. The system based on the script used for writing classical Chinese (chữ nho), but it was supplemented with characters developed in Vietnam (chữ thuần nôm, proper Nom characters) to represent native Vietnamese. As early as 1527, Portuguese Christian missionaries in Vietnam began using the Latin alphabet to transcribe the Vietnamese language fo ...

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Vietnamese alphabet, Vietnamese alphabet - The letters, Vietnamese alphabet - Vowels, Vietnamese alphabet - Consonants, Vietnamese alphabet - Tone markings, Vietnamese alphabet - History, Vietnamese alphabet - Vietnamese fonts and encoding schemes, Vietnamese alphabet - Bibliography

Read more here: » Vietnamese alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Vietnamese alphabet - History

Vietnamese is a tonal language, i.e. the meaning of each word depends on the "tone" (basically a specific pitch and glottalization pattern) in which it is pronounced. There are six distinct tones; the first one ("level tone") is not marked, and the other five are indicated by diacritics applied to the main vowel of the syllable: The lowercase letter "i" should retain its dot even when accented. (However, this detail is often lost in computers and on the Internet, due to the obscurity of Vietnamese ...

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Vietnamese alphabet, Vietnamese alphabet - The letters, Vietnamese alphabet - Vowels, Vietnamese alphabet - Consonants, Vietnamese alphabet - Tone markings, Vietnamese alphabet - History, Vietnamese alphabet - Vietnamese fonts and encoding schemes, Vietnamese alphabet - Bibliography

Read more here: » Vietnamese alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Vietnamese alphabet - Tone markings

List of consonants - Nasal consonants. alveolar nasal [n] bilabial nasal [m] dental nasal [n̪] labiodental nasal [ɱ] palatal nasal [ɲ] retroflex nasal See also:

List of consonants, List of consonants - Ordered by place of articulation, List of consonants - Labial consonants, List of consonants - Coronal consonants, List of consonants - Dorsal consonants, List of consonants - Radical consonants, List of consonants - Glottal consonants, List of consonants - Ordered by manner of articulation, List of consonants - Nasal consonants, List of consonants - Plosive stop consonants, List of consonants - Fricative consonants, List of consonants - Affricate consonants, List of consonants - Approximant consonants, List of consonants - Flap tap consonants, List of consonants - Trill consonants, List of consonants - Ejective consonants, List of consonants - Implosive consonants, List of consonants - Click consonants

Read more here: » List of consonants: Encyclopedia II - List of consonants - Ordered by manner of articulation

Although Quebec French constitutes a coherent and standard system, it has no objective norm since the very organization mandated to establish it, the Office québécois de la langue française, believes that objectively standardizing the dialect would lead to reduced interintelligibility with other French communities around the world, linguistically isolating Quebecers and possibly causing the e ...

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Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - Standardization

Interintelligibility of formally and informally spoken Quebec French with France French is a matter of heated debates between linguists. If a comparison can be made, the differences between both dialects are probably larger than those between American and British English, but not as large as those between standard German and Swiss German. This being said, it is important for monolingual English speakers especially, to understand that in many other European languages there exist veritable dialects. Francophone Canadians abroad have to modify ...

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Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects

Main article: History of Quebec French Quebec French is substantially different in pronunciation and vocabulary from the other varieties of French spoken throughout the world, just as the Portuguese, Spanish, and English languages of the Americas differ from the corresponding European dialects. However, in the case of Quebec French, the separation was increased by the reduction of cultural contacts with France after the conquest of New France by Great Britain in 1759. The French Revolution and its aftermath substantially altered the French spoken in Fr ...

See also:

Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - History

Although Quebec French constitutes a coherent and standard system, it has no objective norm since the very organization mandated to establish it, the Office québécois de la langue française, believes that objectively standardizing the dialect would lead to reduced interintelligibility with other French communities around the world, linguistically isolating Quebecers and possibly causing the e ...

See also:

Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - Standardization

Several regions within Quebec display accents and vocabulary that are typical. Among them, the Quebec Beauce is known to have a peculiar accent, with an especially important, distinctive Joual pronunciation. The French heard in the Gaspé Peninsula might be the most distinct of all Quebec French subdialects, where it is said that there is a different accent for each village. It holds some resemblance to the French of the Acadian people, the southern neighbour of the Gaspé. Notable bearers of Ga ...

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Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - Regional variations

Main article: Quebec French lexicon There are a number of lexical differences between Quebec French and the French of France; these are distributed throughout the registers, from slang to formal usage. Many differences that exist between Quebec French and European French arise from the preservation of certain forms that are today archaic in Europe. Obviously new words were also created for Quebec ...

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Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - Lexicon

The adjectival suffix -euse is added to verbal stems to form "the machine that verbs." For example laver -> laveuse "washing machine"; balayer -> balayeuse "street sweeper" Quebec French - Morphological gender. When followed by a word that is vowel initial the vowel in un and une (the indefinite article) is in a closed syllable and therefore lax. Because Quebec French has vowel harmony, both determiners will be pronounced the same ([ ...

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Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - Morphology

Interintelligibility of formally and informally spoken Quebec French with France French is a matter of heated debates between linguists. If a comparison can be made, the differences between both dialects are probably larger than those between American and British English, but not as large as those between standard German and Swiss German. This being said, it is important for monolingual English speakers especially, to understand that in many other European languages there exist veritable dialects. Francophone Canadians abroad have to modify ...

See also:

Quebec French, Quebec French - History, Quebec French - Standardization, Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects, Quebec French - Phonology and phonetics, Quebec French - Special realizations, Quebec French - Linking, Quebec French - Harmonization and assimilation, Quebec French - Consonant reduction, Quebec French - Morphology, Quebec French - Non-sexist usage, Quebec French - Lexicon, Quebec French - Grammar and syntax, Quebec French - Morphological gender, Quebec French - Semantic number, Quebec French - Verbs, Quebec French - Particle tu, Quebec French - Prepositions, Quebec French - Regional variations

Read more here: » Quebec French: Encyclopedia II - Quebec French - Interintelligibility with other dialects