 |
at Global Oneness Community.
Share your dreams and let others help you with the interpretation!
Dream Sharing Forum
|
|
oxidation state | A Wisdom Archive on oxidation state | | oxidation state A selection of articles related to oxidation state | |
| |
oxidation state
| | | Page 1 Page 2 » Page 3 « More » | |
| |
| ARTICLES RELATED TO oxidation state | | | |  oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Tungsten - CompoundsThe most common oxidation state of tungsten is +6, but it exhibits all oxidation states from +2 to +6. Tungsten typically combines with oxygen to form the yellow tungstic oxide, WO3, which dissolves in aqueous alkaline solutions to form tungstate ions, WO42−.
Tungsten - Aqueous polyoxoanions.
Aqueous tungstate solutions are noted for the formation of polyoxoanions under neutral and acidic conditions. As tungstate is progressively treated with acid, it first yields the sol ...
See also:Tungsten, Tungsten - Notable characteristics, Tungsten - Applications, Tungsten - History, Tungsten - Biological role, Tungsten - Occurrence, Tungsten - Compounds, Tungsten - Aqueous polyoxoanions, Tungsten - Isotopes Read more here: » Tungsten: Encyclopedia II - Tungsten - Compounds |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Uranium Uranium deposits are usually sourced from radioactive granites, where certain minerals such as monazite are leached during hydrothermal activity or during circulation of groundwater. The uranium is brought into solution by acidic conditions and is deposited when this acidity is neutralised. Generally this occurs in certain carbon-bearing sediments, within an unconformity in sedimentary strata. The majority of the world's nuclear power is ...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Uranium |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Nickel Nickel deposits are generally found in two forms, either as sulfide or laterite.
Sulfide type nickel deosits are formed in essentially the same manner as platinum deposits. Nickel is a chalcophile element which prefers sulfides, so an ultramafic or mafic rock which has a sulfide phase in the magma may form nickel deposits. The best nickel deposits are formed where sulfide accumulates, much like in a placer gold deposit, in the base of lava tubes or volcanic ...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Nickel |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Scandium - History Dmitri Mendeleev used his periodic law, in 1869, to predict the existence and some properties of three unknown elements including one he called ekaboron .
Lars Fredrick Nilson and his team, apparently unaware of that prediction in the spring of 1879, were looking for rare earth metals; using spectrum analysis he found a new element within the minerals euxenite and gadolinite. He named it Scandium, from the Latin Scandia meaning "Scandinavia", and by way of isolating the element he processed 10 kilograms of euxenite with other rare-earth residues, obtaining about 2 grams of very pure scandium ...
See also:Scandium, Scandium - Notable characteristics, Scandium - Applications, Scandium - History, Scandium - Occurrence, Scandium - Isotopes, Scandium - Precautions Read more here: » Scandium: Encyclopedia II - Scandium - History |
| |
| | | | | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Tungsten - Biological role Enzymes called oxidoreductases use tungsten in a way that is similar to molybdenum by using it in a tungsten-pterin complex.
On August 20, 2002 officials representing the U.S.-based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that urine tests on leukemia patient families and control group families in the Fallon, Nevada area had shown elevated levels of the metal tungsten in the bodies of both groups. 16 recent cases of cancer in children were discovered in the Fallon area which has now been identified as a "Cancer Cluster." Dr. Carol H. Rubin, a branch chief at the CDC, said data demonstrating a link between tungst ...
See also:Tungsten, Tungsten - Notable characteristics, Tungsten - Applications, Tungsten - History, Tungsten - Biological role, Tungsten - Occurrence, Tungsten - Compounds, Tungsten - Aqueous polyoxoanions, Tungsten - Isotopes Read more here: » Tungsten: Encyclopedia II - Tungsten - Biological role |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium The overwhelming majority of rare earth elements, tantalum and lithium are found within pegmatite. Ore genesis theories for these ores are wide and varied, but most involve metamorphism and igneous activity. Lithium is present as spodumene or lepidolite within pegmatite.
Carbonatite intrusions are an important source of these elements. Ore minerals are essentially part of the unusual carbonatite mineralogy.
...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Applications Approximately 95% of titanium production is consumed in the form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), an intensely white permanent pigment with good covering power in paints, paper, toothpaste, and plastics. Paints made with titanium dioxide are excellent reflectors of infrared radiation and are therefore used extensively by astronomers and in exterior paints. It is also used in cement, in gemstones, and as a strengthening filler in paper. Recently, it has been put to use in air purifiers (as a filter coating) or in window film on building ...
