Oxygen Dictionary

All turtles have a protective shell around their bodies. The top part of the shell is called the carapace, the bottom is called the plastron, and the two are connected by a bridge. Sea turtles grow to large sizes and live in the oceans in the temperate and tropical regions of Earth. Pond turtles (terrapins) are usually much smaller, while some land terrapins (tortoises) are as large as sea turtles. The sizes of turtles vary from a few centimetres (forest and jungle species) to two meters (the leatherba ...

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Turtle, Turtle - Description, Turtle - Evolution, Turtle - Order Chelonia - Turtles, Turtle - Turtles in pop culture

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Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction. The elements involved in an electrochemical reaction are characterized by the number of electrons each has. The oxidation state of an ion is the number of electrons it has accepted or donated compared to its neutral state (which is defined as having an oxidation state of 0). If an atom or ion donates an electron in a reaction its oxidation state is increased, if an element accept ...

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Electrochemistry, Electrochemistry - History, Electrochemistry - Principles, Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction, Electrochemistry - Spontaneity

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The water molecule has the chemical formula H2O, meaning each molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The prefix "di" means two and "mono" in "monoxide" means one. Oxide is often used to refer to oxygen in compounds. Literally, the term dihydrogen monoxide means "two hydrogen, one oxygen", consistent with the molecular formula. (The term "monoxide," despite its systematic origin, has some negative connotations due to its association with carbon monoxi ...

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Dihydrogen monoxide hoax, Dihydrogen monoxide hoax - Example, Dihydrogen monoxide hoax - Terminology, Dihydrogen monoxide hoax - Public efforts 'against' DHMO, Dihydrogen monoxide hoax - Notes

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Artificial blood is supposed to fulfill some functions of biological blood, especially in humans. The term oxygen therapeutic is more accurate, as human blood performs other functions besides carrying oxygen. For example white blood cells defend against infectious disease, and platelets are involved in blood clotting. The initial goal of oxygen carrying blood substitutes is merely to mimic blood's oxygen transport capacity. There is additional longer range research on true artificial red and white blood cells which could theoretically c ...

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Blood substitutes, Blood substitutes - Volume expanders, Blood substitutes - Towards artificial blood, Blood substitutes - Advantages, Blood substitutes - Current oxygen therapeutics under development, Blood substitutes - Perfluorocarbon based, Blood substitutes - Hemoglobin based, Blood substitutes - Withdrawn oxygen therapeutics

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In this example, moles are used to calculate the mass of CO2 given off when 1 g of ethane is burnt. The equation for this chemical reaction is: 7 O2 + 2 C2H6 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O that is, 7 molecules of oxygen react with 2 molecules of ethane to give 4 molecules of carbon dioxide and 6 molecules of water. The first thing is to figure out how many molecules of ethane were burnt. We know that it was just enough to make 1 g, ...

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Mole unit, Mole unit - Definition, Mole unit - Elementary entities, Mole unit - History, Mole unit - Utility of moles, Mole unit - Example calculation

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In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers), making COD a useful measure of water quality. It is expressed in millgrams per liter (mg/L), which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution. Older references may express the units as parts per million (ppm). Chemical oxygen demand - Over ...

Including:

• Chemical oxygen demand - Overview
• Chemical oxygen demand - History
• Chemical oxygen demand - Using potassium dichromate
• Chemical oxygen demand - Blanks
• Chemical oxygen demand - Measurement of excess
• Chemical oxygen demand - Calculations
• Chemical oxygen demand - Inorganic interference
• Chemical oxygen demand - Government regulation

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Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to explode early ( pre-ignition pre-detonation) causing a damaging "engine knocking" (also called "pinging") noise. Early research into this effect was led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Midgley and Thomas Boyd in the United States. The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of the practice in the 1920s and hence ...

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Gasoline, Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production, Gasoline - Volatility, Gasoline - Octane rating, Gasoline - Dangers, Gasoline - Energy content, Gasoline - Additives, Gasoline - Lead, Gasoline - MMT, Gasoline - Oxygenate blending, Gasoline - History, Gasoline - Pharmaceutical, Gasoline - Etymology, Gasoline - World War II and octane, Gasoline - Current use, Gasoline - Stability

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Gaia theory science - Early modern parallels. In Lives of a Cell (1974), the biologist, Lewis Thomas, makes an observation very similar to Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis: I have been trying to think of the earth as a kind of organism, but it is no go. I cannot think of it this way. It is too big, too complex, with too many working parts lacking visible connections. The other night, driving through a hilly, wooded part of southern New England, I wondered about this. If not like an organism, what is it like, what is it most like? Then, satisfactorily for that moment, it ...

