Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxygen - Characteristics
At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen exists as a diatomic molecule with the formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are doubly ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxygen - Precautions
Oxygen can be toxic at elevated partial pressures (i.e. high relative concentrations). This is important in some forms of scuba diving, s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxygen - Applications
Liquid oxygen finds use as an oxidizer in rocket propulsion. Oxygen is essential to respiration, so oxygen supplementation has found use ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia - Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol O and atomic number 8. The element is very common, found not only o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Reaction - Hydrocarbons Plus Group 15 Pnictogen
Organic reaction - Nitrogen containing compounds. Pinner reaction Organic reaction - Phosphorus containing compounds. Reactions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Reaction - Hydrocarbons Plus Group 16 Chalcogen
Organic reaction - Oxygen containing compounds. Primary alcohols = SN2 Tertiary alcohols = SN1 Secondary alcohols = SN1 or SN2 (SNX) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand: Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand
In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aliphatic Compound: Encyclopedia - Aliphatic Compound
In chemistry, aliphatic compounds are non-aromatic and non-cyclic organic compounds. They include not only the fatty acids and other deri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chalcogen: Encyclopedia - Chalcogen
The chalcogens (with the "ch" pronounced with a hard "c" as in "chemistry") are the name for the periodic table group 16 (old-style: VIB ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Decomposition: Encyclopedia - Chemical Decomposition
Chemical decomposition or analysis is the fragmentation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds. It is sometimes define...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Compound: Encyclopedia - Chemical Compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. For example...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonyl: Encyclopedia - Carbonyl
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. The term carbonyl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pollution: Encyclopedia - Pollution
Environmental Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. Generally the process needs ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ether: Encyclopedia - Ether
Ether is the general name for a class of chemical compounds which contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Azadirachtin: Encyclopedia - Azadirachtin
Azadirachtin A is a chemical compound belonging to the limonoids. It is a secondary metabolite present in the Neem tree seeds. The molecu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bleach: Encyclopedia - Bleach
In chemistry, to bleach something generally means to whiten it or oxidize it. A bleach is a chemical that can produce these effects. Comm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Born Haber Cycle: Encyclopedia - Born Haber Cycle
The Born-Haber cycle is a famous cycle of chemical reactions, first developed by Max Born and the German chemist Fritz Haber in 1917. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rust: Encyclopedia - Rust
Rust is the substance formed when iron compounds corrode in the presence of oxygen and water. It is a mixture of iron oxides and hydroxid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium Oxide: Encyclopedia - Aluminium Oxide
Aluminium oxide or aluminum oxide is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O3. It is also commonly ref...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia - Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. Chromium - Notable characteristics. Ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Urea: Encyclopedia - Urea
Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbohydrate: Encyclopedia - Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates are chemical compounds that contain oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms. They consist of monosaccharide sugars of varying ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Water Pollution: Encyclopedia - Water Pollution
Water pollution or H2O pollution has many sources and characteristics. Humans and other organisms produce bodily wastes which enter river...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrogen Oxide: Encyclopedia - Nitrogen Oxide
The term nitrogen oxide is imprecise and can be used to refer to any of these oxides (oxygen compounds) of nitrogen, or to a mixture of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Reaction - Hydrocarbons Plus Group 17 Halogen
Organic reaction - Alkyl halides RX. ... See also:Organic reaction, Organic reaction - Reactions by reactants: aliphatic compounds, O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Agent: Encyclopedia - Blood Agent
A blood agent or cyanogen agent is a chemical compound, containing the cyanide group, that prevents the body from utilizing oxygen. The t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uric Acid: Encyclopedia - Uric Acid
Uric acid is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen with the structure shown right: Uric acid is the final oxidati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a form of toxicity due to two main mechanisms: CO binds to hemoglobin and decreases the oxygen content of b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biomolecule: Encyclopedia - Biomolecule
A biomolecule is a chemical compound that naturally occurs in living organisms. Biomolecules consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen, al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Argon: Encyclopedia - Argon
Argon is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. The third noble gas, in group 18, argon ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequentl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zinc: Encyclopedia - Zinc
Zinc (from German zink) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc - Notable character...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Reaction - Reactions By Reactants: Aliphatic Compounds
Organic reaction - Alkanes RH. Organic reaction - Alkenes R1R2C=CR3R4 and Alkynes R1C≡CR2. (RS) Free radical bromination: alkene + ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Oxygen Demand - Overview
COD is based on the fact that nearly all organic compounds can be fully oxidized to carbon dioxide with a strong oxidizing agent under ac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Oxygen Demand - History
For many years, the strong oxidizing agent potassium permanganate (KMn04) was used for measuring chemical oxygen demand. Measurements wer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Oxygen Demand: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Oxygen Demand - Using Potassium Dichromate
Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions. (Acidity is usually achieved by the addition of sulfuric acid.)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flue Gas Desulfurization: Encyclopedia Ii - Flue Gas Desulfurization - Sources Of Sulfur
