Bromide chemistry - Definition. A bromide ion is an bromine atom with charge -1. Compounds with bromine in formal oxidation state -1 are called bromides. This can include ionic compounds such as caesium bromide or basically covalent compounds such as sulfur dibromide. You can test for a bromide ion by adding dilute nitric acid HNO3. Then add silver nitrate AgNO3. A cream precipitate forms that disappears in concentrated ammonia solution. Bromide che ...

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• Bromide chemistry - Definition
• Bromide chemistry - Examples

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Cadmium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. A relatively rare, soft, bluish-white, toxic transition metal, cadmium occurs with zinc ores and is used largely in batteries. Cadmium - Notable characteristics. Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white bivalent metal which can be easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc but lends itself to more complex compounds. The most common oxidation state of cadmium is +2, t ...

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• Cadmium - Notable characteristics
• Cadmium - Applications
• Cadmium - History
• Cadmium - Occurrence
• Cadmium - Isotopes
• Cadmium - Precautions

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Beagle 2 was an unsuccessful British landing spacecraft that formed part of the European Space Agency's 2003 Mars Express mission. Beagle 2 - Background. Beagle 2 was conceived by a group of British academics headed by Professor Colin Pillinger of the Open University, in collaboration with the University of Leicester. Its purpose was to search for signs of Martian life, past or present, and its name reflected this goal, as Professor Pillinger explained: "HMS Beagle < ...

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• Beagle 2 - Background
• Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems
• Beagle 2 - Mission profile
• Beagle 2 - Mission progress
• Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site
• Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report
• Beagle 2 - Legacy

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An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. Alkanes are also often known as paraffins, or collectively as the paraffin series; these terms, however, are also used to apply only to alkanes whose carbon atoms form a single, unbranched chain; when this is done, branched-chain alkanes are called isoparaffins. Alkanes are aliphatic compounds. The general formu ...

Including:

• Alkane - Isomerism
• Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes
• Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains
• Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains
• Alkane - Trivial names
• Alkane - Occurrence
• Alkane - Purification and use
• Alkane - Preparation
• Alkane - Molecular geometry
• Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles
• Alkane - Conformation
• Alkane - Properties
• Alkane - Physical properties
• Alkane - Chemical properties
• Alkane - Thermochemistry
• Alkane - Spectroscopic properties
• Alkane - Reactions
• Alkane - Reactions with oxygen
• Alkane - Reactions with halogens
• Alkane - Cracking and reforming
• Alkane - Other reactions
• Alkane - Hazards
• Alkane - Alkanes in nature
• Alkane - Bacteria and archaea
• Alkane - Fungi and plants
• Alkane - Animals
• Alkane - Ecological relations

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Gold(III) chloride, traditionally called auric chloride, is one of the most common compounds of gold. It has the formula AuCl3. The Roman numerals in the name indicate that the gold has an oxidation state of +3, which is the most stable form for gold in its compounds. Gold also forms another chloride, gold(I) chloride (AuCl) which is less stable than AuCl3. Also chlorauric acid (HAuCl4), the product formed when gold dissolves in aqua regia, is sometimes referred to rather loosely as "gold chloride", "acid g ...

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• GoldIII chloride - Structure
• GoldIII chloride - Chemical properties
• GoldIII chloride - Preparation
• GoldIII chloride - Uses
• GoldIII chloride - Precautions
• GoldIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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In chemistry and biochemistry, acid dissociation constant, the acidity constant, or the acid-ionization constant (Ka) is a specific type of equilibrium constant that indicates the extent of dissociation of hydrogen ions from an acid. It is important to remember that the term [H2O] is omitted from the general equilibrium constant expression. While strong acids dissociate practically completely in solution and consequently have large acidity constants, weak acids do not fully dissociate and gen ...

Including:

• Acid dissociation constant - Basicity constant of the conjugate base
• Acid dissociation constant - Relationship between acidity and basicity constants
• Acid dissociation constant - The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
• Acid dissociation constant - pKa of some common substances

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In chemistry, valence is the power of an atom of an element to combine with other atoms measured by the number of electrons which an atom will give, take, or share to form a chemical bond. This is related to the number of spaces left in an atom's electron shells. The adjective describing an atom's valency uses a Greek prefix such as uni/mono, bi/di, tri, tetra etc. for valencies of 1, 2, 3, 4. Main group elements that are metals generally have only one valency, equal to the number of electrons in the valence shell. Transition ...

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• Valence chemistry - List
• Valence chemistry - External link

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Zinc (from German zink) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc - Notable characteristics. Zinc is a moderately reactive metal that will combine with oxygen and other non-metals, and will react with dilute acids to release hydrogen. The one common oxidation state of zinc is +2. Zinc - Applications. Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper in annual production. ...

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• Zinc - Notable characteristics
• Zinc - Applications
• Zinc - Popular misconceptions
• Zinc - History
• Zinc - Biological role
• Zinc - Food Sources
• Zinc - Zinc Deficiency
• Zinc - Zinc Toxicity
• Zinc - Psoriasis
• Zinc - Immune System
• Zinc - Abundance
• Zinc - Zinc production
• Zinc - Compounds
• Zinc - Isotopes
• Zinc - Precautions

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Yttrium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Y and atomic number 39. A silvery metallic transition metal, yttrium is common in rare-earth minerals and two of its compounds are used to make the red color in color televisions. Yttrium - Notable Characteristics. Yttrium is a silver-metallic, lustrous rare earth metal that is relatively stable in air and chemically resembles the lanthanides. Shavings or turnings of the metal can ignite in air when they exceed 400 °C. When yttr ...