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Gaia theory science, Gaia theory science - Range of views, Gaia theory science - Gaia theories, Gaia theory science - Early modern parallels, Gaia theory science - Lovelock initial hypothesis, Gaia theory science - Critical analysis, Gaia theory science - Basis, Gaia theory science - Criticism, Gaia theory science - DaisyWorld simulations, Gaia theory science - The First Gaia Conference, Gaia theory science - Strong Gaia theories, Gaia theory science - Semantic debate, Gaia theory science - Recent Developments, Gaia theory science - The Second Gaia Conference, Gaia theory science - Gaia hypothesis in ecology

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Industrially, iron is extracted from its ores, principally hematite (nominally Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) by a carbothermic reaction (reduction with carbon) in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000°C. In a blast furnace, iron ore, carbon in the form of coke, and a flux such as limestone are fed into the top of the furnace, while a blast of heated air is forced into the furnace at the bottom. In the furnace, the coke reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide: See also:

Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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Water pollution or H2O pollution has many sources and characteristics. Humans and other organisms produce bodily wastes which enter rivers, lakes, oceans and other surface waters; in high concentrations these wastes result in bacterial contamination and excessive nutrient loading (eutrophication). Industries discharge a variety of compounds such as heavy metals, and wastewater, sometimes in toxic concentrations, from industrial processes that may also be too hot or too low in dissolved oxygen to support life. Silt-bearing runoff from ...

Including:

• Water pollution - Causes
• Water pollution - Contaminants
• Water pollution - Consequences

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Cycle - Astronomy. The eclipse cycle and the Saros cycle. The solar cycle related to sunspots. The full moon cycle. The Metonic cycle in calendars. The Sothic cycle in the ancient Egyptian calendar. The Great year related to the precession of the equinoxes. Cycle - Biology. The life cycle; The reproductive cycle; The cell cycle; The sleep cycle; Th ...

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Cycle, Cycle - Sports, Cycle - Arts, Cycle - History, Cycle - Culture, Cycle - Science, Cycle - Astronomy, Cycle - Biology, Cycle - Chemistry, Cycle - Physics, Cycle - Geology, Cycle - Meteorology, Cycle - Engineering, Cycle - Mathematics, Cycle - Computer science, Cycle - Military science, Cycle - Political science, Cycle - Business, Cycle - Finance, Cycle - Telecommunication, Cycle - Crime

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Although aluminium is the most abundant metallic element in Earth's crust (believed to be 7.5% to 8.1%), it is very rare in its free form and was once considered a precious metal more valuable than gold. Napoleon III of France had a set of aluminium plates reserved for his finest guests. Others had to make do with gold ones. Aluminium has been produced in commercial quantities for just over 100 years. Aluminium was, when it was first discovered, extremely difficult to separate from its ore. Aluminium is among the most difficult metals ...

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Aluminium, Aluminium - Properties, Aluminium - Applications, Aluminium - Engineering use, Aluminium - History, Aluminium - Natural occurrence, Aluminium - Isotopes, Aluminium - Clusters, Aluminium - Precautions, Aluminium - Spelling, Aluminium - Etymology/Nomenclature history, Aluminium - Present-day spelling, Aluminium - Chemistry, Aluminium - Oxidation state 1, Aluminium - Oxidation state 2, Aluminium - Oxidation state 3, Aluminium - Aluminium in popular culture

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Hydrogen sulfide is a covalent hydride chemically related to water (H2O) since oxygen and sulfur occur in the same periodic table group. Hydrogen sulfide is weakly acidic, dissociating in aqueous solution into hydrogen cations H+ and the hydrosulfide anion HS−: H2S → HS− + H+ Ka = 1.3×10−7 mol/L; pK ...

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Hydrogen sulfide, Hydrogen sulfide - Chemistry, Hydrogen sulfide - Occurrence, Hydrogen sulfide - Manufacture and use, Hydrogen sulfide - Dangers, Hydrogen sulfide - Health effects, Hydrogen sulfide - Function in the body, Hydrogen sulfide - Induced hibernation, Hydrogen sulfide - Participant in the sulfur cycle, Hydrogen sulfide - Reference

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Encephalopathy alters brain function and/or structure. It may be caused by an infectious agent (bacteria, virus, or prion), metabolic or mitochondrial dysfunction, brain tumor or increased intracranial pressure, prolonged exposure to toxic elements (including solvents, drugs, radiation, paints, industrial chemicals, and certain metals), chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain. The hallmark of encephalopathy is an altered mental state. Depending on the type and severity of encephalopathy ...

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Encephalopathy, Encephalopathy - Symptoms and causes, Encephalopathy - Diagnosis, Encephalopathy - Therapy, Encephalopathy - Prognosis, Encephalopathy - Reference

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The Bermuda Triangle (sometimes known as Devil's Triangle) is a 1.5-million-square-mile (4,000,000 km²) area of ocean roughly defined by Bermuda, Puerto Rico, and the southern tip of Florida. Some believe it is a paranormal site in which the laws of physics are violated or altered. It is said that within this area a number of ships and airplanes have disappeared under highly unusual circumstances. The United States Coast Guard and others disagree with the assessment of paranormal activity, arguing that the number of incidents involving lost ships and airplanes is no larger than ...

