Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxygen - History
Oxygen was first discovered by Michał Sędziwój, Polish alchemist and philosopher in late 16th century. Sędziwój assumed the existenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Oxygen Demand - History
For many years, the strong oxidizing agent potassium permanganate (KMn04) was used for measuring chemical oxygen demand. Measurements wer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxygen - Applications
Liquid oxygen finds use as an oxidizer in rocket propulsion. Oxygen is essential to respiration, so oxygen supplementation has found use ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia - Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol O and atomic number 8. The element is very common, found not only o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand: Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand
In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Respiration: Encyclopedia - Artificial Respiration
Artificial respiration is a technique for providing air for a person who is not breathing on their own but whose heart is still beating. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Air-independent Propulsion: Encyclopedia - Air-independent Propulsion
Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP), is a term that encompasses technologies which allow a submarine to operate without the need to surface ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia - Gasoline
Gasoline is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. Gasolin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bessemer Process: Encyclopedia - Bessemer Process
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart-lung Machine: Encyclopedia - Heart-lung Machine
A heart-lung machine (HLM) is a device that temporarily takes over the function of the lungs and heart. It is sometimes also called cardi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon-12
Carbon-12 is the more abundant (98.89%) of the two stable isotopes of the element carbon. It contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bleach: Encyclopedia - Bleach
In chemistry, to bleach something generally means to whiten it or oxidize it. A bleach is a chemical that can produce these effects. Comm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White Dwarf: Encyclopedia - White Dwarf
A white dwarf is an astronomical object which is produced when a low or medium mass star dies. These stars are not heavy enough to genera...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequentl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Argon: Encyclopedia - Argon
Argon is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. The third noble gas, in group 18, argon ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Citric Acid Cycle: Encyclopedia - Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia - Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. Chromium - Notable characteristics. Ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zinc: Encyclopedia - Zinc
Zinc (from German zink) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc - Notable character...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Rain: Encyclopedia - Acid Rain
Acid rain is defined as any type of precipitation with a pH of below 5.0. Normal rain has a pH which can range between 4.5 and 5.6 with a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antoine Lavoisier: Encyclopedia - Antoine Lavoisier
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794) was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, bi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Water Molecule: Encyclopedia - Water Molecule
Water has the chemical formula H2O, meaning that one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It is in dy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Oxygen Demand - Using Potassium Dichromate
Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions. (Acidity is usually achieved by the addition of sulfuric acid.)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Oxygen Demand - Inorganic Interference
Some samples of water contain high levels of oxidizable inorganic materials which may interfere with the determination of COD. Because of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paleoclimatology: Encyclopedia Ii - Paleoclimatology - History Of The Atmosphere
Paleoclimatology - Earliest atmosphere. The earliest atmosphere of the Earth was probably stripped away by solar winds early in the his...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Oxygen Demand - Overview
COD is based on the fact that nearly all organic compounds can be fully oxidized to carbon dioxide with a strong oxidizing agent under ac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rebreather: Encyclopedia Ii - Rebreather - History Of Rebreathers
Also see Timeline of underwater technology. Around 1620 in England, Cornelius Drebbel made an early oar-powered submarine. Records show t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Air-independent Propulsion: Encyclopedia Ii - Air-independent Propulsion - Internal Oxygen Supply
Air-independent propulsion - History. During the Second World War the German firm Walter experimented with submarines that used concent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Respiration: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Respiration - Oxygen
Depending on your training and environment, you might have an oxygen first aid set at your disposal. If a patient is in a state of respir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gold Cyanidation: Encyclopedia Ii - Gold Cyanidation - History
