Encyclopedia - Transition Metal: Encyclopedia Ii - Transition Metal - Variable Oxidation States
Compared to Group II elements such as calcium, transition elements form ions with a wide variety of oxidation states. The transition meta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxide - Current Naming
Oxides can be named after the amount of oxygen atoms in the oxide. Oxides containing only one oxygen are called oxide or monoxide, those ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxide - Chemical Properties
Oxides are formed in redox reactions through oxidation in which a reducing agent is allowed to react with molecular oxygen (O2) or oxidiz...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia - Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum (Symbol Al) (see the spelling section below) is a silvery and ductile member of the poor metal group of chemical el...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromate: Encyclopedia - Chromate
Chromates and dichromates are salts of chromic acid and dichromic acid, respectively. Chromate salts contain the chromate ion, CrO42-, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Oxide: Encyclopedia - Calcium Oxide
General Physical Thermochemistry Safety SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Discla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rust: Encyclopedia - Rust
Rust is the substance formed when iron compounds corrode in the presence of oxygen and water. It is a mixture of iron oxides and hydroxid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorate: Encyclopedia - Chlorate
The chlorate ion ClO3-. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. Chlorate - Ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cytochrome: Encyclopedia - Cytochrome
Cytochromes are generally membrane-bound proteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport or catalyse reductive/oxidati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ametrine: Encyclopedia - Ametrine
Ametrine, also known as Trystine, is a naturally occurring variety of quartz. It is a mixture of amethyst and citrine with zones of purpl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia - Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. Chromium - Notable characteristics. Ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bromide Chemistry: Encyclopedia - Bromide Chemistry
Bromide chemistry - Definition. A bromide ion is an bromine atom with charge -1. Compounds with bromine in formal oxidation state -1 ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fire: Encyclopedia - Fire
Fire, a form of combustion, is the most spectacular chemical phenomenon. Linguistically, the word fire refers to the combination of the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ammonium Perchlorate: Encyclopedia - Ammonium Perchlorate
General Physical Thermochemistry Safety SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Discla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cadmium: Encyclopedia - Cadmium
Cadmium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. A relatively rare, soft, bluish-white, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zinc: Encyclopedia - Zinc
Zinc (from German zink) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc - Notable character...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine Dioxide: Encyclopedia - Chlorine Dioxide
Chlorine dioxide is a reddish-yellow gas which is one of several known oxides of chlorine. Chlorine dioxide is relatively stable in the g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride: Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride
Gold(III) chloride, traditionally called auric chloride, is one of the most common compounds of gold. It has the formula AuCl3. The Roman...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Celadonite: Encyclopedia - Celadonite
Celadonite is a mica group mineral, a phyllosilicate of potassium, iron in both oxidation states, aluminium and hydroxide with formula: K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Actinide: Encyclopedia - Actinide
The actinide series encompasses the 15 chemical elements that lie between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table with atomic numbe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pollution: Encyclopedia - Pollution
Environmental Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. Generally the process needs ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cmos: Encyclopedia - Cmos
CMOS (pronounced "see-moss"), which stands for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, is a major class of integrated circuits. CMOS chi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tea: Encyclopedia - Tea
Tea is a product made from the leaves or buds of the tea bush Camellia sinensis. It is commonly consumed in the form of a beverage made b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxide - Types Of Oxides
Oxides of more electropositive elements tend to be basic. They are called basic anhydrides; adding water, they may form basic hydroxides....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Chemistry
Aluminium - Oxidation state 1. AlH is produced when aluminium is heated at 1500 °C in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Al2O is made by heat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Chemistry
Aluminium - Oxidation state 1. AlH is produced when aluminium is heated at 1500 °C in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Al2O is made by heat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Natural Occurrence
Although aluminium is an abundant element in Earth's crust (believed to be 7.5% to 8.1%), it is very rare in its free form and was once c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Natural Occurrence
