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oxidation state | A Wisdom Archive on oxidation state | | oxidation state A selection of articles related to oxidation state | |
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oxidation state
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO oxidation state | | | | |  oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Cadmium - IsotopesNaturally occurring cadmium is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and other three are predicted to be radioactive but their decays were never observed, due to extremely long half-life times. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is 7.7 X 1015 years) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.9 X 1019 years). Other three ones are 106Cd, 108Cd (double electron capture), and 114Cd ...
See also:Cadmium, Cadmium - Notable characteristics, Cadmium - Applications, Cadmium - History, Cadmium - Occurrence, Cadmium - Isotopes, Cadmium - Precautions Read more here: » Cadmium: Encyclopedia II - Cadmium - Isotopes |
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| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Tungsten - Applications Tungsten is a metal with a wide range of uses, the largest of which is as tungsten carbide (W2C, WC) in cemented carbides. Cemented carbides (also called hardmetals) are wear-resistant materials used by the metalworking, mining, petroleum and construction industries. Tungsten is widely used in light bulb and vacuum tube filaments, as well as electrodes, because it can be drawn into very thin metal wires that have a high melting point. Other uses;
A high melting point also makes tungsten suitable for space-oriented and ...
See also:Tungsten, Tungsten - Notable characteristics, Tungsten - Applications, Tungsten - History, Tungsten - Biological role, Tungsten - Occurrence, Tungsten - Compounds, Tungsten - Aqueous polyoxoanions, Tungsten - Isotopes Read more here: » Tungsten: Encyclopedia II - Tungsten - Applications |
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| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Notable characteristics Titanium is well known for its excellent corrosion resistance (almost as resistant as platinum), being able to withstand attack by acids, moist chlorine gas, and by common salt solutions. Pure titanium is not soluble in water but is soluble in concentrated acids. A metallic element, it is also well-known for its high strength-to-weight ratio. It is a light, strong metal with low density (60% as dense as steel) that, when pure, is quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free environment), easy to work, lustrous, and metallic-white in colour. T ...
See also:Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions Read more here: » Titanium: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Notable characteristics |
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| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Phosphorus trichloride - Chemical properties In phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), the phosphorus is in the +3 oxidation state and the chlorines are in the -1 oxidation state. PCl3 reacts rapidly and exothermically with water to form phosphorous acid, H3PO3 and HCl. A large number of similar substitution reactions are known, the most important of which is the formation of phosphite esters by reaction with alcohols or phenols. For example, with phenol, triphenyl phosphite is formed:
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See also:Phosphorus trichloride, Phosphorus trichloride - Physical properties, Phosphorus trichloride - Chemical properties, Phosphorus trichloride - Preparation, Phosphorus trichloride - Uses, Phosphorus trichloride - Precautions, Phosphorus trichloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers Read more here: » Phosphorus trichloride: Encyclopedia II - Phosphorus trichloride - Chemical properties |
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| | | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change
Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism.
Using solvent extraction it is possible to extract uranium, plutonium, or thorium from acid solutions. One solvent used for this purpose is the organophosphate tri-n-butyl phosphate. The PUREX process is commonly used in nuclear reprocessing uses a mixture of tri-n-butyl phosphate and an inert hydrocarbon (kerocene), the uranium(VI) are extracted from strong nitric acid and are back-extracted (stripped) using weak nitric acid. An organic soluble uranium complex [UO< ...
See also:Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms Read more here: » Liquid-liquid extraction: Encyclopedia II - Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change |
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| | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Molecular geometry The molecular structure of the alkanes directly affects their physical and chemical characteristics. It is derived from the electron configuration of carbon, which has four valence electrons. The carbon atoms in alkanes are always sp3-hybridised, that is to say that the valence electrons are said to be in four equivalent orbitals derived from the combination of the 2s-orbital and the three 2p-orbitals. These orbitals, which have identical energies, are arranged spatially in the form of a tetrahedron, the angle of 109.47° between them.
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See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Molecular geometry |
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| | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - Applications Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper in annual production.
Zinc is used to galvanise metals such as steel to prevent corrosion.
Zinc is used in alloys such as brass, nickelled silver, typewriter metal, various soldering formulas and German silver.
Zinc is the primary metal used in making American pennies since 1982.
Zinc is used in die casting noteably in the automobile industry.
Zinc is used as part of the containers of batteries.
Zin ...
