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paged | A Wisdom Archive on paged | | paged A selection of articles related to paged | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO paged | | | |  paged: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - Principles of operationFlash memory stores information in an array of floating gate transistors, called "cells", each of which traditionally stores one bit of information. Newer flash memory devices, sometimes referred to as multi-level cell devices, can store more than 1 bit per cell, by varying the number of electrons placed on the floating gate of a cell.
In NOR flash, each cell looks similar to a standard MOSFET transistor, except that it has two gates instead of just one. One gate is the control gate (CG) like in other MOS transistors, but the second i ...
See also:Flash memory, Flash memory - Overview, Flash memory - Principles of operation, Flash memory - History, Flash memory - Limitations, Flash memory - Low-level access, Flash memory - NOR memories, Flash memory - NAND memories, Flash memory - Flash file systems, Flash memory - Capacity Read more here: » Flash memory: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - Principles of operation |
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| | | | paged: Encyclopedia II - System/360 - System/360 history
System/360 - A family of computers.
Unlike past practice, IBM created an entire line of computers (or CPUs) from small to large, low to high performance, all running the same command set (with two exceptions for specific markets). This feat allowed customers to use a lower cost model and then upgrade to larger systems as their needs grew — without the time and expense of rewriting software. Many models (e.g. the 360/30) even offered the option of microcode emulation of the customer's previous computer (e.g. the IBM 1401 or the IBM 1620) s ...
See also:System/360, System/360 - System/360 history, System/360 - A family of computers, System/360 - The project's size and gravity, System/360 - Models, System/360 - Successors and variants, System/360 - Technical description, System/360 - Key features of lasting impact, System/360 - Architectural overview, System/360 - Basic hardware components, System/360 - Operating system software, System/360 - Remaining machines, System/360 - Notes Read more here: » System/360: Encyclopedia II - System/360 - System/360 history |
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| | | | paged: Encyclopedia II - System/360 - Technical description
System/360 - Key features of lasting impact.
The System/360 introduced a number of industry standards to the marketplace, such as:
The 8-bit byte (against financial pressure during development to reduce the byte to 4 or 6 bits)
Byte-addressable memory (as opposed to word-addressable memory)
32-bit words
Two's complement arithmetic
Segmented and paged memory
Commercial use of microcoded CPUs
The IBM Floating Point Architecture (until superseded by ...
See also:System/360, System/360 - System/360 history, System/360 - A family of computers, System/360 - The project's size and gravity, System/360 - Models, System/360 - Successors and variants, System/360 - Technical description, System/360 - Key features of lasting impact, System/360 - Architectural overview, System/360 - Basic hardware components, System/360 - Operating system software, System/360 - Remaining machines, System/360 - Notes Read more here: » System/360: Encyclopedia II - System/360 - Technical description |
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| | | | paged: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - Flash file systems Because of the particular characteristics of flash memory, it is best used with specifically-designed file systems which spread writes over the media and deal with the long erase times of NOR flash blocks. The basic concept behind flash file systems is: When the flash store is to be updated, the file system will write a new copy of the changed data over to a fresh block, remap the file pointers, then erase the old block later when it has time.
One of the earliest flash file systems was Microsoft's FFS2 (presumably preceded by FFS1), f ...
See also:Flash memory, Flash memory - Overview, Flash memory - Principles of operation, Flash memory - History, Flash memory - Limitations, Flash memory - Low-level access, Flash memory - NOR memories, Flash memory - NAND memories, Flash memory - Flash file systems, Flash memory - Capacity Read more here: » Flash memory: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - Flash file systems |
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| | | | paged: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - Low-level access Low-level access to a physical flash memory by device driver software is different from accessing common memories. Whereas a common RAM memory will simply respond to read and write operations by returning the contents or altering them immediately, flash memories need special considerations, especially when used as program memory akin to a read-only memory (ROM).
While reading data can be performed on individual addresses on NOR memories (not on NAND memories) unlocking (making available for erase or write), erasing and writing operations are performed block-wise on all flash memories. ...
See also:Flash memory, Flash memory - Overview, Flash memory - Principles of operation, Flash memory - History, Flash memory - Limitations, Flash memory - Low-level access, Flash memory - NOR memories, Flash memory - NAND memories, Flash memory - Flash file systems, Flash memory - Capacity Read more here: » Flash memory: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - Low-level access |
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| | | | paged: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - History Flash memory was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba in 1984. According to Toshiba, the name 'Flash' was suggested by Dr. Masuoka's colleague, Mr. Shoji Ariizumi, because the erasure process of the memory contents reminded him of a flash of a camera. Dr. Masuoka presented the invention at the IEEE 1984 Integrated Electronics Devices Meeting held in San Jose, California. Intel saw the massive potential of the invention and introduced the first ...
See also:Flash memory, Flash memory - Overview, Flash memory - Principles of operation, Flash memory - History, Flash memory - Limitations, Flash memory - Low-level access, Flash memory - NOR memories, Flash memory - NAND memories, Flash memory - Flash file systems, Flash memory - Capacity Read more here: » Flash memory: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - History |
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| | | | paged: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - Limitations One limitation of flash memory is that although it can be read or programmed a byte or a word at a time in a random access fashion, it must be erased a "block" at a time. Starting with a freshly erased block, any byte within that block can be programmed. However, once a byte has been programmed, it cannot be changed again until the entire block is erased. In other words, flash memory (specifically NOR flash) offers random-access read and programming operations, but cannot offer random-access rewrite or erase operations. When compared to a ha ...
See also:Flash memory, Flash memory - Overview, Flash memory - Principles of operation, Flash memory - History, Flash memory - Limitations, Flash memory - Low-level access, Flash memory - NOR memories, Flash memory - NAND memories, Flash memory - Flash file systems, Flash memory - Capacity Read more here: » Flash memory: Encyclopedia II - Flash memory - Limitations |
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