Although aluminium is the most abundant metallic element in Earth's crust (believed to be 7.5% to 8.1%), it is very rare in its free form...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Precautions
Aluminium is one of the few abundant elements that appears to have no beneficial function in living cells, but a few percent of people ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Precautions
Aluminium is one of the few abundant elements that appears to have no beneficial function in living cells, but a few percent of people ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Applications
Whether measured in terms of quantity or value, the use of aluminium exceeds that of any other metal except iron, and it is important in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Applications
Whether measured in terms of quantity or value, the use of aluminium exceeds that of any other metal except iron, and it is important in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorate: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorate - Definition
The chlorate ion ClO3-. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. ... See also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Spelling
Aluminium - Etymology / Nomenclature history. In 1808, Humphry Davy originally proposed the name alumium while trying to isolate the ne...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Spelling
Aluminium - Etymology/Nomenclature history. In 1808, Humphry Davy originally proposed the name alumium while trying to isolate the new ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - History
The ancient Greeks and Romans used salts of this metal as dyeing mordants and as astringents for dressing wounds, and alum is still used ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - History
The ancient Greeks and Romans used salts of this metal as dyeing mordants and as astringents for dressing wounds, and alum is still used ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Isotopes
Aluminium has nine isotopes, whose mass numbers range from 23 to 30. Only 27Al (stable isotope) and 26Al (radioactive isotope, t1/2 = 7.2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transition Metal: Encyclopedia Ii - Transition Metal - Properties
Transition elements tend to have high tensile strength, density and melting and boiling points. As with many properties of transition met...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transition Metal: Encyclopedia Ii - Transition Metal - Colored Compounds
We observe color as varying frequencies of electromagnetic radiation in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Different col...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transition Metal: Encyclopedia Ii - Transition Metal - Electronic Configuration
Main group elements prior to the appearance of the transition group elements in the periodic chart (ie, elements number 1 through 20) hav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Perchlorate: Encyclopedia Ii - Perchlorate - Scientific Definition
The perchlorate ion is ClO4-. A perchlorate (compound) is a compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +7. ... Se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrous Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrous Oxide - Legality
Possession of nitrous oxide is illegal in most localities in the United States for the purposes of inhaling or ingesting if not under the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium - Isotopes
Aluminium has nine isotopes, whose mass numbers range from 23 to 30. Only Al-27 (stable isotope) and Al-26 (radioactive isotope, t1/2 = 7...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrochemistry - Principles
Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction. The elements involved in an electrochemical reaction are characterized by the number of ele...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Notable Characteristics
Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cluster Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cluster Chemistry - Metal Clusters
The oldest identified metal cluster is calomel which was known to the Indians in the 12th century. The existence of a mercury to mercury ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorite: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorite - Definition
The chlorite ion is ClO2-. A chlorite (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +3. ... See a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydroboration-oxidation Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydroboration-oxidation Reaction - Mechanism
The addition of BH3 to the alkene is a concerted reaction, with multiple bond formation and breaking occuring simultaneously. The interme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromium: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromium - Notable Characteristics
Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish, melts with difficulty, and tarnishes. The most common oxidation ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vanadium: Encyclopedia Ii - Vanadium - Notable Characteristics
Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vaska's Complex: Encyclopedia Ii - Vaska's Complex - Chemistry
Vaska's complex is the prototypical compound exhibiting patterns of reactivity that provided a conceptual framework for homogeneous catal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tungsten: Encyclopedia Ii - Tungsten - Compounds
The most common oxidation state of tungsten is +6, but it exhibits all oxidation states from +2 to +6. Tungsten typically combines with o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorus Trichloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorus Trichloride - Chemical Properties
In phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), the phosphorus is in the +3 oxidation state and the chlorines are in the -1 oxidation state. PCl3 react...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganese: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganese - Notable Characteristics
Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Titanium: Encyclopedia Ii - Titanium - Compounds
The +4 oxidation state dominates in titanium chemistry, but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also common. Because of this high oxi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rhenium: Encyclopedia Ii - Rhenium - Notable Characteristics
Rhenium is a silvery white metal, lustrous, and has one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten and carb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemoluminescence: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemoluminescence - Gas-phase Reactions
One of the oldest known chemoluminescent reactions is that of elemental white phosphorus oxidizing in moist air, producing a green glow. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hybrid Rocket: Encyclopedia Ii - Hybrid Rocket - Organisations Working On Hybrids
The Reaction Research Society (RRS), although known primarily for their work with liquid rocket propulsion, has a long history of researc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flue Gas Desulfurization: Encyclopedia Ii - Flue Gas Desulfurization - Sources Of Sulfur
Fossil fuels such as coal and oil contain significant amounts of sulfur. When burned, this sulfur is generally converted to SO2. This hap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cadmium: Encyclopedia Ii - Cadmium - Notable Characteristics
Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white bivalent metal which can be easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bromide Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Bromide Chemistry - Definition
A bromide ion is an bromine atom with charge -1. Compounds with bromine in formal oxidation state -1 are called bromides. This can includ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobaltii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobaltii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Since cobalt(II) chloride is soluble in water, it can be used to prepare a variety of cobalt salts, e.g., CoCl2(aq) + K2S(aq) → CoS(s)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Seal Brown: Encyclopedia Ii - Seal Brown - Usage
The specifications for the U.S. Army Air Corps Type A-2 regulation summer flying jacket, adopted in 1931 and the most familiar among all ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Osmium: Encyclopedia Ii - Osmium - Applications
Because of the extreme toxicity of its oxide, osmium is rarely used in its pure state, and is instead often alloyed with other metals tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Goldiii Chloride - Structure
AuCl3 exists as a dimer both as a solid and as a vapour; the bromide AuBr3 follows the same pattern. This is similar (but not identical)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plutonium: Encyclopedia Ii - Plutonium - Notable Characteristics
Plutonium is silvery in pure form, but has a yellow tarnish when oxidized. Peculiarly, the metal goes through phases of contraction as it...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid-base Reaction Theories: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid-base Reaction Theories - Common Acid-base Theories
Acid-base reaction theories - Lavoisier's definition. The first scientific definition was proposed by the French chemist Antoine Lavois...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cubic Zirconia: Encyclopedia Ii - Cubic Zirconia - History
Since 1892 the yellowish, monoclinic mineral baddeleyite had been the only natural form of zirconium oxide known. Being of rare occurrenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorite: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorite - Dicussion
Chlorites are salts of chlorous acid. How does the chlorite anion fit within the overall scheme of chlorine based anions? In general, chl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron - Compounds
Common oxidation states of iron include: the Iron(-II) state, Fe2- (e.g. Fe(CO)42-,Fe(CO)2(NO)2. the Iron(0) state, Fe(CO)5, Fe(PF3)5. t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron - Compounds
Common oxidation states of iron include: the Iron(-II) state, Fe2- (e.g. Fe(CO)42-,Fe(CO)2(NO)2. the Iron(0) state, Fe(CO)5, Fe(PF3)5. t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neptunium: Encyclopedia Ii - Neptunium - Notable Characteristics
Silvery in appearance, neptunium metal is fairly chemically reactive and is found in at least three structural modifications: alpha-nept...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of The United States: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of The United States - Environment
Environment - current issues: air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of car...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel - Biological Role
Many but not all hydrogenases contain nickel in addition to iron-sulfur clusters. Nickel centres are a common element in those hydrogenas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electron Counting: Encyclopedia Ii - Electron Counting - Examples Of The 18 Ve Rule
There are two different approaches one can use when counting electrons, each arriving at the same total. The constituents (i.e. metal and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lycopene: Encyclopedia Ii - Lycopene - Structure
Lycopene is a terpene assembled from 8 isoprene units. The color of lycopene is due to its many conjugated carbon double bonds. Each doub...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron Ore: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron Ore - Mining
