The perchlorate ion is ClO4-. A perchlorate (compound) is a compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +7. ...

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Perchlorate, Perchlorate - Scientific definition, Perchlorate - Perchlorate pollution, Perchlorate - Types of perchlorates

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Possession of nitrous oxide is illegal in most localities in the United States for the purposes of inhaling or ingesting if not under the care of a physician or dentist. Nitrous oxide injection systems for automobiles are usually legal, although the use of a nitrous oxide system is likely to result in speeds that are in violation of other traffic laws. Some localities also require certified system components. There have been numerous reported instances of police officers arresting drivers of vehicles equipped with nitrous oxide ...

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Nitrous oxide, Nitrous oxide - Chemistry, Nitrous oxide - History, Nitrous oxide - Uses, Nitrous oxide - Inhalant effects — laughing gas, Nitrous oxide - Medicine, Nitrous oxide - Aerosol propellant, Nitrous oxide - Rocket motors, Nitrous oxide - Internal Combustion Engine, Nitrous oxide - Safety, Nitrous oxide - Nitrous oxide in the atmosphere, Nitrous oxide - Legality, Nitrous oxide - Neuropharmacology, Nitrous oxide - Laughing Gas in fiction

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Aluminium has nine isotopes, whose mass numbers range from 23 to 30. Only Al-27 (stable isotope) and Al-26 (radioactive isotope, t1/2 = 7.2 × 105 y) occur naturally, however Al-27 has a natural abundance of 100%. Al-26 is produced from argon in the atmosphere by spallation caused by cosmic-ray protons. Aluminium isotopes have found practical application in dating marine sediments, manganese nodules, glacial ice, quartz in rock exposures, and meteorites. The ratio of Al-26 to beryllium-10 has been used to study the role of transport, deposition, sediment storage, burial times, and erosion on 105See also:

Aluminium, Aluminium - Properties, Aluminium - Applications, Aluminium - Engineering use, Aluminium - History, Aluminium - Natural occurrence, Aluminium - Isotopes, Aluminium - Clusters, Aluminium - Precautions, Aluminium - Spelling, Aluminium - Etymology / Nomenclature history, Aluminium - Present day spelling, Aluminium - Chemistry, Aluminium - Oxidation state 1, Aluminium - Oxidation state 2, Aluminium - Oxidation state 3, Aluminium - Aluminium in popular culture

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Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction. The elements involved in an electrochemical reaction are characterized by the number of electrons each has. The oxidation state of an ion is the number of electrons it has accepted or donated compared to its neutral state (which is defined as having an oxidation state of 0). If an atom or ion donates an electron in a reaction its oxidation state is increased, if an element accept ...

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Electrochemistry, Electrochemistry - History, Electrochemistry - Principles, Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction, Electrochemistry - Spontaneity

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Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The most common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6 and +7, though oxidation states from +1 to +7 are observed. Mn2+ often competes with Mg2+ in biological systems, and manganese compounds where manganese is ...

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Manganese, Manganese - Notable characteristics, Manganese - Applications, Manganese - History, Manganese - Biological role, Manganese - Occurrence, Manganese - Compounds, Manganese - Isotopes, Manganese - Precautions

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The oldest identified metal cluster is calomel which was known to the Indians in the 12th century. The existence of a mercury to mercury bond in this compound was established in beginning of the 20th century. Metal cluster are prominently found with refractory metals. In general metal centers with large overlapping d-orbitals form stable clusters. Thus metals with a high oxidation state and therefore large effective charge tend to be unstable. Polynuclear metal carbonyls are generally found in late transition metals with low formal oxidation states. Polynuclear halide ...

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Cluster chemistry, Cluster chemistry - Metal clusters

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The chlorite ion is ClO2-. A chlorite (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +3. ...

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Chlorite, Chlorite - Definition, Chlorite - Examples, Chlorite - Dicussion, Chlorite - Manufacture, Chlorite - Usage

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The addition of BH3 to the alkene is a concerted reaction, with multiple bond formation and breaking occuring simultaneously. The intermediate step can be visualized more clearly by a theoretical transition state. Knowing that the group containing the boron will be replaced by a hydroxyl group, it can be seen that the first step is the stereospecific-determining step. The hydroborane will add to the alkene so that the boron always ends up on the lesser substituted carbon. There are two equally valid explanati ...