The original discovery of gold cyanidation was made in 1783 by the chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, the discoverer of cyanide. The modern cy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ozone Depletion: Encyclopedia Ii - Ozone Depletion - History Of The Research
The basic physical and chemical processes that lead to the formation of an ozone layer in the earth's stratosphere were discovered by Syd...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rebreather: Encyclopedia Ii - Rebreather - Main Rebreather Design Variants
Rebreather - Oxygen rebreather. This is the oldest type of rebreather and was commonly used by navies from the early twentieth century....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enriched Air Nitrox: Encyclopedia Ii - Enriched Air Nitrox - Dangers
Enriched Air Nitrox - Oxygen toxicity. Diving and handling Nitrox raises a number of potentially fatal dangers due to the high partial ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rebreather: Encyclopedia Ii - Rebreather - Risks And Precautions With Rebreather Diving
Many diver training organizations teach the "diluent flush" technique as a safe way to restore the mix in the loop to a level of oxygen t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Respiration: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Respiration - Insufflations
Insufflation is the act of mechanically forcing air into a patient's respiratory system. In the United States and other countries, these ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart-lung Machine: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart-lung Machine - Components Of A Heart-lung Machine
Heart-lung machines consist of two main functional units, the pump and the oxygenator. Heart-lung machine - Pump. The pump is usually s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rebreather: Encyclopedia Ii - Rebreather - Basics
Rebreather technology is used in many environments: Underwater - where it is sometimes known as "closed circuit scuba" as opposed to Aqu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enriched Air Nitrox: Encyclopedia Ii - Enriched Air Nitrox - Richness Of Mix
Nitrox with more than 40% oxygen is uncommon within entry-level recreational diving. Nitrox with 50% to 80% oxygen is common in technical...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enriched Air Nitrox: Encyclopedia Ii - Enriched Air Nitrox - Purpose
Nitrox is mainly used in Scuba diving to reduce the proportion of nitrogen in the breathing gas mixture. Reducing the proportion of nitro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torpedo: Encyclopedia Ii - Torpedo - History
The first torpedoes driven at the target were spar torpedoes – the explosive device was on the end of a spar up to 40 feet long project...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paleoclimatology: Encyclopedia Ii - Paleoclimatology - Techniques Of Paleoclimatology
Paleoclimatologists employ a wide variety of skills to arrive at their theories and conclusions. Glaciers are a widely employed instrumen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rebreather: Encyclopedia Ii - Rebreather - Advantages Of Rebreather Diving
The main advantage of the rebreather over other breathing equipment is the rebreather's economical use of gas. With the "open circuit" Aq...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rebreather: Encyclopedia Ii - Rebreather - Parts Of A Rebreather
There are several design variations of diving rebreather. All types have a gas-tight loop that the diver inhales from and exhales into. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atomic Mass: Encyclopedia Ii - Atomic Mass - History
Before the 1960s, this was expressed so that the oxygen-16 isotope received the atomic weight 16, however, the proportions of oxygen-17 a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart-lung Machine: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart-lung Machine - Uses Of The Heart-lung Machine
Heart-lung machines are frequently used in heart surgery because it is difficult or even impossible to operate on the beating heart. HLM ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gold Cyanidation: Encyclopedia Ii - Gold Cyanidation - The Process And Its Uses
The ore is comminuted (using grinding machinery), and may be further concentrated by froth flotation or by centrifugal (gravity) concentr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gold Cyanidation: Encyclopedia Ii - Gold Cyanidation - Process Improvement
Gold cyanidation - The Effect of pH. It is critical to avoid the release (volatilization) of cyanide as toxic hydrogen cyanide gas as f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ozone Depletion: Encyclopedia Ii - Ozone Depletion - Ozone Cycle Overview
Ozone depletion - Ozone creation. Ozone in the Earth's atmosphere is generally created by ultraviolet light striking oxygen molecules, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Additives
Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to explode ear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Additives
Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to ignite earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paleoclimatology: Encyclopedia Ii - Paleoclimatology - Planet's Timeline
Some of the mile stones that mark the history of the planet are as follows:    » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Chemical Analysis And Production
Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. These days, material that is simply separated from crude oil via distillation, called natural gas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Dangers
Many of the non-aliphatic hydrocarbons naturally present in gasoline (especially aromatic ones like benzene), as well as many anti-knocki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Energy Content
