Pain - Pain receptors. All pain receptors are free nerve endings. There are mechanical, thermal and chemical pain receptors. They are found in skin and on internal surfaces such as periosteum and joint surfaces. Deep internal surfaces are only weakly supplied with pain receptors and will propagate sensations of chronic, aching pain if tissue damage in these areas is experienced. Pain receptors do not adapt to stimulus. In some conditions, excitation of pain fibres becomes greater as the pain stimulus continues, leading ...

See also:

Pain, Pain - Types of pain, Pain - Physiology, Pain - Pain receptors, Pain - Transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system, Pain - Analgesia, Pain - Survival benefit, Pain - Children and pain, Pain - Pain and alternative medicine

Read more here: » Pain: Encyclopedia II - Pain - Physiology

See also:

Pain, Pain - Types of pain, Pain - Physiology, Pain - Pain receptors, Pain - Transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system, Pain - Analgesia, Pain - Survival benefit, Pain - Children and pain, Pain - Pain and alternative medicine

Read more here: » Pain: Encyclopedia II - Pain - Types of pain

Despite its unpleasantness, pain is an important part of the existence of humans and other animals; in fact, it is vital to survival. Pain encourages an organism to disengage from the noxious stimulus associated with the pain. Preliminary pain can serve to indicate that an injury is imminent, such as the ache from a soon-to-be-broken bone. Pain may also promote the healing process, since most organisms will protect an injured region in order to avoid further pain. People born with congenital insensitivity to pain usually have short life spans, and suffer numerous ailments such as broken ...

See also:

Pain, Pain - Types of pain, Pain - Physiology, Pain - Pain receptors, Pain - Transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system, Pain - Analgesia, Pain - Survival benefit, Pain - Children and pain, Pain - Pain and alternative medicine

Read more here: » Pain: Encyclopedia II - Pain - Survival benefit

Pain is an unpleasant sensation which may be associated with actual or potential tissue damage and which may have physical and emotional components. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), one should distinguish between pain and nociception. The term "pain" is a subjective experience that typically accompanies nociception, but can also arise without any stimulus. It includes the emotional response. Nociception, on the other hand, is a neurophysiological term and denotes specific activity in nerv ...

Including:

• Pain - Types of pain
• Pain - Physiology
• Pain - Pain receptors
• Pain - Transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system
• Pain - Analgesia
• Pain - Survival benefit
• Pain - Children and pain
• Pain - Pain and alternative medicine

Read more here: » Pain: Encyclopedia - Pain

Alpha blockers (also called alpha-adrenergic blocking agents) constitute a variety of drugs which block alpha-adrenergic receptors in arteries and smooth muscles. These drugs may be used to treat symptoms of noninflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome, a type of prostatitis. As a side effect they may reduce blood pressure and result in lightheadedness. Alpha blockers include doxazosin, prazosin and terazosin. ...

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Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up one half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids which affect the brain. Anti-inflammatory - Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Many steroids - specifically glucocorticoids - reduce inflammation by binding to cortisol receptors. These drugs are often referred to as corticosteroids, though that is a larger category. Including:

• Anti-inflammatory - Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
• Anti-inflammatory - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
• Anti-inflammatory - Ice treatment

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Anandamide, also known as arachidonylethanolamide or arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter found in the brain of animals, as well as other organs. It was isolated, and its structure elucidated by William Devane and Lumír Hanuš in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1992. The name is taken from the Sanskrit wo ...

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Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. CBD is not psychoactive, and appears to reduce the euphoric effect of THC, which is an isomer of cannabidiol. It may decrease the rate of THC clearance from the body, perhaps by interfering with the metabolism of THC in the liver. Medically, it appears to relieve convulsion, inflammation, anxiety, and nausea. CBD has a greater affinity for the CB2 receptor than for the CB1 receptor. It is percei ...

