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oxidation state | A Wisdom Archive on oxidation state |  | oxidation state A selection of articles related to oxidation state |  |
| We recommend this article: oxidation state - 1, and also this: oxidation state - 2. |
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oxidation state
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO oxidation state | |  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Osmium - ApplicationsBecause of the extreme toxicity of its oxide, osmium is rarely used in its pure state, and is instead often alloyed with other metals that are used in high wear applications. Osmium alloys are very hard and along with other platinum group metals is almost entirely used in alloys employed in the tips of fountain pens, phonograph needles, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts.
Osmium tetroxide has been used in fingerprint detection and in staining fatty tissue for microscope slides. As a strong oxidant it cross-links lipids thus fi ...
See also:Osmium, Osmium - Notable characteristics, Osmium - Applications, Osmium - History, Osmium - Occurrence, Osmium - Compounds, Osmium - Isotopes, Osmium - Precautions Read more here: » Osmium: Encyclopedia II - Osmium - Applications |
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| |  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Plutonium - Notable characteristicsPlutonium is silvery in pure form, but has a yellow tarnish when oxidized. Peculiarly, the metal goes through phases of contraction as its temperature is increased.
The heat given off by alpha particle emission makes plutonium warm to the touch in reasonable quantities; larger amounts can boil water. It displays four ionic oxidation states in aqueous solution:
Pu3+ (blue lavender)
Pu4+ (yellow brown)
PuO2+ (pink orange)
PuO+ (thought to be pink; this i ...
See also:Plutonium, Plutonium - Notable characteristics, Plutonium - Applications, Plutonium - History, Plutonium - Occurrence, Plutonium - Manufacture, Plutonium - Compounds, Plutonium - Allotropes, Plutonium - Isotopes, Plutonium - Precautions Read more here: » Plutonium: Encyclopedia II - Plutonium - Notable characteristics |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Acid-base reaction theories - Common acid-base theories
Acid-base reaction theories - Lavoisier's definition.
The first scientific definition was proposed by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier.
Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, such as HNO3 and H2SO4, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids, HCl, HBr, and HI, he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygenSee also: Acid-base reaction theories, Acid-base reaction theories - Common acid-base theories, Acid-base reaction theories - Lavoisier's definition, Acid-base reaction theories - The Arrhenius definition, Acid-base reaction theories - The protonic Brønsted-Lowry definition, Acid-base reaction theories - The solvent-system definition, Acid-base reaction theories - The electronic Lewis definition, Acid-base reaction theories - Other acid-base theories, Acid-base reaction theories - The Usanovich definition Read more here: » Acid-base reaction theories: Encyclopedia II - Acid-base reaction theories - Common acid-base theories |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Cubic zirconia - HistorySince 1892 the yellowish, monoclinic mineral baddeleyite had been the only natural form of zirconium oxide known. Being of rare occurrence it had little economic importance.
The extremely high melting point of zirconia (2750°C) posed a hurdle to controlled single-crystal growth, as no existing crucible could hold it in its molten state. However, stabilization of zirconium oxide had been realized early on, with the synthetic product stabilized zirconia introduced in 1930. Although cubic, it was in the form of a polycrystalline ceramic: it was made use of as a refractory material, highly resistant to ch ...
See also:Cubic zirconia, Cubic zirconia - Technical aspects, Cubic zirconia - History, Cubic zirconia - Synthesis, Cubic zirconia - Innovations, Cubic zirconia - CZ versus diamond Read more here: » Cubic zirconia: Encyclopedia II - Cubic zirconia - History |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Chlorite - DicussionChlorites are salts of chlorous acid.
How does the chlorite anion fit within the overall scheme of chlorine based anions? In general, chlorine can assume oxidation states of -1, +1, +3, +5, or +7 corresponding to the anions Cl-, ClO-, ClO2-, ClO3-, or ClO4-, respectively, known as chloride, hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate respectively.)
The Chlorite anion is but one out ...
See also:Chlorite, Chlorite - Definition, Chlorite - Examples, Chlorite - Dicussion, Chlorite - Manufacture, Chlorite - Usage Read more here: » Chlorite: Encyclopedia II - Chlorite - Dicussion |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Iron - CompoundsCommon oxidation states of iron include:
the Iron(-II) state, Fe2- (e.g. Fe(CO)42-,Fe(CO)2(NO)2.
the Iron(0) state, Fe(CO)5, Fe(PF3)5.
the Iron(I) state, [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+.
the Iron(II) state, Fe2+, previously ferrous is very common.
the Iron(III) state, Fe3+, previously ferric, is also very common, for exam ...
See also:Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions Read more here: » Iron: Encyclopedia II - Iron - Compounds |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Iron - CompoundsCommon oxidation states of iron include:
the Iron(-II) state, Fe2- (e.g. Fe(CO)42-,Fe(CO)2(NO)2.
the Iron(0) state, Fe(CO)5, Fe(PF3)5.
the Iron(I) state, [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+.
the Iron(II) state, Fe2+, previously ferrous is very common.
the Iron(III) state, Fe3+, previously ferric, is also very common, for exam ...