Gasoline contains about 45 megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg) or 135MJ/US gallon. Volumetric energy density of some fuels compared to gasoli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Air-independent Propulsion: Encyclopedia Ii - Air-independent Propulsion - Fuel Cells
Siemens has developed a 30-50 kilowatt unit, and nine of these are incorporated into Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft AG's 1,830t submarine U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Air-independent Propulsion: Encyclopedia Ii - Air-independent Propulsion - Nuclear Power
See Nuclear marine propulsion. Nuclear reactors have been used for 50 years to power submarines, the first being USS Nautilus. Five count...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon-12: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon-12 - History
Prior to 1959 both the IUPAP and IUPAC tended to use used oxygen to define the mole, the chemists defining the mole as the number of atom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torpedo: Encyclopedia Ii - Torpedo - Etymology
The word torpedo comes from the torpedo genus of electric rays in the order Torpediniformes, which in turn comes from the Latin "torpere"...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torpedo: Encyclopedia Ii - Torpedo - Propulsion
Torpedo - Compressed air. This first, successful, self-propelled torpedo of 1866 used compressed air as its energy source. The air was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torpedo: Encyclopedia Ii - Torpedo - Torpedo Classes And Diameters
Torpedoes are launched several ways: From a deck-mounted "drop collar" (such as those on U.S. PT boats in WW2) From a torpedo tube mount...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Residual Entropy: Encyclopedia Ii - Residual Entropy - History
One of the first examples of residual entropy was pointed out by Pauling to describe water ice. In water, each oxygen atom is bonded to t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mole Unit: Encyclopedia Ii - Mole Unit - History
The name mole is attributed to Wilhelm Ostwald who introduced the concept in the year 1902. He used it to express the gram molecular weig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ozone Depletion: Encyclopedia Ii - Ozone Depletion - Myths About Ozone Depletion
Various untruths and halftruths about ozone depletion are prevalent. A few of the most common are addressed briefly here; more detailed d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biosphere 2: Encyclopedia Ii - Biosphere 2 - History
Biosphere 2 - Missions. The project conducted two sealed missions; the first from September 26, 1991 to September 26, 1993 and the seco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - History
Gasoline - Pharmaceutical. Before internal combustion engines were invented in the mid-1800s, gasoline was sold in small bottles as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - History
Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke but thought it to be hydrogen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pulmonary Edema: Encyclopedia Ii - Pulmonary Edema - Diagnosis
Pulmonary edema is generally suspected due to findings in the medical history and physical examination: end-inspiratory crackles during a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Periodic Table: Encyclopedia Ii - Periodic Table - Periodicity Of Chemical Properties
Elements adjacent to one another within a group have similar physical properties, despite their significant differences in mass. Elements...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caloric Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Caloric Theory - History
In the history of thermodynamics, the initial explanations of heat were thoroughly confused with explanations of combustion. After J. J. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orford New Hampshire: Encyclopedia Ii - Orford New Hampshire - History
First called "Number Seven" in a line of Connecticut River fort towns, this town was incorporated in 1761 by Colonial Governor Benning We...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gulf Of Mexico: Encyclopedia Ii - Gulf Of Mexico - Pollution
Because of the ever increasing amount of nitrogen and phosphates dissolved in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, pollution has more than d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - History
Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke but thought it to be hydrogen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hybrid Rocket: Encyclopedia Ii - Hybrid Rocket - Organisations Working On Hybrids
The Reaction Research Society (RRS), although known primarily for their work with liquid rocket propulsion, has a long history of researc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myocardial Infarction: Encyclopedia Ii - Myocardial Infarction - Pathophysiology
Myocardial infarction - Ischemia and infarction. The underlying mechanism of a heart attack is the destruction of heart muscle cells du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myocardial Infarction: Encyclopedia Ii - Myocardial Infarction - Pathophysiology
Myocardial infarction - Ischemia and infarction. The underlying mechanism of a heart attack is the destruction of heart muscle cells du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stevie Wonder: Encyclopedia Ii - Stevie Wonder - Biography
Stevie Wonder - Artist career history. Steveland Judkins was born prematurely in Saginaw. Common belief is that he became blind after b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wasserfall Missile: Encyclopedia Ii - Wasserfall Missile - History