Fossil fuels such as coal and oil contain significant amounts of sulfur. When burned, this sulfur is generally converted to SO2. This hap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pollution: Encyclopedia Ii - Pollution - Regulation And Monitoring
Pollution - International. The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pollution: Encyclopedia Ii - Pollution - Regulation And Monitoring
Pollution - International. The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Argon: Encyclopedia Ii - Argon - Notable Characteristics
Argon is 2.5 times as soluble in water as nitrogen which is approximately the same solubility as oxygen. This highly stable chemical elem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Reaction - Reaction Types
There are five major classifications of chemical reactions. Some common and widely used terms are: Isomerization in which a chemical com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Formula: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Formula - Elements
In organic chemistry most compounds consist of the following five chemical elements: C carbon H hydrogen N nitrogen O oxygen S sulfur F...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromium - Notable Characteristics
Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish, melts with difficulty, and tarnishes. The most common oxidation ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redox: Encyclopedia Ii - Redox - Redox Reactions In Biology
Much biological energy is stored and released by means of redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dihydrogen Monoxide Hoax: Encyclopedia Ii - Dihydrogen Monoxide Hoax - Terminology
The water molecule has the chemical formula H2O, meaning each molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dihydrogen Monoxide Hoax: Encyclopedia Ii - Dihydrogen Monoxide Hoax - Terminology
The water molecule has the chemical formula H2O, meaning each molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artemisinin: Encyclopedia Ii - Artemisinin - How It Works
The compound has a peroxide group in its structure. When the peroxide comes into contact with high iron concentrations, the molecule beco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Structure
The functional group of an alcohol is a hydroxyl group bonded to an sp³ hybridized carbon. It can therefore be regarded as a derivative ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Organic Compounds
The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Wöhler: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Wöhler - Major Works Discoveries And Research
Wöhler was also a co-discoverer of beryllium and silicon, as well as the synthesis of calcium carbide, among others. In 1834, Wöhler an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron-gall Nut Ink: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron-gall Nut Ink - Chemistry
The gradual darkening of the ink was due to the oxidation of the iron ions from ferrous (Fe++) to ferric (Fe+++) state by atmospheric oxy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Compounds
Potassium permanganate, also called Condy's crystals, is a commonly used laboratory reagent because of its oxidizing properties and finds...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diels-alder Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Diels-alder Reaction - Heterodienophiles
No major loss in reactivity of dienophile is seen when one, or both, of the carbons are substituted for another variety of atom.[12] Carb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Organic Compounds
The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Simple Aromatic Ring: Encyclopedia Ii - Simple Aromatic Ring - Table Of Simple Aromatic Rings
Simple aromatic rings are aromatic organic compounds (also known as arenes or aromatics) that consist only of conjugated planar ring syst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Simple Aromatic Ring: Encyclopedia Ii - Simple Aromatic Ring - Table Of Simple Aromatic Rings
Simple aromatic rings are aromatic organic compounds (also known as arenes or aromatics) that consist only of conjugated planar ring sys...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Simple Aromatic Ring: Encyclopedia Ii - Simple Aromatic Ring - Table Of Simple Aromatic Rings
Simple aromatic rings are aromatic organic compounds (also known as arenes or aromatics) that consist only of conjugated planar ring sys...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plutonium: Encyclopedia Ii - Plutonium - Compounds
Plutonium reacts readily with oxygen, forming PuO and PuO2, as well as intermediate oxides. It reacts with the halides, giving rise to co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Compounds
Potassium permanganate, also called Condy's crystals, is a commonly used laboratory reagent because of its oxidizing properties and finds...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonyl: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbonyl - Reactivity
Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, and thus pulls electron density away from carbon to increase the bond's polarity. Therefore, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemoluminescence: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemoluminescence - Bioluminescence
Chemoluminescence takes place in numerous living organisms, the American firefly being a widely studied case of bioluminescence. The fire...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - History
Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke but thought it to be hydrogen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbohydrate: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbohydrate - Structure
Pure carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, in a 1:2:1 molar ratio, giving the general formula Cn(H2O)n. (This applies...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: Encyclopedia Ii - Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Uses
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Endogenous. The precise function of GHB in body is not clear. It is an immediate precursor to GABA, a neurotran...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extractive Metallurgy: Encyclopedia Ii - Extractive Metallurgy - Pyrometallurgy
Pyrometallurgy involves the treatment of ores at high temperature to convert ore minerals to raw metals, or intermediate compounds for fu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: Encyclopedia Ii - Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Uses
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Endogenous. The precise function of GHB in the body is not clear. It is an immediate precursor to GABA, a neuro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodium Thiosulfate: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodium Thiosulfate - Basic Information
Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) is a colorless crystalline compound that is more familiar as the pentahydrate, Na2S2O3.5H2O, an efflorescent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lake Hévíz: Encyclopedia Ii - Lake Hévíz - Microscopic Organisms Of The Lake
The fauna and flora are unique in Lake Hévíz due to the temperature and chemical composition of the water, which is slightly radioactiv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution: Encyclopedia Ii - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution - Reaction Mechanism