Including:

• Cannabidiol - Medicinal use

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An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain and to achieve analgesia. This derives from Greek an-, "without", and -algia, "pain". Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous system; they include paracetamol (acetaminophen), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, narcotic drugs such as morphine, synthetic drugs with narcotic properties such as tramadol, and various others. So ...

Including:

• Analgesic - Stepwise use
• Analgesic - The major classes
• Analgesic - Paracetamol and NSAIDs
• Analgesic - Opiates and morphinomimetics
• Analgesic - Specific agents
• Analgesic - Specific forms and uses
• Analgesic - Combinations
• Analgesic - Topical or systemic
• Analgesic - Psychotropic agents
• Analgesic - Addiction
• Analgesic - Reference

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A conotoxin is one of a group of neurotoxic peptides isolated from the venom of the marine cone snail. Conotoxins, which are peptides consisting of 10 to 30 amino acid residues, typically have some disulfide bonds. Conotoxins have a variety of activities, most of which have not been explained closely yet. The number of conotoxins whose activities have been determined so far is five, and they are called the α-, δ-, κ-, μ-, and ω types. Each of the five types of conotoxins attacks a different target: α-conotoxin attacks ace ...

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An antihistamine is a drug which serves to reduce or eliminate effects mediated by histamine, an endogenous chemical mediator released during allergic reactions, through action at the histamine receptor. Only agents where the main therapeutic effect is mediated by negative modulation of histamine receptors are termed antihistamines - other agents may have antihistaminergic action but are not true antihistamines. In common use, the term antihistamine refers only to H1-receptor antagonists, also known as HIncluding:

• Antihistamine - Pharmacology
• Antihistamine - Clinical use of antihistamines
• Antihistamine - Indications
• Antihistamine - Adverse drug reactions
• Antihistamine - First-generation H1-receptor antagonists
• Antihistamine - Ethylenediamines
• Antihistamine - Ethanolamines
• Antihistamine - Alkylamines
• Antihistamine - Piperazines
• Antihistamine - Tricyclics
• Antihistamine - Common structural features of classical antihistamine
• Antihistamine - Second-generation H1-receptor antagonists
• Antihistamine - Systemic
• Antihistamine - Topical
• Antihistamine - Common structural features of non-sedating antihistamines
• Antihistamine - Third-generation H1-receptor antagonists
• Antihistamine - Systemic
• Antihistamine - Other agents
• Antihistamine - Inhibitors of histamine release
• Antihistamine - H2-receptor antagonists
• Antihistamine - H3- and H4-receptor antagonists
• Antihistamine - Other agents with antihistaminergic activity

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An itch (Latin: pruritus) is a sensation felt on an area of skin that makes a person or animal want to scratch it. It is a distressing symptom that can cause discomfort. Scratching may cause breaks in the skin that may result in infection. Pruritus can be related to anything from dry skin to undiagnosed cancer. Itch - Mechanism. The central chemical in itch is histamine, a molecule released by mast cells in the skin. Histamine is the chemical that causes the itch and reddening when bitten by insects. ...

Including:

• Itch - Mechanism
• Itch - Causes
• Itch - Treatment

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Tramadol N02AX02 Tramadol is an opioid used as an analgesic for treating moderate to severe pain. It is a synthetic agent, unrelated to other opioids, and appears to have actions on the GABAergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Tramadol was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH and marketed under the trade name Tramal®. Grünenthal has also cross licensed the drug to many other pharmaceutical companies that market it under ...

Including:

• Tramadol - Mechanism of action
• Tramadol - Dependence
• Tramadol - Proprietary preparations

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Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids. Bradykinin - Structure. The amino acid sequence of bradykinin is: arg - pro - pro - gly - phe - ser - pro - phe - arg. Its empirical formula is therefore C50H73N15O11. Bradykinin - Synthesis. The activity of the kinin-kallikrein system makes bradykinin by proteolytic cleavage of its kininogen precu ...