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Hydroboration-oxidation reaction, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Isolation of borane reagents, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Mechanism, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Oxymercuration-reduction

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Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish, melts with difficulty, and tarnishes. The most common oxidation states of chromium are +2, +3, and +6, with +3 being the most stable. +4 and +5 are rare. Chromium compounds of oxidation state 6 are powerful oxidants. Chromium(0) is unstable in oxygen, immediately producing a thin oxide layer that is impermeable to oxygen and protects the metal below. ...

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Chromium, Chromium - Notable characteristics, Chromium - Applications, Chromium - History, Chromium - Biological role, Chromium - Occurrence, Chromium - Compounds, Chromium - Isotopes, Chromium - Chromium and the quintuple bond, Chromium - Precautions

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Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily at about 933 K. Vanadium has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Although definitely a metal, it shares with Chromium and Manganese the property of having valency oxides with acid properties. Common oxidation states of vanadium include +2, +3, +4 and +5. A popular experiment with ammonium vanadate (NH4VOSee also:

Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions

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Vaska's complex is the prototypical compound exhibiting patterns of reactivity that provided a conceptual framework for homogeneous catalysis. Vaska's complex, with 16 valence electrons, is considered "unsaturated" and can thus bind to one two-electron or two one-electron ligands to become electronically saturated with 18 valence electrons. The addition of two one-electron ligands is called oxidative addition. Upon oxidative addition, the oxidation state of the iridium increases from Ir(I) to Ir(III). The four-coordinated square planar arran ...

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Vaska's complex, Vaska's complex - Preparation of Vaska's Complex, Vaska's complex - Chemistry, Vaska's complex - Spectroscopy

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The most common oxidation state of tungsten is +6, but it exhibits all oxidation states from +2 to +6. Tungsten typically combines with oxygen to form the yellow tungstic oxide, WO3, which dissolves in aqueous alkaline solutions to form tungstate ions, WO42−. Tungsten - Aqueous polyoxoanions. Aqueous tungstate solutions are noted for the formation of polyoxoanions under neutral and acidic conditions. As tungstate is progressively treated with acid, it first yields the sol ...

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Tungsten, Tungsten - Notable characteristics, Tungsten - Applications, Tungsten - History, Tungsten - Biological role, Tungsten - Occurrence, Tungsten - Compounds, Tungsten - Aqueous polyoxoanions, Tungsten - Isotopes

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In phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), the phosphorus is in the +3 oxidation state and the chlorines are in the -1 oxidation state. PCl3 reacts rapidly and exothermically with water to form phosphorous acid, H3PO3 and HCl. A large number of similar substitution reactions are known, the most important of which is the formation of phosphite esters by reaction with alcohols or phenols. For example, with phenol, triphenyl phosphite is formed: ...

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Phosphorus trichloride, Phosphorus trichloride - Physical properties, Phosphorus trichloride - Chemical properties, Phosphorus trichloride - Preparation, Phosphorus trichloride - Uses, Phosphorus trichloride - Precautions, Phosphorus trichloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. It reacts very rapidly with nonoxidising acids and at high temperatures will react with water to displace hydrogen. It lies between zinc and titanium in the electrochemical series. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The most common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6 and +7, though oxidation states from +1 to +7 are observed. Mn2+ often competes with Mg2+ in biological systems, and manganes e compounds where manganese is ...

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Manganese, Manganese - Notable characteristics, Manganese - Applications, Manganese - History, Manganese - Biological role, Manganese - Occurrence, Manganese - Compounds, Manganese - Isotopes, Manganese - Precautions, Manganese - External l inks

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The +4 oxidation state dominates in titanium chemistry, but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also common. Because of this high oxidation state, many titanium compounds have a high degree of covalent bonding. Although titanium metal is relatively uncommon, due to the cost of extraction, titanium dioxide (also called titanium(IV), titanium white, or even titania) is cheap, nontoxic, readily available in bulk, and very widely used as a white pigment in paint, enamel, lacquer, plastic and construction cement. TiO2 powder ...

