Pain - Pain receptors. All pain receptors are free nerve endings. There are mechanical, thermal and chemical pain receptors. They are found in skin and on internal surfaces such as periosteum and joint surfaces. Deep internal surfaces are only weakly supplied with pain receptors and will propagate sensations of chronic, aching pain if tissue damage in these areas is experienced. Pain receptors do not adapt to stimulus. In some conditions, excitation of pain fibres becomes greater as the pain stimulus continues, leading ...

See also:

Pain, Pain - Types of pain, Pain - Physiology, Pain - Pain receptors, Pain - Transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system, Pain - Analgesia, Pain - Survival benefit, Pain - Children and pain, Pain - Pain and alternative medicine

Read more here: » Pain: Encyclopedia II - Pain - Physiology

See also:

Gate control theory of pain, Gate control theory of pain - Development, Gate control theory of pain - Physiology, Gate control theory of pain - Advantages of the theory, Gate control theory of pain - Consequences, Gate control theory of pain - Reference, Gate control theory of pain - External link

Read more here: » Gate control theory of pain: Encyclopedia II - Gate control theory of pain - Physiology

Pain can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute pain is defined as short-term pain or pain with an easily identifiable cause. Acute pain is the body's warning of present damage to tissue or disease. It is often fast and sharp followed by aching pain. Acute pain is centralized in one area before becoming somewhat spread out. This type of pain responds well to medications. Chronic pain was originally defined as pain that has lasted 6 months or longer. It is now defined as pain that persists long ...

See also:

Pain, Pain - Types of pain, Pain - Physiology, Pain - Pain receptors, Pain - Transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system, Pain - Analgesia, Pain - Survival benefit, Pain - Children and pain, Pain - Pain and alternative medicine

Read more here: » Pain: Encyclopedia II - Pain - Types of pain

Pain is an unpleasant sensation which may be associated with actual or potential tissue damage and which may have physical and emotional components. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), one should distinguish between pain and nociception. The term "pain" is a subjective experience that typically accompanies nociception, but can also arise without any stimulus. It includes the emotional response. Nociception, on the other hand, is a neurophysiological term and denotes specific activity in nerv ...

Including:

• Pain - Types of pain
• Pain - Physiology
• Pain - Pain receptors
• Pain - Transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system
• Pain - Analgesia
• Pain - Survival benefit
• Pain - Children and pain
• Pain - Pain and alternative medicine

Read more here: » Pain: Encyclopedia - Pain

An FAQ on Meditation including:

What is meditation?

How is meditation different from relaxation, thinking, concentration or self-hypnosis?

What are the different meditation techniques?

Which is the "right" meditation technique right for me?

Is there any religious implication or affiliation with meditation?

Does meditation have any ethical implications?

What is the best time of day to meditate?

Why do some people use music while meditating?

Should I meditate with my eyes open or with my eyes closed?

What are the physiological effects of meditation?

When I meditate I experience physical pain in my body. What should I do?

How long should I meditate?

Do I need a teacher to learn meditation?

Read more here: » Meditation: Meditation FAQ

Catalepsy is a condition characterized most often by rigidity of the extremities and by decreased sensitivity to pain. Professionals once believed this disorder was the result of (controllable) mental states that had no basis in physiology. Researchers now know, however, that catalepsy does not appear of its own accord; instead, it often manifests as one in a constellation of symptoms caused by disorders that have physical causes. Catalepsy can be produced by conditions as varied as Schizophrenia ...

Read more here: » Catalepsy: Encyclopedia - Catalepsy

Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme (EC 1.14.99.1) that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids (including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane). Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain; this is the method of action of well-known drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Cyclooxygenase - Physiology. See also prostaglandin and eicosanoid for more details COX converts arachidon ...

Including:

• Cyclooxygenase - Physiology
• Cyclooxygenase - Pharmacology
• Cyclooxygenase - Classical NSAIDs
• Cyclooxygenase - Newer NSAIDs

Read more here: » Cyclooxygenase: Encyclopedia - Cyclooxygenase

Etymologically, vivisection refers to the dissection of, or any cutting or surgery upon, a living animal. More generally, it is used to describe any painful experiment upon living animals, or any live animal testing, typically for the purpose of physiological or pathological scientific investigation (Croce 1999). [1] Vivisection - Historical overview. Comparatively recent (mainly since the 19th century) controversy regarding vivisection has centred around moral questions of whether the benefits of animal ex ...