The reaction of a nucleophile with a polar carbonyl group such as a ketone or an aldehyde results in nucleophilic addition with a tetrahe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nutrition: Encyclopedia Ii - Nutrition - Overview
The human body comprises chemical compounds such as water, amino acids (proteins), fatty acids (lipids), nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), and car...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Firework: Encyclopedia Ii - Firework - Pyrotechnic Compounds
Colors in fireworks are usually generated by pyrotechnic stars–usually just called stars–which produce intense light when ignited. St...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nutrition: Encyclopedia Ii - Nutrition - Overview
The human body comprises chemical compounds such as water, amino acids (proteins), fatty acids (lipids), nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), and car...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Other Exotic Biochemical Elements
Chlorine is sometimes proposed as a biological alternative to oxygen, either in carbon-based biologies or hypothetical non-carbon-based o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swimming Pool: Encyclopedia Ii - Swimming Pool - Water Cleanliness And Disinfection
Swimming pool water must be maintained with very low levels of bacteria and viruses to prevent the spread of diseases and pathogens betwe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photosynthesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Photosynthesis - Plant Photosynthesis
Plants are photoautotrophs, which means they are able to synthesize food directly from inorganic compounds using light energy, instead of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Firework: Encyclopedia Ii - Firework - Pyrotechnic Compounds
Colors in fireworks are usually generated by pyrotechnic stars–usually just called stars–which produce intense light when ignited. St...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Peroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Peroxide - Manufacture
Hydrogen peroxide is manufactured today almost exclusively by the autoxidation of 2-ethyl-9,10-dihydroxyanthracene to 2-ethylanthraquinon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorus: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorus - Occurrence
Due to its reactivity to air and many other oxygen containing substances, phosphorus is not found free in nature but it is widely distrib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorus: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorus - Precautions
This is a particularly poisonous element with 50 mg being the average fatal dose (white phosphorus is generally considered to be the leth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coenzyme Q: Encyclopedia Ii - Coenzyme Q - Chemical Properties
The oxidized structure of CoQ, or Q, is given here: The various kinds of Coenzyme Q can be distinguished by the number of isoprenoid sid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorine - History
Chlorine (Gr. χλωρος, greenish yellow) was discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who mistakenly thought it contained oxygen. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copper: Encyclopedia Ii - Copper - Biological Role
Copper is essential in all higher plants and animals. Copper is carried mostly in the bloodstream on a plasma protein called ceruloplasmi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Element: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Element - Nomenclature
The naming of elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - History And Etymology
Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material in insufficient oxygen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium Bronze: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium Bronze - Material Properties
Aluminium bronzes are most valued for their higher strength and corrosion resistance as compared to other bronze alloys. These alloys are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amorphous Solid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amorphous Solid - Glasses
In common parlance, the term glass refers to amorphous oxides, and especially silicates (compounds based on silicon and oxygen). To avoid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitric Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitric Oxide - Biological Functions
See also: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and signal transduction In the body, nitric oxide is synthesized from arginine and o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methyl Tert-butyl Ether: Encyclopedia Ii - Methyl Tert-butyl Ether - Alternatives
Other, safer compounds (such as ethanol) are available. Reasons for using MTBE include economical considerations, as some of the producti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - History
Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke but thought it to be hydrogen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tungsten: Encyclopedia Ii - Tungsten - Compounds
The most common oxidation state of tungsten is +6, but it exhibits all oxidation states from +2 to +6. Tungsten typically combines with o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tin: Encyclopedia Ii - Tin - Notable Characteristics
Tin is a malleable, ductile, highly crystalline, silvery-white metal whose crystal structure causes a strange screeching sound known as t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Titanium: Encyclopedia Ii - Titanium - Notable Characteristics
Titanium is well known for its excellent corrosion resistance (almost as resistant as platinum), being able to withstand attack by acids,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tellurium: Encyclopedia Ii - Tellurium - Notable Characteristics
Tellurium is a relatively rare element, in the same chemical family as oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and polonium (the chalcogens). When crys...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silicon: Encyclopedia Ii - Silicon - Occurrence
Silicon is a principal component of aerolites which are a class of meteoroids and also of tektites which is a natural form of glass. Meas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorus: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorus - Occurrence
Due to its reactivity to air and many other oxygen containing substances, phosphorus is not found free in nature but it is widely distrib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorus: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorus - Precautions
This is a particularly poisonous element with 50 mg being the average fatal dose (white phosphorus is generally considered to be the leth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Explosive Material: Encyclopedia Ii - Explosive Material - Chemical Explosive Reaction
A chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Structure
The functional group of an alcohol is a hydroxyl group bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon. It can therefore be regarded as a derivative o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxygen: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxygen - History
Oxygen was first discovered by Michał Sędziwój, Polish alchemist and philosopher in late 16th century. Sędziwój assumed the existenc...   » Read the article