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• Yttrium - Notable Characteristics
• Yttrium - Applications
• Yttrium - History
• Yttrium - Occurrence
• Yttrium - Isotopes
• Yttrium - Precautions

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Chromates and dichromates are salts of chromic acid and dichromic acid, respectively. Chromate salts contain the chromate ion, CrO42-, and have an intense yellow color. Dichromate salts contain the dichromate ion, Cr2O72-, and have an intense orange color. Chromate - Characteristics. The chromium atoms are in oxidation state +6 in both, and the chromate and dichromate ions are fairly strong oxidizing agents. Chromium i ...

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• Chromate - Characteristics

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Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from the traditional abbreviation for the Latin argentum). A soft white lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal and occurs in minerals and in free form. This metal is used in coins, jewelry, tableware, and photography. Silver - Notable characteristics. Silver is a very ductile and malleable (slightly harder than gold) univalent coinage metal with a brilliant white metallic luster that can ta ...

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• Silver - Notable characteristics
• Silver - Applications
• Silver - History
• Silver - Occurrence
• Silver - Isotopes
• Silver - Precautions and health effects

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The chlorate ion ClO3-. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. Chlorate - Examples. potassium chlorate, KClO3 sodium chlorate, NaClO3 magnesium chlorate, Mg(ClO3)2 See category for a bigger list. Chlorate - Preparation. Metal chlorates can be prepared by ...

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• Chlorate - Definition
• Chlorate - Examples
• Chlorate - Preparation
• Chlorate - Discussion

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The free acid, chlorous acid, HClO2, is only stable at low concentrations. Since it cannot be concentrated, it is not a commercial product. However, the corresponding sodium salt, sodium chlorite, NaClO2 is stable and inexpensive enough to be commercially available. The corresponding salts of heavy metals (Ag+, Hg+, Tl+, Pb2+, and also Cu2+ and NH4+) d ...

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Chlorite, Chlorite - Definition, Chlorite - Examples, Chlorite - Dicussion, Chlorite - Manufacture, Chlorite - Usage

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The oldest identified metal cluster is calomel which was known to the Indians in the 12th century. The existence of a mercury to mercury bond in this compound was established in beginning of the 20th century. Metal cluster are prominently found with refractory metals. In general metal centers with large overlapping d-orbitals form stable clusters. Thus metals with a high oxidation state and therefore large effective charge tend to be unstable. Polynuclear metal carbonyls are generally found in late transition metals with low formal oxidation states. Polynuclear halide ...

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Cluster chemistry, Cluster chemistry - Metal clusters

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Fermium (after Enrico Fermi) was first discovered by a team led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952. The team found fermium-255 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion (see Operation Ivy). That isotope was created when uranium-238 combined with 17 neutrons in the intense temperature and pressure of the explosion (eight beta decays also occurred to create the element). The work was overseen by the University of California Radiation Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, an ...

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Fermium, Fermium - Notable characteristics, Fermium - History, Fermium - Isotopes

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Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and other three are predicted to be radioactive but their decays were never observed, due to extremely long half-life times. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is 7.7 X 1015 years) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.9 X 1019 years). Other three ones are 106Cd, 108Cd (double electron capture), and 114Cd ...

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Cadmium, Cadmium - Notable characteristics, Cadmium - Applications, Cadmium - History, Cadmium - Occurrence, Cadmium - Isotopes, Cadmium - Precautions

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The chlorate ion ClO3-. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. ...

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Chlorate, Chlorate - Definition, Chlorate - Examples, Chlorate - Preparation, Chlorate - Discussion

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Titanium is well known for its excellent corrosion resistance (almost as resistant as platinum), being able to withstand attack by acids, moist chlorine gas, and by common salt solutions. Pure titanium is not soluble in water but is soluble in concentrated acids. A metallic element, it is also well-known for its high strength-to-weight ratio. It is a light, strong metal with low density (60% as dense as steel) that, when pure, is quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free environment), easy to work, lustrous, and metallic-white in colour. T ...

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Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions

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Gold(III) chloride is one of the most common gold compounds and it is therefore used as the starting point for the synthesis of many other gold compounds, for example the water-soluble cyanide complex KAu(CN)4: AuCl3 + 4 KCN → KAu(CN)4 + 3 KCl Gold(III) salts, especially NaAuCl4 (made from AuCl3 + NaCl), provide a non-toxic alternative to mercury(II) salts as catalysts for alkyne reactions. One important reaction of this sort is the hydration of terminal alkynes to produce methyl ke ...

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GoldIII chloride, GoldIII chloride - Structure, GoldIII chloride - Chemical properties, GoldIII chloride - Preparation, GoldIII chloride - Uses, GoldIII chloride - Precautions, GoldIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism. Using solvent extraction it is possible to extract uranium, plutonium, or thorium from acid solutions. One solvent used for this purpose is the organophosphate tri-n-butyl phosphate. The PUREX process is commonly used in nuclear reprocessing uses a mixture of tri-n-butyl phosphate and an inert hydrocarbon (kerocene), the uranium(VI) are extracted from strong nitric acid and are back-extracted (stripped) using weak nitric acid. An organic soluble uranium complex [UO< ...

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Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms

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