Including:

• Vivisection - Historical overview
• Vivisection - Human vivisection

Read more here: » Vivisection: Encyclopedia - Vivisection

An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves. The minimum detectable current in humans is thought to be about 1 mA. The current may cause tissue damage or heart fibrillation if it is sufficiently high. Electric shock - Description. An electric shock is usually painful and can be lethal. The level of voltage is not a direct guide to the level of injury or danger of death, despite the co ...

Including:

• Electric shock - Description
• Electric shock - 'Let go' current
• Electric shock - Shock effects
• Electric shock - Psychological
• Electric shock - Physiological
• Electric shock - Issues affecting lethality
• Electric shock - Avoiding danger of shock
• Electric shock - Shock due to differing ground potentials
• Electric shock - First aid
• Electric shock - Deliberate uses
• Electric shock - Electric shock as medical treatment
• Electric shock - Torture
• Electric shock - Capital punishment
• Electric shock - Games

Read more here: » Electric shock: Encyclopedia - Electric shock

In his paper The Tragedy of Needless Pain, Melzack further asserts that pain is a fundamental human experience, and requires an integrative understanding of that whole experience, and every choice we have made, that has formed our own "gates". He frames the choice to deal with pain or ignore it as moral: if the brain can control pain, we who know that must make use of that capacity, and in turn take control of pain on a species level - only by doing so can we achieve control of the larger causes of all of the pain that humans cause each other by carelessness, hatred, ...

See also:

Gate control theory of pain, Gate control theory of pain - Development, Gate control theory of pain - Physiology, Gate control theory of pain - Advantages of the theory, Gate control theory of pain - Consequences, Gate control theory of pain - Reference, Gate control theory of pain - External link

Read more here: » Gate control theory of pain: Encyclopedia II - Gate control theory of pain - Consequences

Acute pain may occur due to trauma, surgery, infection, disruption of blood circulation or many other conditions in which there is tissue injury. In a medical setting it is usually desirable to alleviate pain when its warning function is no longer needed. Besides improving patient comfort, pain therapy can also reduce harmful physiological consequences of untreated pain. Acute pain can often be managed using analgesics. However, conduction anesthesia may be preferable because of superior pain control and fewer side effects. For purpos ...

See also:

Local anesthesia, Local anesthesia - Techniques, Local anesthesia - Uses in surgery, Local anesthesia - Uses in acute pain, Local anesthesia - Uses in chronic pain, Local anesthesia - Miscellaneous uses, Local anesthesia - History

Read more here: » Local anesthesia: Encyclopedia II - Local anesthesia - Uses in acute pain

Some would argue that the two best types of motivation are fear and desire. Motivation can be viewed as either extrinsic or intrinsic. Motivation - Physiological needs. The easiest kinds of motivation to analyse, at least superficially, are those based upon obvious physiological needs. These include hunger, thirst, and escape from pain. The analysis of the processes underlying such motivations can make use of research on animals, in ethology, comparative psychology, and physiological psychology, and the ho ...

See also:

Motivation, Motivation - Types of motivation, Motivation - Physiological needs, Motivation - Other biological motivations, Motivation - Secondary goals, Motivation - Coercion, Motivation - Self control, Motivation - Controlling motivation, Motivation - Early programming, Motivation - Organization, Motivation - Drugs, Motivation - In Education, Motivation - Is Money a Motivator?, Motivation - Reference

Read more here: » Motivation: Encyclopedia II - Motivation - Types of motivation

Mantegazza's published works also included Fisiologia del Dolore (Physiology of Pain, 1880); Fisiologia deli Amore (Physiology of Love, 1896); Elementi d'igiene (Elements of Hygiene, 1875); Fisonomia e Mimica (Physiognomy and Mimics, 1883); Fisiologia dell'odio, (Physiology of Hate, 1889) and Fisiologia della Donna (Physiology of Women, 1893). His advanced philosophical and social views were published in a 1,200-page volume in 1871, titled Quadri della Natura Umana. Feste ed Ebbrezze ("Pictures of Human Nature. Feasts and Inebriations") ...

See also:

Paolo Mantegazza, Paolo Mantegazza - Life, Paolo Mantegazza - Works, Paolo Mantegazza - Source

Read more here: » Paolo Mantegazza: Encyclopedia II - Paolo Mantegazza - Works

Guided Imagery: This technique concentrates on using images or symbols to train the mind to create a definitive physiological or psychological effect. Practitioners may teach clients how to relieve physical problems caused by stress, such as tension headaches. The technique has also been effectively used in cancer treatment programs for pain management.

