 |
at Global Oneness Community.
Share your dreams and let others help you with the interpretation!
Dream Sharing Forum
|
|
oxidation state | A Wisdom Archive on oxidation state | | oxidation state A selection of articles related to oxidation state | |
| |
oxidation state
| | | | Top | » Page 4 « Page 5 Page 6 | |
| |
| ARTICLES RELATED TO oxidation state | | | |  oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Lead zinc silverLead-zinc deposits are generally accompanied by silver, hosted within the lead sulfide galena or within the zinc sulfide sphalerite.
Lead and zinc deposits are formed by discharge of deep sedimentary brine onto the sea floor (termed sedimentary exhalative or SEDEX), or by replacement of limestone, in skarn deposits, some associated with submarine volcanoes (called volcanic-hosted massive sulfide or VHMS) or in t ...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio In solvent extraction a distribution ratio is oftein quoted as a measure of how well extracted a species is. The distribution ratio (D) is equal to the concentration of a solute in the organic phase divided by its concentration in the aqueous phase. Depending on the system the distribution ratio can be a function of temperature, the concentration of chemical species in the system and a large number of other parameters.
Note that D is related to the ΔG of the extraction process.
Sometimes the distribution ratio is referred to the partition coefficent ...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Isotopes Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes; Ti-46, Ti-47, Ti-48, Ti-49 and Ti-50 with Ti-48 being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Eleven radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being Ti-44 with a half-life of 63 years, Ti-45 with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, Ti-51 with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and Ti-52 with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 33 seconds and the majority of these have half-li ...
See also:Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions Read more here: » Titanium: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Isotopes |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Occurrence and production Titanium metal is not found unbound to other elements in nature but the element is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust (0.63% by mass) and is present in most igneous rocks and in sediments derived from them (as well as in living things and natural bodies of water). It is widely distributed and occurs primarily in the minerals anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile, titanite (sphene), as well in many iron ores. Of these minerals, only ilmenite and rutile have significant economic importance, yet even they are difficu ...
See also:Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions Read more here: » Titanium: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Occurrence and production |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Gold Gold deposits are formed via a very wide variety of geological processes. Deposits are classified as primary, alluvial or placer deposits, or residual or laterite deposits. Often a deposit will contain a mixture of all three types of ore.
Plate tectonics is the underlying mechanism for generating gold deposits. The majority of primary gold deposits fall into two main categories: lode gold dep ...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Gold |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors The separation factor is one distribution ratio divided by another, it is a measure of the ability of the system to separate two solutes.
For insatnce if the distribution ratio for nickel (DNi) is 10 and the distribution ratio for silver (DAg) is 200, then the silver/nickel separation factor (SFAg/Ni) is equal to DAg/DNi = SFAg/Ni = 20.
...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change Some solutes such as noble gases and osmium tetoxide can be extracted from one phase to another without the need for a chemical reaction. This is the most simple type of solvent extraction. Some solutes which do not at first sight appear to undergo a reaction during the extraction process do not have distribution ratio which is independent of concentration, a classic example is the extraction of carboxylic acids (HA) into non polar media such as benzene here it is oftein the case that the carboxylic acid will form a dimer in the organic layer so the distribution ratio ...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes These are commly used in industry for the processing of metals such as the lanthanides, because the separation factors between the lanthanides are so small many extraction stages are needed. In the multistage processes the aqueous raffinate from one extraction unit is feed as the next unit as the aqueous feed. While the organic phase is moved in the opposite direction. Hence in this way even if the separation between two ...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions This is commonly used on the small scale in chemical labs, it is normal to use a separating funnel
For instance if a chemist was to extract anisole from a mixture of water and 5% acetic acid using ether then the anisole will enter the organic phase. The two phases would then be separated.
The acetic acid can then be scrubbed (removed from the organic phase) by shaking the organic extract with sodium bicarbonate. The acetic acid react ...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - History Titanium (Latin Titans, Earth or the first sons of Gaia) was discovered in England by Reverend William Gregor in 1791. He recognised the presence of a new element in ilmenite, and named it menachite. At around the same time, Franz Joseph Muller also produced a similar substance, but could not identify it. The element was independently rediscovered several years later by German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in rutile ore. Klaproth confirmed it as a new element and in 1795 he named it for the Latin word for Earth (also the name ...