See also:Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions Read more here: » Iron: Encyclopedia II - Iron - Compounds |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Neptunium - Notable characteristicsSilvery in appearance, neptunium metal is fairly chemically reactive and is found in at least three structural modifications:
alpha-neptunium, orthorhombic, density 20.25 Mg/m3,
beta-neptunium (above 280 °C), tetragonal, density (313 °C) 19.36 Mg/m3, and
gamma-neptunium (above 577 °C), cubic, density (600 °C) 18 Mg/m3.
This element has four ionic oxidation states while in solution:
Np+3 (pale purple), analogous to the rare earth ion PmSee also: Neptunium, Neptunium - Notable characteristics, Neptunium - History, Neptunium - Occurrence, Neptunium - Isotopes, Neptunium - Weapons applications Read more here: » Neptunium: Encyclopedia II - Neptunium - Notable characteristics |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Geography of the United States - EnvironmentEnvironment - current issues: air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; very limited natural fresh water resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management; desertification
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Enda ...
See also:Geography of the United States, Geography of the United States - Area, Geography of the United States - Physical geography, Geography of the United States - Cultural regions, Geography of the United States - Climate, Geography of the United States - Natural resources, Geography of the United States - Environment, Geography of the United States - Public lands Read more here: » Geography of the United States: Encyclopedia II - Geography of the United States - Environment |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Nickel - Biological roleMany but not all hydrogenases contain nickel in addition to iron-sulfur clusters. Nickel centres are a common element in those hydrogenases whose function is to oxidise rather than evolve hydrogen. The nickel centre appears to undergo changes in oxidation state, and evidence has been presented that the nickel centre might be the active site of these enzymes.
A nickel-tetrapyrrole coenzyme, Co-F430, is present in the methyl CoM reductase and in methanogenic bacteria. The tetrapyrrole is intermediate in structure between porphyrin and corrin. Changes in redox state, as well as changes in nickel ...
See also:Nickel, Nickel - Notable characteristics, Nickel - Applications, Nickel - History, Nickel - Biological role, Nickel - Occurrence, Nickel - Extraction and Purification, Nickel - Compounds, Nickel - Isotopes, Nickel - Precautions, Nickel - Notes Read more here: » Nickel: Encyclopedia II - Nickel - Biological role |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Electron counting - Examples of the 18 VE ruleThere are two different approaches one can use when counting electrons, each arriving at the same total. The constituents (i.e. metal and ligands) can be regarded as ions, or as neutral species.
Using ferrocene as an example, and using the neutral approach first, the iron atom has 8 valence electrons. Each of the two cyclopentadiene radicals contributes 5 electrons, totalling 10 electrons from the ligands.
10+8=18
Using the ionic approach, iron is taken in its common oxidation state Fe2+, c ...
See also:Electron counting, Electron counting - Counting rules for ligands, Electron counting - Examples of the 18 VE rule, Electron counting - Weaknesses of the 18 VE rule Read more here: » Electron counting: Encyclopedia II - Electron counting - Examples of the 18 VE rule |
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| | | | |  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Notable characteristicsCobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Cobalt has a relative permeability two thirds that of iron. Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two crystallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp→fcc of 722 K.
Common oxidation states of ...
See also:Cobalt, Cobalt - Notable characteristics, Cobalt - Applications, Cobalt - Use in medicine, Cobalt - History, Cobalt - Biological role, Cobalt - Occurrence, Cobalt - Compounds, Cobalt - Isotopes, Cobalt - Precautions Read more here: » Cobalt: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Notable characteristics |
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| | |  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used
Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate.
The bismuth phosphate process is a very old process which adds lots of material to the final highly active waste, it was replaced by solvent extraction processes. The process was designed to extract plutonium from aluminium clad uranium metal fuel. The fuel was declad by boiling it in caustic soda, after decladding the uranium metal was dissolved in nitric acid. The plutonium at this point is in the +4 oxidation state, it was then precipitated by the addition of bi ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used |
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|  |  |  | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Sulfur - Notable characteristicsAt room temperature, sulfur is a soft bright yellow solid. Although sulfur is infamous for its smell - frequently compared to rotten eggs - the odor is actually characteristic of hydrogen sulfide (H2S); elemental sulfur is odorless. It burns with a blue flame that emits sulfur dioxide, notable for its peculiar suffocating odor. Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and other nonpolar solvents. Common oxidation states of sulfur include −2, +2, +4 and +6. Sulfur forms stable c ...
See also:Sulfur, Sulfur - Notable characteristics, Sulfur - Applications, Sulfur - Biological role, Sulfur - Environmental Impact, Sulfur - History, Sulfur - Occurrence, Sulfur - Compounds, Sulfur - Isotopes, Sulfur - Precautions, Sulfur - Spelling Read more here: » Sulfur: Encyclopedia II - Sulfur - Notable characteristics |
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