See also:Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions Read more here: » Titanium: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Applications |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum These three metals generally form in a certain type of granite, via a similar mechanism to intrusive-related gold and copper. They are considered together because the process of forming these deposits is essentially the same. Skarn type mineralisation related to these granites is a very important type of tin, tungsten and molybdenum deposit. Skarn deposits form by reaction of mineralised fluids from the granite reacting with wall rocks such as limestone. Skarn mineralisation is also important in lead, zinc, copper, gold and occasionally uranium mineralisation.
Greisen granite is ano ...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Platinum Platinum and palladium are precious metals generally found in ultramafic rocks. The source of platinum and palladium deposits is ultramafic rocks which have enough sulfur to form a sulfide mineral while the magma is still liquid. This sulfide mineral (usually pentlandite, pyrite, chalcopyrite or pyrrhotite) gains platinum by mixing with the bulk of the magma because platinum is chalcophile and is concentrated in sulfides. Alternatively, platinum occurs in association with chromite either within the chromite mineral itsel ...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Platinum |
| |
| | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Iron Iron ores are overwhelmingly derived from ancient sediments known as banded iron formations (BIFs). These sediments are composed of iron oxide minerals deposited on the sea floor. Particular environmental conditions are needed to transport enough iron in sea water to form these deposits, such as acidic and oxygen-poor atmospheres within the Proterozoic Era.
Often, more recent weathering during the Tertiary or Eocene is required to convert the usual magnetite minerals into more easily processed hematite. Some iron deposits withi ...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Iron |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design Typically an industrial process will use an extraction step in which solutes are transferred from the aqueous phase to the organic phase, this is often followed by a scrubbing stage in which unwanted solutes are removed from the organic phase, then a stripping stage in which the wanted solutes are removed from the organic phase. The organic phase may then be treated to make it ready for use again.
After use the organic phase may be subjected to a cleaning step to remove any degradation products, for instance in PUREX plants the used o ...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits Ore deposits are usually classified by ore formation processes and geological setting. For example, SEDEX deposits, literally meaning "sedimentary exhalative" are a class of ore deposit formed on the sea floor (sedimentary) by exhalation of brines into seawater (exhalative), causing chemical precipitation of ore minerals when the brine cools, mixes with sea water and loses its metal carrying capacity.
Ore deposits rarely fit snugly into the boxes in which geologists wish to place them. Many may be formed by one or more of the basic ge ...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Chlorite - Dicussion Chlorites are salts of chlorous acid.
How does the chlorite anion fit within the overall scheme of chlorine based anions? In general, chlorine can assume oxidation states of -1, +1, +3, +5, or +7 corresponding to the anions Cl-, ClO-, ClO2-, ClO3-, or ClO4-, respectively, known as chloride, hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate respectively.)
The Chlorite anion is but one out ...
See also:Chlorite, Chlorite - Definition, Chlorite - Examples, Chlorite - Dicussion, Chlorite - Manufacture, Chlorite - Usage Read more here: » Chlorite: Encyclopedia II - Chlorite - Dicussion |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio In solvent extraction a distribution ratio is oftein quoted as a measure of how well extracted a species is. The distribution ratio (D) is equal to the concentration of a solute in the organic phase divided by its concentration in the aqueous phase. Depending on the system the distribution ratio can be a function of temperature, the concentration of chemical species in the system and a large number of other parameters.
...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes These are commonly used in industry for the processing of metals such as the lanthanides, because the separation factors between the lanthanides are so small many extraction stages are needed. In the multistage processes the aqueous raffinate from one extraction unit is feed as the next unit as the aqueous feed. While the organic phase is moved in the opposite direction. Hence in this way even if the separation between two ...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change Some solutes such as noble gases can be extracted from one phase to another without the need for a chemical reaction (See Absorption (chemistry)). This is the most simple type of solvent extraction. Some solutes which do not at first sight appear to undergo a reaction during the extraction process do not have distribution ratio which is independent of concentration, a classic example is the extraction of carboxylic acids (HA) into non polar media such as benzene here it is oftein the case that the carboxylic acid will form a dimer in the organic layer so the distribution ratio ...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change |
| |
| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents If a complexing agent is present in the aqueous phase then it can lower the distribution ratio. For instance in the case of iodine being distributed between water and an inert organic solvent such as carbon tetrachloride then the presence of iodide in the aqueous phase can alter the extraction chemistry.
Insteed of DI2 being a constant it becomes DI2 = k [I2.Organic]/[I2.Aqueous][I-.Aqueous]
This is because the iodine reacts with the iodide to form I3-. The I3-< ...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents |
| |
| | | Page 1 Page 2 » Page 3 « More » | |
| |
|
|