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Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions

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Rhenium is a silvery white metal, lustrous, and has one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten and carbon. It is also one of the most dense, exceeded only by platinum, iridium, and osmium. The oxidation states of rhenium include -1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,+6 and +7 oxidation states. The oxidation states +7,+6,+4,+2 and -1 are the most common. Its usual commercial form is a powder, but this element can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This procedure yields ...

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Rhenium, Rhenium - Notable characteristics, Rhenium - Applications, Rhenium - History, Rhenium - Occurrence, Rhenium - Isotopes, Rhenium - Precautions

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One of the oldest known chemoluminescent reactions is that of elemental white phosphorus oxidizing in moist air, producing a green glow. This is actually a gas-phase reaction of phosphorus vapor, above the solid, with oxygen producing excited states (PO)2 and HPO. [4] Another gas phase reaction is the basis of nitric oxide detection in commercial analytic instruments applied to environmental air quality testing. Ozone is combined with nitric oxide to form nitrogen dioxide in an activated state. NO+O< ...

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Chemoluminescence, Chemoluminescence - Liquid-phase reactions, Chemoluminescence - Gas-phase reactions, Chemoluminescence - Bioluminescence, Chemoluminescence - ECL, Chemoluminescence - Applications of chemoluminescence

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The Reaction Research Society (RRS), although known primarily for their work with liquid rocket propulsion, has a long history of research and development with hybrid rocket propulsion. Several universities have recently experimented with hybrid rockets. BYU, the University of Utah and Utah State University launched a student-designed rocket called Unity IV in 1995 which burned the solid fuel Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) with an oxidizer of gaseous oxygen, and in 2003 launched a larger version which burned HTPB with nitrous oxide. Portland State Un ...

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Hybrid rocket, Hybrid rocket - Organisations working on hybrids

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Fossil fuels such as coal and oil contain significant amounts of sulfur. When burned, this sulfur is generally converted to SO2. This happens under normal conditions of temperature and especially oxygen content of the flue gas. However, there are two circumstances under which this may not be the case. The first is if there is insufficent oxygen. Instead of being oxidized to SO2, the sulfur will instead be in a reduced oxidation state. A typical compound would be hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This compound acts much like SOSee also:

Flue gas desulfurization, Flue gas desulfurization - Sources of sulfur, Flue gas desulfurization - Scrubbing of SO2, Flue gas desulfurization - SO2 Chemistry, Flue gas desulfurization - Scrubbing Equipment, Flue gas desulfurization - Scrubbing Reagent

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Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white bivalent metal which can be easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc but lends itself to more complex compounds. The most common oxidation state of cadmium is +2, though rare examples of +1 can be found. ...

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Cadmium, Cadmium - Notable characteristics, Cadmium - Applications, Cadmium - History, Cadmium - Occurrence, Cadmium - Isotopes, Cadmium - Precautions

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A bromide ion is an bromine atom with charge -1. Compounds with bromine in formal oxidation state -1 are called bromides. This can include ionic compounds such as caesium bromide or basically covalent compounds such as sulfur dibromide. You can test for a bromide ion by adding dilute nitric acid HNO3. Then add silver nitrate AgNO3. A cream precipitate forms t ...

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Bromide chemistry, Bromide chemistry - Definition, Bromide chemistry - Examples

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Since cobalt(II) chloride is soluble in water, it can be used to prepare a variety of cobalt salts, e.g., CoCl2(aq) + K2S(aq) → CoS(s) + 2 KCl(aq) The most stable oxidation state for cobalt is +2, so CoCl2 is generally resistant to oxidation. However, in the presence of ammonia or amines, cobalt(II) chloride is easily oxidised (even by oxygen in the air) to give a variety of stable cobalt(III) amine complexes, for example: 4 [Co(H2O)6]Cl2 + 4 NH4Cl + 20 NH3 + O2 → 4 [Co(NH3See also:

CobaltII chloride, CobaltII chloride - Chemical properties, CobaltII chloride - Preparation, CobaltII chloride - Uses, CobaltII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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