Wasserfall was essentially an anti-aircraft development of the V2 rocket, sharing the same general layout and shaping. Since the missile ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - S-ivb: Encyclopedia Ii - S-ivb - History
The S-IVB evolved from the upper stage of the Saturn I rocket, the S-IV, and was the first stage of the Saturn V to be designed. The S-IV...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Periodic Table: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Periodic Table - Antoine-laurent De Lavoisier
Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry, 1789, translated into English by Robert Kerr) is considere...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorine - History
Chlorine (Gr. χλωρος, greenish yellow) was discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who mistakenly thought it contained oxygen. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Precambrian: Encyclopedia Ii - Precambrian - Overview
Remarkably little is known about the Precambrian, despite it making up roughly seven-eighths of the earth's history, and what little is k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - History And Etymology
Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material in insufficient oxygen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bessemer Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Bessemer Process - Bessemer Converter
The process is carried on in a large ovoid steel container lined with clay or dolomite called the Bessemer converter. The capacity of a c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bessemer Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Bessemer Process - Predecessor Processes
Before the Bessemer process, steel was manufactured by heating bars of wrought iron together with charcoal for periods of up to a week. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pope John Xxiii: Encyclopedia Ii - Pope John Xxiii - Legacy
Known affectionately as "Good Pope John" and "the most loved Pope in history" to many people, in 2000 John was declared "Blessed" by Pope...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cuyahoga River: Encyclopedia Ii - Cuyahoga River - Dams On The Cuyahoga
The largest dam is the Ohio Edison Dam in Akron, near Cuyahoga Falls. This 57-foot dam has for over 90 years flooded the Falls over which...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ammonium Nitrate: Encyclopedia Ii - Ammonium Nitrate - Disasters
Ammonium nitrate decomposes into gases including oxygen when heated (non-explosive reaction); however, ammonium nitrate can be induced to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myocardial Infarction: Encyclopedia Ii - Myocardial Infarction - First Aid
Myocardial infarction - Immediate care. As myocardial infarction is a common medical emergency, the signs are often part of first aid c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myocardial Infarction: Encyclopedia Ii - Myocardial Infarction - First Aid
Myocardial infarction - Immediate care. As myocardial infarction is a common medical emergency, the signs are often part of first aid c...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Atmosphere: Social Studies Dictionary - Atmosphere
Definition and meaning of Atmosphere   Atmosphere - [World Geography] The atmosphere is the envelope of gases, aerosols, and o...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Atmosphere: Social Studies Dictionary - Atmosphere
Definition and meaning of Atmosphere   Atmosphere - [World Geography] The atmosphere is the envelope of gases, aerosols, and o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scuba Set: Encyclopedia Ii - Scuba Set - History
A predecessor to scuba gear, the Momson lung, was used as emergency escape gear by WWII submariners. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Steel: Encyclopedia Ii - Steel - Iron And Steel
Austenite (γ-iron; hard) Bainite Martensite Cementite (iron carbide; Fe3C) Ferrite (α-iron; soft) Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alcoholic Beverage: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcoholic Beverage - Chemistry
The ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in alcoholic beverages is almost always produced by fermentation, which is the metabolism of carbohydrates (usuall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alcoholic Beverage: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcoholic Beverage - Chemistry
The ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in alcoholic beverages is almost always produced by fermentation, which is the metabolism of carbohydrates (usuall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decompression Sickness: Encyclopedia Ii - Decompression Sickness - Treatment
Recompression is the only effective treatment for severe DCS, although rest and oxygen (increasing the percentage of oxygen in the air be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Water Molecule: Encyclopedia Ii - Water Molecule - History
In 1742, Anders Celsius defined the Celsius temperature scale with the freezing point of water at 100 degrees and the boiling point at st...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - Importance
Heart action and respiratory effort are absolute requirements in transporting oxygen to the tissues. The main organ to suffer from oxygen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxygen - Characteristics
At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen exists as a diatomic molecule with the formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are doubly ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxygen - Precautions
Oxygen can be toxic at elevated partial pressures (i.e. high relative concentrations). This is important in some forms of scuba diving, s...   » Read the article