Including:

• Bermuda Triangle - History of the Bermuda Triangle
• Bermuda Triangle - First citations
• Bermuda Triangle - Popularized by Berlitz
• Bermuda Triangle - Scientific explanations
• Bermuda Triangle - Skeptical responses
• Bermuda Triangle - Kusche's research
• Bermuda Triangle - Methane hydrates
• Bermuda Triangle - Freak waves
• Bermuda Triangle - Famous incidents
• Bermuda Triangle - Flight 19
• Bermuda Triangle - Depictions on Television
• Bermuda Triangle - Cultural references

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Aircraft fall into two broad categories: Aircraft - Heavier than air. Heavier than air aerodynes, including autogyros, helicopters and variants, and conventional fixed-wing aircraft: aeroplanes in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada), airplanes in North American English. Fixed-wing aircraft generally use an internal-combustion engine in the form of a piston engine (with a propeller) or a turbine engine (jet or turboprop), to provide thrust that moves the c ...

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Aircraft, Aircraft - Categories and classification, Aircraft - Heavier than air, Aircraft - Lighter than air, Aircraft - Types of aircraft, Aircraft - Related topics

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Precision marksmanship in shooting competition (unlike in combat) can be achieved by proper execution of the seven step checklist in shooting: Stance When handling a pistol, close your eyes and raise the gun naturally without thinking, then open your eyes to see where your natural arm position points to. Move your feet along with your body to align the arm with the target. That is the best stance compared to pointing straight forward. Your body is less likely to move in this natural position when the trigger ...

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Shooting, Shooting - Shooting technique

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The ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in alcoholic beverages is almost always produced by fermentation, which is the metabolism of carbohydrates (usually sugars) by certain species of yeast in the absence of oxygen. The process of culturing yeast under conditions that produce alcohol is referred to as brewing. It should be noted that in chemistry, alcohol is a general term for any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom, which in turn is bound to other hydrogen and/or carbon atoms. Othe ...

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Alcoholic beverage, Alcoholic beverage - Chemistry, Alcoholic beverage - Alcoholic content, Alcoholic beverage - Flavoring, Alcoholic beverage - History, Alcoholic beverage - Fermented beverages, Alcoholic beverage - Distilled beverages, Alcoholic beverage - Uses, Alcoholic beverage - Legal considerations, Alcoholic beverage - Types of alcoholic beverages, Alcoholic beverage - Non-distilled beverages, Alcoholic beverage - Distilled beverages, Alcoholic beverage - External link

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In the United States, EMTs are certified according to their level of training. Individual states set their own standards of certification (or licensure, in some cases). All EMT training must meet the minimum requirements as set forth in the U.S. Department of Transportation's standards for the EMT-B (Emergency Medical Technician - Basic) curriculum. The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT), a voluntary standards and testing body, recognizes three levels of EMT: EMT-B (Basic), EMT-I (Intermediate) and EMT-P (Param ...

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Emergency medical technician, Emergency medical technician - Certification, Emergency medical technician - Medical Direction, Emergency medical technician - Employment of EMTs

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There is an asymmetry between life and death. While cells and organisms may die, they have never been observed to arise from non-living material (spontaneous generation), as found by Louis Pasteur in the late 19th century. In human affairs, we are normally concerned with the life and death of a person, not his or her parts. Identifying the exact moment of death is important for a number of reasons. It allows for the correct time on death certificates, and helps ensure that a person's legal Will is executed only after he or she is trul ...

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Death, Death - Biological death, Death - Criteria of human death, Death - Defining the moment of human death, Death - The process of dying, Death - Cell death, Death - Physiological changes, Death - Signs of approaching death, Death - Causes of human death in the US, Death - Consciousness after death, Death - Physiological consequences of human death, Death - Settlement of dead human bodies, Death - Personification of death, Death - Unwritten customs and superstitions

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Automobile emissions control covers all the technologies that are employed to reduce the air pollution-causing emissions produced by automobiles. Exhaust emissions control systems were first required on 1966 model year vehicles produced for sale in the state of California, followed by the United States as a whole in model year 1968. Their use became widespread in the following decades and now they ...

Including:

• Automobile emissions control - Tailpipe emissions control
• Automobile emissions control - Increasing engine efficiency
• Automobile emissions control - Increasing vehicle efficiency
• Automobile emissions control - Increasing driving efficiency
• Automobile emissions control - Cleaning up the emissions
• Automobile emissions control - Evaporative emissions control
• Automobile emissions control - Capturing vented vapors
• Automobile emissions control - Reducing refuelling losses
• Automobile emissions control - Emission Testing

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The main systems of fish farming are treated below. Fish farming - Integrated recycling systems. One of the largest problems with freshwater aquaculture is that it can use a million gallons of water per acre (about 1 m³ of water per m²) each year. Extended water purification systems allow for the reuse (recycling) of local water. The largest-scale pure fish farms use a system derived (admittedly much refined) from the New Alchemists in the 1970s. Basically, large plastic fish tanks are placed in a ...

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Fish farming, Fish farming - Basics of fish production, Fish farming - Extensive pond aquaculture, Fish farming - Intensive closed-circulation aquaculture, Fish farming - Systems of fish farming, Fish farming - Integrated recycling systems, Fish farming - Irrigation ditch or pond systems, Fish farming - Cage system, Fish farming - Classic fry farming, Fish farming - Controversy

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