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Paionian language | A Wisdom Archive on Paionian language | | Paionian language A selection of articles related to Paionian language | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Paionian language | | | |  Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Thracian language - ClassificationThere are enough Thracian examples with characteristic Satem sound-shifts to include Thracian in the Satem group of Indo-European languages. Thracian is often considered to have been on the same language branch as the extinct Dacian language (viewed as a northern dialect of Thracian), though some Thracologists think Dacian may have been on a separate branch. Some scholars see a relation between Thracian and the ancient Macedonian language, or the Phrygian language.
Older models often linked Thracian to the Illyrian language, or to the Armenian language, but re ...
See also:Thracian language, Thracian language - Sources, Thracian language - Classification, Thracian language - Connections to Albanian, Thracian language - Connections to Slavic and Baltic, Thracian language - Thracian as a Centum language, Thracian language - Geographic distribution, Thracian language - Vocabulary Read more here: » Thracian language: Encyclopedia II - Thracian language - Classification |
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| | | | Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Thracian language - Sources As an extinct language that has no literature left, there's little known about it, but some Thracian words can be found cited in ancient texts [1]. In addition there are many probable words extracted from names, toponyms, and names of rivers mentioned in ancient sources. A number of possible Thracian words are found in inscriptions (most of them written with Greek script) on buildings, coins, and other artifacts.
Only four Thracian insciptions have been found. One is a gold ring found in 1912 in the town of Ezerovo, Bulgaria. The ring ...
See also:Thracian language, Thracian language - Sources, Thracian language - Classification, Thracian language - Connections to Albanian, Thracian language - Connections to Slavic and Baltic, Thracian language - Thracian as a Centum language, Thracian language - Geographic distribution, Thracian language - Vocabulary Read more here: » Thracian language: Encyclopedia II - Thracian language - Sources |
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| | | | Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Thracian language - Vocabulary The most reliable Thracian words are the words which have been explicitly cited and described as Thracian by the ancient authors. There are not many such cited words. Elements appearing in typical Thracian two-component geographical names (for example, Poltymbria) are another source for the reconstructed vocabulary.
The Thracian vocabulary includes as well many more words whose meanings are conjectured, speculative, or disputed. Indeed, their status as actual words (as opposed to parts of words) is speculative in many cases. Most of t ...
See also:Thracian language, Thracian language - Sources, Thracian language - Classification, Thracian language - Connections to Albanian, Thracian language - Connections to Slavic and Baltic, Thracian language - Thracian as a Centum language, Thracian language - Geographic distribution, Thracian language - Vocabulary Read more here: » Thracian language: Encyclopedia II - Thracian language - Vocabulary |
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| | | | Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Language affinity Further than belonging to the Indo-European language family, probably as a centum language, the relation of Illyrian to other ancient and modern languages remains unclear because no writings in Illyrian have been found. Today, the main source of authoritative information about the Illyrian language consists of a handful of Illyrian words cited in classical sources, and numerous examples of Illyrian anthroponyms, ethnonyms, toponyms and hydronyms.
A grouping of Illyrian with the Messapian language has been proposed for about a century, ...
See also:Illyrian languages, Illyrian languages - Language affinity, Illyrian languages - Outside influences, Illyrian languages - Illyrian words, Illyrian languages - Illyrian names, Illyrian languages - Notes, Illyrian languages - External link Read more here: » Illyrian languages: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Language affinity |
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| | | | Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Classification The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation):
Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites.
Indo-Iranian languages, descending from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan, including Sanskrit, attested from the 2nd millennium BC
Iranian languages, attested from roughly 1000 BC, including Avestan and Persian.
Greek language — ...
See also:Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Classification |
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| | | | Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Classification The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation):
Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites.
Indo-Iranian languages, descending from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, attested from the 2nd millennium BC
Iranian languages, attested from roughly 1000 BC, including Avestan and Persian
Dardic languages
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See also:Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Classification |
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| | | | Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Illyrian names Illyrian names borrowed from Greek:
Glaukias, akin to Gk. glaukos, "gleaming, gray, gray-green, etc."
Kleitos, akin to Gk. kleinos, "renowned"
The following Illyrian names, all of which occur in inscriptions from the upper Neretva river valley near Konjic in Bosnia, are considered to derive from Celtic:
Boio
Bricussa
Iacus
Mallaius
Mascelio
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See also:Illyrian languages, Illyrian languages - Language affinity, Illyrian languages - Outside influences, Illyrian languages - Illyrian words, Illyrian languages - Illyrian names, Illyrian languages - Notes, Illyrian languages - External link Read more here: » Illyrian languages: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Illyrian names |
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| | | | Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Illyrian words Only a few Illyrian words are cited in Classical sources by Roman or Greek writers:
brisa, "husk of grapes" [citation needed]
rhinos, "fog, cloud"; compared to Old Albanian ren, modern Albanian re, "cloud"
sabaia, sabaium, sabaius, "a type of beer"
sibina (Lat.), sibyna (Lat.), sybina (Lat.); σιβυνη (Gk.), σιβυνης (Gk.), συβινη (Gk.), ζιβυνη (Gk.): "a hunting spea ...
See also:Illyrian languages, Illyrian languages - Language affinity, Illyrian languages - Outside influences, Illyrian languages - Illyrian words, Illyrian languages - Illyrian names, Illyrian languages - Notes, Illyrian languages - External link Read more here: » Illyrian languages: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Illyrian words |
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| | | | Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Sound changes As the Indo-European languages broke up, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) sound system diverged as well. The difference between the palatalized and plain velars (or perhaps velars and uvulars) seems to have been allophonic in PIE, but became phonemic in many of the daughter languages.
Note - this draught table needs to be completed, verified, and the allophones explained.
Notes:
C- is an initial consonant, -C a final consonant, -C- an intervocalic consonant, and 'C a consonant following PIE s ...
See also:Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Sound changes |
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| | | | Paionian language: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - History See also: Proto-Indo-European, Historical linguistics, Glottochronology.
The possibility of common origin for some of these languages was first proposed by Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn in 1647, proposing their derivation from "Scythian". However, the suggestions of van Boxhorn did not become widely known and were not pursued. The hypothesis was again proposed by Sir William Jones, who noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, and Persian. Systematic comparison of these an ...
See also:Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - History |
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