See also:Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions Read more here: » Titanium: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - History |
| |
| | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems Beagle 2 had a robotic arm known as the Payload Adjustable Workbench (PAW), designed to be extended after landing. The PAW contained a pair of stereo cameras, a microscope (with a 6 micrometre resolution), a Mössbauer spectrometer, an X-ray spectrometer, a drill for collecting rock samples and a spotlamp. Rock samples were to be passed by the PAW into a mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph in the body of the lander, to measure the relative proportions of different isotopes of carbon. Since carbon is thought to be the basis of all life, these readings could have revealed whether t ...
See also:Beagle 2, Beagle 2 - Background, Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems, Beagle 2 - Mission profile, Beagle 2 - Mission progress, Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site, Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report, Beagle 2 - Legacy Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Alkanes in nature Although alkanes occur in nature in various way, they do not rank biologically among the essential materials. Cycloalkanes with 14 to 18 carbon atoms occur in musk, extracted from deer of the family Moschidae. All further information refers to acyclic alkanes.
Alkane - Bacteria and archaea.
Certain types of bacteria can metabolise alkanes: they prefer even-numbered carbon chains as they are ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Alkanes in nature |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Reactions
Alkane - Reactions with oxygen.
All alkanes react with oxygen in a combustion reaction, although they become increasing difficult to ignite as the number of carbon atoms increases. The general equation for complete combustion is:
2CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)O2 → 2(n+1)H2O + 2nCO2
In the absence of sufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide or even soot can be formed, as shown below for methane:
2CH4 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O
CH4 + O2< ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Reactions |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Properties
Alkane - Physical properties.
The molecular structure, particularly the surface area of the molecule, determines the boiling point of the alkane: the smaller the surface, the lower the boiling point, as the van der Waals forces between the molecules are weaker. A reduction of the surface area can be achieved by chain-branching or by a circular structure. This means in practice that alkanes with higher number of carbon atoms usually have higher boiling points than those with lower numbers of carbon atoms, and that ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Properties |
| |
| | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Mission progress Although the Beagle 2 craft successfully deployed from the Mars Express "mother ship", confirmation of a successful landing was not forthcoming. Confirmation should have come on 25 December 2003, when the Beagle 2 should have contacted NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft that was already in orbit. In the following days, the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank also failed to pick up a signal from Beagle 2. The team said they were "still ho ...
See also:Beagle 2, Beagle 2 - Background, Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems, Beagle 2 - Mission profile, Beagle 2 - Mission progress, Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site, Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report, Beagle 2 - Legacy Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Mission progress |
| |
| | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Cadmium - Notable characteristics Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white bivalent metal which can be easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc but lends itself to more complex compounds.
The most common oxidation state of cadmium is +2, though rare examples of +1 can be found.
...
See also:Cadmium, Cadmium - Notable characteristics, Cadmium - Applications, Cadmium - History, Cadmium - Occurrence, Cadmium - Isotopes, Cadmium - Precautions Read more here: » Cadmium: Encyclopedia II - Cadmium - Notable characteristics |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report In May, 2004, the report form the Commission of Inquiry on Beagle 2 was submitted to ESA and the UK's science minister Lord Sainsbury. Initially the full report was not published on the grounds of confidentiality, but a list of 19 recommendations were announced to the public. Professor David Southwood, ESA's director of science, listed the following scenarios how the landing might have failed:
Beagle entered an atmosphere that was not predicted by scientists and could have burnt up. It may even have "bounced off in ...
See also:Beagle 2, Beagle 2 - Background, Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems, Beagle 2 - Mission profile, Beagle 2 - Mission progress, Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site, Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report, Beagle 2 - Legacy Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Occurrence Alkanes occur both on Earth and in the solar system, however only the first hundred or so, and even then mostly only in traces. The light hydrocarbons, especially methane and ethane are of great importance for other heavenly bodies: they are found, for example, both in the tail of the comet Hyakutake and in some meteorites such as carbonaceous chondrites. They also form an important portion of the atmospheres of the outer gas planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. On Titan, the satellite of Saturn, it is believed that there were once large oceans of these and longer chain alkanes: smaller seas of liquid eth ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Occurrence |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes The names of all alkanes end with -ane.
Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains.
The first four members of the series (in terms of number of carbon atoms) are named as follows:
methane, CH4
ethane, C2H6
propane, C3H8
butane, C4H10
Alkanes with five or more carbon atoms are named by adding the suffix -ane to the appropriate numerical multiplier with elision ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes |
| |
|
|