(See also: Guided Imagery, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

Guided Imagery: This technique concentrates on using images or symbols to train the mind to create a definitive physiological or psychological effect. Practitioners may teach clients how to relieve physical problems caused by stress, such as tension headaches. The technique has also been effectively used in some cancer treatment programs for pain management.

(See also: Guided Imagery, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

In sexual intercourse, the refractory period is a recovery phase after male ejaculation during which it is physiologically impossible for almost all men to experience sustained erection and additional ejaculations or orgasms. The penis may be hypersensitive and further sexual stimulation may even feel painful during this time frame. The refractory period varies widely between individuals, ranging from minutes to hours. An increased infusion of the hormone oxytocin during ejaculation is believed to be chiefly responsible for the refractory period and the amount by which oxytocin ...

See also:

Refractory period, Refractory period - Refractory period in biology, Refractory period - Action potentials in Neurons, Refractory period - Refractory period in sex, Refractory period - Refractory period in cardiac physiology

Read more here: » Refractory period: Encyclopedia II - Refractory period - Refractory period in sex

DEEP TISSUE MASSAGE

Techniques which utilize deep tissue/deep muscle massage are administered to affect the sub-layer of musculature and fascia. These techniques require more advanced training and a more thorough understanding of anatomy and physiology.

The muscles must be relaxed in order to effectively perform deep tissue massage, otherwise tight surface muscles prevent the practitioner from reaching deeper musculature. It helps with chronic muscular pain and injury rehabilitation, and reduces inflammation-related pain caused by arthritis and tendinitis. It is generally integrated with other massage techniques.

(See also: DEEP TISSUE MASSAGE, Alternative Health, Massage, Bodywork, Body Mind and Soul)

When breathed in, lead tetroxide irritates lungs. In case of high dose, the victim feels metallic taste in mouth, chest pain, and abdominal pain. When ingested, it gets dissolved in the gastric acid and gets absorbed, leading to lead poisoning. High concentrations can be absorbed through skin as well; therefore it is important to keep the safety precautions when working with lead-based paint. Long-term contact with lead tetroxide may lead to accumulation of lead compounds in organism, with development of symptoms of acute lead poisoning. Chronic poisoning displays as agitation, irritability, vision disorders, hype ...

See also:

Red lead, Red lead - Preparation, Red lead - Chemical properties, Red lead - Use, Red lead - Physiological effects, Red lead - Ecological issues, Red lead - Historic note

Read more here: » Red lead: Encyclopedia II - Red lead - Physiological effects

PRENATAL MASSAGE / PREGNANCY MASSAGE

Performed by a trained perinatal specialist, many methods of massage and somatic therapies are both effective and safe prenatally, and during labor and postpartum periods of women’s pregnancies.

Prenatally, specific techniques can reduce pregnancy discomforts and concerns and enhance the physiological and emotional well-being of both mother and fetus.

Skilled, appropriate touch facilitates labor, shortening labor times and easing pain and anxiety. In the postpartum period, specialized techniques rebalance structure, physiology, and emotions of the new mother, and may help her to bond with and care for her infant.

Specialized, advanced training in the anatomy, physiology, complications, precautions, and contraindications is highly recommended, and many practitioners require referrals from physicians prior to therapy.

(See also: PREGNANCY MASSAGE, Alternative Health, Massage, Bodywork, Body Mind and Soul)

An electric shock is usually painful and can be lethal. The level of voltage is not a direct guide to the level of injury or danger of death, despite the common misconception that it is. Physiological effects and damage are generally determined by current and duration. Even a low voltage causing a current of extended duration can be fatal. It should be noted, however, that Ohm's Law directly correlates voltage and current for a given resistance; thus, for a particular path through the body under a particular set of conditions, a higher voltage will produce a higher current flow. See also:

Electric shock, Electric shock - Description, Electric shock - 'Let go' current, Electric shock - Shock effects, Electric shock - Psychological, Electric shock - Physiological, Electric shock - Issues affecting lethality, Electric shock - Avoiding danger of shock, Electric shock - Shock due to differing ground potentials, Electric shock - First aid, Electric shock - Deliberate uses, Electric shock - Electric shock as medical treatment, Electric shock - Torture, Electric shock - Capital punishment, Electric shock - Games

Read more here: » Electric shock: Encyclopedia II - Electric shock - Description