At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen exists as a diatomic molecule with the formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are doubly bonded to each other. In its most stable form, oxygen exists as a diradical (triplet oxygen). Though radicals are commonly associated with highly reactive compounds, triplet oxygen is surprisingly (and fortunately) unreactive towards most compounds. Singlet oxygen, a name given to several higher energy species in which all the electron spins are paired, is much more ...

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Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions

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Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions

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Oxygen can be toxic at elevated partial pressures (i.e. high relative concentrations). This is important in some forms of scuba diving, such as with a rebreather. Certain derivatives of oxygen, such as ozone (O3), singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide, are also highly toxic. The body has developed mechanisms to protect against these toxic species. For instance, the naturally-occurring glutathione can act as an antioxidant, as can bilirubin which is normally a breakdown product of hemoglobin. To ...

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Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions

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Oxygen is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol O and atomic number 8. The element is very common, found not only on Earth but throughout the universe, usually covalently bonded with other elements. Unbound oxygen (usually called molecular oxygen, O2, a diatomic molecule) first appeared on Earth during the Paleoproterozoic era (between 2500 million years ago and 1600 million years ago) and as a product of the metabolic action of early anaerobes (archaea and bacteria). The presence of free oxygen ...

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Oxygen - Characteristics Oxygen - Applications Oxygen - History Oxygen - Occurrence Oxygen - Compounds Oxygen - Isotopes Oxygen - Precautions

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An aging barrel is a barrel used to age wine or distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum. Specialty beers are also sometimes aged in barrels which were previously used in aging harder spirits, thus imparting characteristic and distinctive flavors to the beer; lambic beers are aged in used wine barrels. When a wine or whiskey/whisky ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in (compare to microoxygenation where oxygen is deliberately added). Oxygen enters a barrel when water or ...

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This article is about the phenomenon in fires. For the movie see Backdraft (film). A backdraft is a situation which can occur when a fire is starved of oxygen; consequently combustion ceases but the fuel gases and smoke remain at high temperature. If oxygen is re-introduced to the fire, eg. by opening a door to a closed room, combustion can restart often resulting in a near-explosive effect as the gases heat and expand. This effect is the basis for the synonym smoke explosion. Characteristic signs include yellow o ...

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Backdraft - Resources

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A wine fault or defect is an unpleasant characteristic of a wine resulting from poor winemaking or storage. Faults can be loosely grouped into three main categories: Wine fault - Oxidation. Oxygen plays a critical role in the production and aging of wine, but its interaction with it must be carefully managed. The following by-products of fermentation and their characteristic aromas are always present in well-made wines—and are responsible for pleasant aromas in low quantities—but are cons ...

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Wine fault - Oxidation Wine fault - Sulfur Wine fault - Fungus / Yeast

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In medicine, oxygen saturation (SaO2) measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. At low partial pressures of oxygen, most hemoglobin is deoxygenated. At around 90% (the value varies according to the clinical context) oxygen saturation increases according to an S curve and approaches 100% at partial oxygen pressures of >10 kPa. A pulse oximeter relies on the light absorption characteristics of saturated h ...

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Oxygen saturation, Oxygen saturation - Medical science, Oxygen saturation - Environmental sciences, Oxygen saturation - Reference

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In chemistry any solvent that carries hydrogen attached to oxygen as in a hydroxyl group, nitrogen as in a amine group, or, more generally, any molecular solvent which contains dissociable H+, such as hydrogen fluoride, is called a protic solvent. The molecules of such solvents can donate an H+ (proton). Common characteristics: solvents display hydrogen bonding solvents are acidic solvents are able to stabilise ions cations by unshared free electron pairs anions by hydrogen bonding Examples are water, methanol, ...

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Water pollution or H2O pollution has many sources and characteristics. Humans and other organisms produce bodily wastes which enter rivers, lakes, oceans and other surface waters; in high concentrations these wastes result in bacterial contamination and excessive nutrient loading (eutrophication). Industries discharge a variety of compounds such as heavy metals, and wastewater, sometimes in toxic concentrations, from industrial processes that may also be too hot or too low in dissolved oxygen to support life. Silt-bearing runoff from ...

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Water pollution - Causes Water pollution - Contaminants Water pollution - Consequences

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A white dwarf is an astronomical object which is produced when a low or medium mass star dies. These stars are not heavy enough to generate the core temperatures required to fuse carbon in nucleosynthesis reactions, and after they have become a red giant during their helium-burning phase, they will shed their outer layers to form a planetary nebula, leaving behind an inert core consisting mostly of carbon and oxygen. This core has no further source of energy, and so will gradually radiate away its energy and cool down. The core ...

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White dwarf - Formation White dwarf - Characteristics White dwarf - History of discoveries

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Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than does air. Fish anatomy - Body. Nearly all fish have a streamlined body, which is divided into head, trunk, and tail, although the dividing points are not always externally visible. The head includes the snout, from the eye to the forwardmost point of the upper jaw, the operculum or gill cover, and the cheek ...