Image:Arghematiteore.jpg In the United States and Canada, almost all natural ore reserves are exhausted. Modern mines in Minnesota, Michi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superoxide Dismutase: Encyclopedia Ii - Superoxide Dismutase - Reaction
A typical reaction of an SOD protein containing copper (and zinc) looks like this: Cu2+-SOD + O2- → Cu1+-SOD + O2 Cu1+-SOD + O2- + 2H+...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron Ore: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron Ore - Refining
Pure elemental iron is virtually unknown on the surface of the Earth except as wüstite from meteorites and very rare forms of deep mantl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - Notable Characteristics
Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron-gall Nut Ink: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron-gall Nut Ink - Chemistry
The gradual darkening of the ink was due to the oxidation of the iron ions from ferrous (Fe++) to ferric (Fe+++) state by atmospheric oxy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thallium: Encyclopedia Ii - Thallium - Applications
The odorless and tasteless thallium sulfate was widely used in the past as a rat poison and ant killer. In the United States and many oth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Reprocessing: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Reprocessing - Old Methods Which Are No Longer Used
Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate. The bismuth phosphate process is a very old process which adds lots of material to the final ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sulfur: Encyclopedia Ii - Sulfur - Notable Characteristics
At room temperature, sulfur is a soft bright yellow solid. Although sulfur is infamous for its smell - frequently compared to rotten eggs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Turquoise: Encyclopedia Ii - Turquoise - Formation
As a secondary mineral, turquoise apparently forms by the action of percolating acidic aqueous solutions during the weathering and oxidat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Toxicity
Alcohols often have an odor described as 'biting' that 'hangs' in the nasal passages. Ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages has been...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sulfur: Encyclopedia Ii - Sulfur - Notable Characteristics
At room temperature, sulfur is a soft bright yellow solid. Although sulfur is infamous for its smell - frequently compared to rotten eggs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transport: Encyclopedia Ii - Transport - Transport, Energy, And The Environment
Transport is a major use of energy, and transport burns most of the world's petroleum. Hydrocarbon fuels produce carbon dioxide, a greenh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transport: Encyclopedia Ii - Transport - Transport Energy And The Environment
Transport is a major use of energy, and transport burns most of the world's petroleum. Hydrocarbon fuels produce carbon dioxide, a greenh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diode: Encyclopedia Ii - Diode - Thermionic Or Gaseous State Diodes
The first diodes were vacuum tube devices (also known as thermionic valves), arrangements of electrodes surrounded by a vacuum within a g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tea: Encyclopedia Ii - Tea - Processing And Classification
The main types of tea are distinguished by their processing. Leaves of Camellia sinensis, if not dried quickly after picking, soon begin ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of California 20th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of California 20th Century - A Victim Of Its Own Success?
Although the air and pollution problems have become less visible because of new laws, health problems associated with pollution have cont...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hair Coloring: Encyclopedia Ii - Hair Coloring - Permanent
This is mixed with developer and remains in the hair shaft until new growth of hair occurs. It's used to match, lighten, and cover gray h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tier One: Encyclopedia Ii - Tier One - Future
The program name "Tier One" raises the question of what Tier Two will be. In The Space Review on June 21, 2004 (the day of Tier One's fir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cremation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cremation - Negative Recent History Experiences With Cremation
Cremation - Environmental Concerns. Cremation is often regarded as a more environmentally responsible alternative to burial; however, i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit - Manufacture
Integrated circuit - Fabrication. Main article: Semiconductor fabrication. The semiconductors of the periodic table of the chemical ele...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Ozone: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Ozone
Ozone In chemistry, an allotropic form of oxygen, having a triatomic instead of a diatomic molecule, and being more active chemically ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kyoto Protocol: Encyclopedia Ii - Kyoto Protocol - Details Of The Agreement
According to press release from the United Nations Environment Programme: "The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under which industrialized...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kyoto Protocol: Encyclopedia Ii - Kyoto Protocol - Details Of The Agreement
According to a press release from the United Nations Environment Programme: "The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under which industrializ...   » Read the article