Including:

• Bradykinin - Structure
• Bradykinin - Synthesis
• Bradykinin - Metabolism
• Bradykinin - Physiological role
• Bradykinin - Effects
• Bradykinin - Receptors
• Bradykinin - History
• Bradykinin - Applications

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Zaleplon Zaleplon (Sonata®/Starnoc®) is a sedative/hypnotic, mainly used for insomnia. It is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic from the pyrazolopyrimidine class. Zaleplon - Chemistry. Zaleplon is a white to off-white powder that has very low solubility in water as well as low solubility in alcohol and propylene glycol. It has a partition coefficient in octanol/water is constant (log PC = 1.23) when the pH range is between 1 and 7. Zaleplon - Mode of actionIncluding:

• Zaleplon - Chemistry
• Zaleplon - Mode of action
• Zaleplon - Side-effects

Read more here: » Zaleplon: Encyclopedia - Zaleplon

Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive (to lower high blood pressure) agent, used mainly for this purpose in the past. It has found new uses, including treatment of some types of neuropathic pain, opioid detoxification, and, off-label, to counter the side effects of stimulant medication such as Methylphenidate. It is also increasingly becoming a more accepted alternative to fight insomnia as the drug is less addictive than most prescription sleep aids. Because of the above effects, Clonidine is increasingly used in conjuncti ...

Including:

• Clonidine - Mechanism of action
• Clonidine - Administration

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The chemical compound capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the active component of chilli peppers (Capsicum). It is an irritant for mammals including humans and produces a sensation of burning in the mouth. Capsaicin and several related compounds are called capsaicinoids and are produced as a secondary metabolite by certain plants of the genus Capsicum (chile peppers), probably as deterrants against herbivores. Birds are generally not sensitive to capsaicinoids. Pure capsaicin is a lipophilic col ...

Including:

• Capsaicin - Capsaicinoids
• Capsaicin - Uses
• Capsaicin - Food
• Capsaicin - Medical
• Capsaicin - Non-lethal force
• Capsaicin - Pest deterrent
• Capsaicin - Mechanism of action
• Capsaicin - Capsaicin high

Read more here: » Capsaicin: Encyclopedia - Capsaicin

Senses are the physiological methods of perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology (or cognitive science), and philosophy of perception. Sense - Definition of sense. There is no firm agreement among neurologists as to exactly how many senses there are, because of differing definitions of a sense. In general, one can say that a "sense" is a faculty by which outside stimuli ...

Including:

• Sense - Definition of sense
• Sense - List of Human senses
• Sense - Special senses
• Sense - Somatic senses
• Sense - Other
• Sense - Non-human senses

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DOC (or 4-Chloro-2,5-DMA) is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug of the phenethylamine family. Used by some as an entheogen, DOC was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. The drug is generally taken orally, but some users have been known to insufflate or smoke the pure powder. 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine - Chemistry. DOC is a substituted alpha-methylated phenethylamine, a class of compounds commonly known as amphetamines. The full name of the chemical is 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloro-amphet ...

Including:

• 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine - Chemistry
• 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine - Effects
• 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine - Pharmacology
• 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine - Dangers
• 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine - Popularity
• 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine - Legality
• 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine - Categorization

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DOC (or 4-Chloro-2,5-DMA) is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug of the phenethylamine family. Used by some as an entheogen, DOC was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. The drug is generally taken orally, but some users have been known to insufflate or smoke the pure powder. 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine - Chemistry. DOC is a substituted alpha-methylated phenethylamine, a class of compounds commonly known as amphetamines. The full name of the chemical is 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloro-ampheta ...

Including:

• 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine - Chemistry
• 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine - Effects
• 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine - Pharmacology
• 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine - Dangers
• 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine - Popularity
• 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine - Legality
• 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine - Categorization

Read more here: » 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine: Encyclopedia - 4-chloro-25-dimethoxyamphetamine