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Fish anatomy - Body Fish anatomy - Fins Fish anatomy - Scales

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Argon is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. The third noble gas, in group 18, argon makes up about 1% of the Earth's atmosphere, making it the most common noble gas on Earth. Argon - Notable characteristics. Argon is 2.5 times as soluble in water as nitrogen which is approximately the same solubility as oxygen. This highly stable chemical element is colorless and odorless in both its liquid and gaseous forms. There are few known true che ...

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Argon - Notable characteristics Argon - Applications Argon - History Argon - Occurrence Argon - Compounds Argon - Isotopes

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Chromium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. Chromium - Notable characteristics. Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish, melts with difficulty, and tarnishes. The most common oxidation states of chromium are +2, +3, and +6, with +3 being the most stable. +4 and +5 are rare. Chromium compounds of oxidation state 6 are powerful oxidants. Chromium(0) is unstable in oxygen, immediately producing a thin oxi ...

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Chromium - Notable characteristics Chromium - Applications Chromium - History Chromium - Biological role Chromium - Occurrence Chromium - Compounds Chromium - Isotopes Chromium - Chromium and the quintuple bond Chromium - Precautions

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In physical geography, a wetland is an environment "at the interface between truly terrestrial ecosystems...and truly aquatic systems...making them different from each yet highly dependent on both" (Mitsch & Gosselink, 1986). In essence, wetlands are ecotones. Wetland - Characteristics. Wetlands are found under a wide range of hydrological conditions, but at least some of the time water saturates the soil. The result is a hydric soil, one characterized by an absence of free oxygen some or all of the tim ...

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Wetland - Characteristics Wetland - Wetland types Wetland - Wetland functions
Wetland - Adjustments to natural stress Wetland - Protecting or rehabilitating intertidal wetlands Wetland - Negative human impacts

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Zinc (from German zink) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc - Notable characteristics. Zinc is a moderately reactive metal that will combine with oxygen and other non-metals, and will react with dilute acids to release hydrogen. The one common oxidation state of zinc is +2. Zinc - Applications. Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper in annual production. ...

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Zinc - Notable characteristics Zinc - Applications
Zinc - Popular misconceptions
Zinc - History Zinc - Biological role
Zinc - Food Sources Zinc - Zinc Deficiency Zinc - Zinc Toxicity Zinc - Psoriasis Zinc - Immune System
Zinc - Abundance Zinc - Zinc production Zinc - Compounds Zinc - Isotopes Zinc - Precautions

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Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865, is the acetate ester of cellulose. Cellulose acetate is used as a film base in photography, and as a component in some adhesives; it is also used as a synthetic fiber. Cellulose acetate - Film. Cellulose acetate (triacetate) photographic film was introduced in 1934 as a replacement for the unstable and highly flammable cellulose nitrate film stock that had previously been standard. Acetate photographic film deteriorates in the presence of oxygen to an unusable stat ...

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Cellulose acetate - Film Cellulose acetate - Fiber
Cellulose acetate - Acetate fiber characteristics Cellulose acetate - Major industrial acetate fiber uses Cellulose acetate - Production

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Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds. It is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. It is very slightly soluble in water and burns in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide; it is a component of producer gas and water gas, which are widely used artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, removing oxygen from many compounds and is used in the re ...

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Carbon monoxide - Toxicity Carbon monoxide - History Carbon monoxide - Chemistry Carbon monoxide - Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

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Any explosive material has the following characteristics: It is chemically or otherwise energetically unstable. The initiation produces a sudden expansion of the material accompanied by the production of heat and large changes in pressure (and typically also a flash or loud noise) which is called the explosion. Explosive material - Chemical explosives. Explosives are classified as low or high explosives according to their rates of decomposition. Low explosives burn rapidly (or d ...

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Explosive material - Chemical explosives
Explosive material - Explosive compatibility groupings Explosive material - Low Explosives Explosive material - High Explosives Explosive material - Composition of the material
Explosive material - Chemical explosive reaction
Explosive material - Formation of gases Explosive material - Evolution of heat Explosive material - Rapidity of reaction Explosive material - Initiation of reaction Explosive material - Sensitiser
Explosive material - Military explosives
Explosive material - Availability and cost Explosive material - Sensitivity Explosive material - Stability Explosive material - Power Explosive material - Brisance Explosive material - Density Explosive material - Volatility Explosive material - Hygroscopicity Explosive material - Toxicity
Explosive material - Measurement of chemical explosive reaction
Explosive material - Oxygen balance OB% Explosive material - Heat of explosion Explosive material - Balancing chemical explosion equations Explosive material - Volume of products of explosion Explosive material - Explosive strength Explosive material - Example of thermochemical calculations

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Wetlands are found under a wide range of hydrological conditions, but at least some of the time water saturates the soil. The result is a hydric soil, one characterized by an absence of free oxygen some or all of the time, and therefore called a "reducing environment." Plants (called hydrophytes or just wetland plants) specifically adapted to the reducing conditions presented by such soils can survive in wetlands, whereas species intolerant of the absence of soil oxygen (called "upland" plants) can not survive. Adaptations to low soi ...

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Wetland, Wetland - Characteristics, Wetland - Wetland types, Wetland - Wetland functions, Wetland - Adjustments to natural stress, Wetland - Protecting or rehabilitating intertidal wetlands, Wetland - Negative human impacts

Read more here: » Wetland: Encyclopedia II - Wetland - Characteristics