A Wisdom Archive on oxygen saturation

An automotive oxygen sensor, also known as an O2 sensor, lambda probe, lambda sensor, lambda sond or EGO (exhaust gas oxygen) sensor, is a small sensor inserted into the exhaust system of a petrol engine to measure the volume of oxygen (O2) remaining in the exhaust gas to allow an electronic system (ECU) to control the efficiency of the combustion process in the engine. In most modern automobiles, these sensors are attached to the engine's exhaust manifold to determine whether the mixture of air and gasoline going into the ...

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In marine biology or limnology oxygen measurements are usually done in order to measure respiration of a community or an organism, but it has also been used as a method to measure primary production of algae. The traditional way of measuring oxygen concentration in a water sample has been to use wet chemistry techniques e.g. the Winkler titration method. There are however commercially available oxygen sensors that will measure the oxygen concentration in liquids with great accuracy. There are two types of oxygen sensors available: electrodes (electrochemical sensors) and optodes (optical sensors). ...

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The diving type of oxygen sensor, which is sometimes called an oxygen analyser or ppO2 meter, is used in SCUBA diving. They are used to measure the oxygen content of breathing gas mixes such as nitrox and trimix. They are also used within the oxygen control mechanisms of closed-circuit rebreathers to keep the partial pressure of oxygen within safe limits. This type of sensor operates by measuring the electricity generated by a small electro-galvanic fuel cell. ...

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To diagnose pneumonia, health care providers rely on a patient's symptoms and findings from physical examination. Information from a chest X-ray, blood tests, and sputum cultures may also be helpful. The chest X-ray is typically used for diagnosis in hospitals and some clinics with X-ray facilities. However, in a community setting (general practice), pneumonia is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and physical examination alone. Diagnosing pneumonia can be difficult in some people, especially those who have other illnesses. Occasionally a chest CT scan or other tests may be needed to dist ...

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Oxygen depletion could be the result of a number of factors including natural ones, but is of most concern as a consequence of pollution and as a highly detrimental outcome of a process known as eutrophication. Where plant nutrients enter a river, lake, or ocean, phytoplankton blooms are encouraged. While phytoplankton, through photosynthesis, will raise DO saturation during daylight hours, the dense population of a bloom reduces DO saturation during the night. When phytoplankton cells die, they sink towards the bottom and are decomposed by ...

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Arterial blood is taken from any easily accessible artery (typically either radial, brachial or femoral) or out of an arterial line. The syringe is prepacked and contains a small amount of heparin, to prevent coagulation or needs to be heparinised, by drawing up a small amount of heparin and squirting it out again. The sealed syringe is taken to a blood gas machine. The machine aspirates this blood from the syringe and measures the pH and the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the bicarbonate concentration, as well as ...

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Contrails are created in one of two ways: 1. First, the airplane's exhaust increases the amount of moisture in the air, which can push the water content of the air past saturation point. This causes condensation to occur, and the contrail to form. Airplane fuel such as petrol/gasoline (piston engines) or paraffin/kerosene (jet engines) consists primarily of hydrocarbons. When the fuel is burned, the carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide; the hydrogen also combines with oxygen to form water, which emerges as superhe ...

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Liquid ammonia is the best-known and most widely studied non-aqueous ionizing solvent. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured, electrically conducting solutions containing solvated electrons. Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions. Comparison of the physical properties of NH3 with those of water shows that NH3 has the lower melting point, boiling point, ...

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The first thermal cracking method, the Burton process, was invented by William M. Burton; the oil industry first using it to produce gasoline in 1913. Catalytic cracking, based upon a process developed by Dr. Alex Golden Oblad at Standard Oil of Indiana has been used from around 1936. Typical catalysts include alumina, silica, zeolites, and various types of clay. ...

Read more here: » Cracking chemistry: Encyclopedia II - Cracking chemistry - History