See also:Zinc, Zinc - Notable characteristics, Zinc - Applications, Zinc - Popular misconceptions, Zinc - History, Zinc - Biological role, Zinc - Food Sources, Zinc - Zinc Deficiency, Zinc - Zinc Toxicity, Zinc - Psoriasis, Zinc - Immune System, Zinc - Abundance, Zinc - Zinc production, Zinc - Compounds, Zinc - Isotopes, Zinc - Precautions Read more here: » Zinc: Encyclopedia II - Zinc - Applications |
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| | | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Silver - Notable characteristics Silver is a very ductile and malleable (slightly harder than gold) univalent coinage metal with a brilliant white metallic luster that can take a high degree of polish. It has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals, even higher than copper, but its greater cost has prevented it from being widely used in place of copper for electrical purposes.
Pure silver also has the highest thermal conductivity, whitest colour, the highest optical reflectivity (although it is a poor reflector of ultraviolet), and the lowest contact resist ...
See also:Silver, Silver - Notable characteristics, Silver - Applications, Silver - History, Silver - Occurrence, Silver - Isotopes, Silver - Precautions and health effects Read more here: » Silver: Encyclopedia II - Silver - Notable characteristics |
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| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Acid dissociation constant - The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases The strengths of acids and bases in aqueous solutions are determined by the values of the dissociation constants Ka and Kb for acids and bases, respectively, and by their molar concentrations in solution. Outside of an aqueous solution, it is much more difficult to define the strengths of acids and bases (see Acid-base reaction theories for more information on Brønsted-Lowry, Arrhenius, and Lewis acids and bases.) For the purposes of this article, it is best to assume that a ...
See also:Acid dissociation constant, Acid dissociation constant - Basicity constant of the conjugate base, Acid dissociation constant - Relationship between acidity and basicity constants, Acid dissociation constant - The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases, Acid dissociation constant - pKa of some common substances Read more here: » Acid dissociation constant: Encyclopedia II - Acid dissociation constant - The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases |
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| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Background Beagle 2 was conceived by a group of British academics headed by Professor Colin Pillinger of the Open University, in collaboration with the University of Leicester. Its purpose was to search for signs of Martian life, past or present, and its name reflected this goal, as Professor Pillinger explained:
"HMS Beagle was the ship that took Darwin on his voyage around the world in the 1830s and led to our knowledge about life on Earth making a real quantum leap. We hope Beagle 2 will do the s ...
See also:Beagle 2, Beagle 2 - Background, Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems, Beagle 2 - Mission profile, Beagle 2 - Mission progress, Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site, Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report, Beagle 2 - Legacy Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Background |
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| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Compounds The +4 oxidation state dominates in titanium chemistry, but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also common. Because of this high oxidation state, many titanium compounds have a high degree of covalent bonding.
Although titanium metal is relatively uncommon, due to the cost of extraction, titanium dioxide (also called titanium(IV), titanium white, or even titania) is cheap, nontoxic, readily available in bulk, and very widely used as a white pigment in paint, enamel, lacquer, plastic and construction cement. TiO2 powder ...
See also:Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions Read more here: » Titanium: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Compounds |
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| | | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Purification and use Alkanes are both important raw materials of the chemical industry and the most important fuels of the world economy.
The starting materials for the processing are always natural gas and crude oil. The latter is separated in an oil refinery by fractional distillation and processed into many different products, for example gasoline. The different "fractions" of crude oil have different boiling points and can be isolated and separated quite easily: within the individual fra ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Purification and use |
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| | | | | oxidation state: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Copper Copper is found in association with many other metals and deposit styles. Commonly, copper is either formed within sedimentary rocks, or associated with igneous rocks.
The world's major copper deposits are formed within the granitic porphyry copper style. The source of the copper is generally considered to be the lower crust or mantle where the granite melt forms. The copper is enriched by processes during crystallisation of the granite and forms as chalcopyrite — a sulfide mineral, ...
See also:Ore genesis, Ore genesis - Ore genesis processes, Ore genesis - Internal processes, Ore genesis - Hydrothermal processes, Ore genesis - Metamorphic processes, Ore genesis - Surficial processes, Ore genesis - Classification of ore deposits, Ore genesis - Common classification groupings, Ore genesis - Genesis of common ores, Ore genesis - Iron, Ore genesis - Lead zinc silver, Ore genesis - Gold, Ore genesis - Platinum, Ore genesis - Nickel, Ore genesis - Copper, Ore genesis - Uranium, Ore genesis - Titanium, Ore genesis - Mineral sands, Ore genesis - Tin tungsten and molybdenum, Ore genesis - Rare earth elements niobium tantalum lithium, Ore genesis - Phosphate Read more here: » Ore genesis: Encyclopedia II - Ore genesis - Copper |
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