Compared to Group II elements such as calcium, transition elements form ions with a wide variety of oxidation states. The transition metals show such a range of oxidation states because their partially filled d orbitals can accept or donate electrons in chemical reactions. Calcium ions typically do not lose more than two electrons, whereas transition metals can lose up to nine. The reason for this can be obtained by studying the ionisation enthalpies of both groups. The energies required to remove electrons from calcium are low until you try ...

See also:

Transition metal, Transition metal - The 40 transition metals, Transition metal - Electronic configuration, Transition metal - Properties, Transition metal - Variable oxidation states, Transition metal - Catalytic activity, Transition metal - Colored compounds

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See also:

Oxide, Oxide - Current naming, Oxide - Chemical properties, Oxide - Types of oxides, Oxide - Common oxides sorted by oxidation state

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Oxides are formed in redox reactions through oxidation in which a reducing agent is allowed to react with molecular oxygen (O2) or oxidizing agents which contain oxygen, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and permanganate (MnO4-). Oxides are characterized by a redistribution of electrons, in which the oxygen atoms have a net surplus of electrons and the other atoms a net lack. In oxides of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and halogens, covalent bonds occur between oxygen and ...

See also:

Oxide, Oxide - Current naming, Oxide - Chemical properties, Oxide - Types of oxides, Oxide - Common oxides sorted by oxidation state

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Aluminium or aluminum (Symbol Al) (see the spelling section below) is a silvery and ductile member of the poor metal group of chemical elements. Its atomic number is 13. Aluminium is found primarily as the ore bauxite and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation (due to the phenomenon of passivation), its strength, and its light weight. Aluminium is used in many industries to make millions of different products and is very important to the world economy. Structural components made from aluminium are vital to the aer ...

Including:

• Aluminium - Properties
• Aluminium - Applications
• Aluminium - Engineering use
• Aluminium - History
• Aluminium - Natural occurrence
• Aluminium - Isotopes
• Aluminium - Clusters
• Aluminium - Precautions
• Aluminium - Spelling
• Aluminium - Etymology / Nomenclature history
• Aluminium - Present day spelling
• Aluminium - Chemistry
• Aluminium - Oxidation state 1
• Aluminium - Oxidation state 2
• Aluminium - Oxidation state 3
• Aluminium - Aluminium in popular culture

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Chromates and dichromates are salts of chromic acid and dichromic acid, respectively. Chromate salts contain the chromate ion, CrO42-, and have an intense yellow color. Dichromate salts contain the dichromate ion, Cr2O72-, and have an intense orange color. Chromate - Characteristics. The chromium atoms are in oxidation state +6 in both, and the chromate and dichromate ions are fairly strong oxidizing agents. Chromium i ...

Including:

• Chromate - Characteristics

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General Physical Thermochemistry Safety SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as lime, quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic and alkaline crystalline solid. As a commercial product lime often also contains magnesium oxide, silicon oxide an ...

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Rust is the substance formed when iron compounds corrode in the presence of oxygen and water. It is a mixture of iron oxides and hydroxides. Rusting is a common term for corrosion, and usually corrosion of steel. Iron is found naturally in the ore hematite as iron oxide, and metallic iron tends to return to a similar state when exposed to air, (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc) and water. This corrosion is due to the oxidation reaction when iron metal returns to an energetically favourable state. Energy is given off when rust fo ...

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The chlorate ion ClO3-. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. Chlorate - Examples. potassium chlorate, KClO3 sodium chlorate, NaClO3 magnesium chlorate, Mg(ClO3)2 See category for a bigger list. Chlorate - Preparation. Metal chlorates can be prepared by ...

Including:

• Chlorate - Definition
• Chlorate - Examples
• Chlorate - Preparation
• Chlorate - Discussion

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Cytochromes are generally membrane-bound proteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport or catalyse reductive/oxidative reactions. They are found in the mitochondrial inner membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotes, in the chloroplasts of plants, in photosynthetic microorganisms, and in bacteria. The heme group is a highly conjugated ring system (which means its electrons are very mobile) surrounding a metal ion, which readily interconverts between the oxidation states. For many cytochromes the metal ...

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Ametrine, also known as Trystine, is a naturally occurring variety of quartz. It is a mixture of amethyst and citrine with zones of purple and yellow or orange. Almost all commercially available ametrine is mined in Bolivia, although there are deposits being exploited in Brazil and India. The colour of the zones visible within ametrine are due to differing oxidation states of iron within the crystal. The different oxidation states occur due to there being a temperature gradient across the crystal during its formation. Artificial ametrine can be crea ...

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Chromium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. Chromium - Notable characteristics. Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish, melts with difficulty, and tarnishes. The most common oxidation states of chromium are +2, +3, and +6, with +3 being the most stable. +4 and +5 are rare. Chromium compounds of oxidation state 6 are powerful oxidants. Chromium(0) is unstable in oxygen, immediately producing a thin oxi ...

Including:

• Chromium - Notable characteristics
• Chromium - Applications
• Chromium - History
• Chromium - Biological role
• Chromium - Occurrence
• Chromium - Compounds
• Chromium - Isotopes
• Chromium - Chromium and the quintuple bond
• Chromium - Precautions

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Bromide chemistry - Definition. A bromide ion is an bromine atom with charge -1. Compounds with bromine in formal oxidation state -1 are called bromides. This can include ionic compounds such as caesium bromide or basically covalent compounds such as sulfur dibromide. You can test for a bromide ion by adding dilute nitric acid HNO3. Then add silver nitrate AgNO3. A cream precipitate forms that disappears in concentrated ammonia solution. Bromide che ...

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• Bromide chemistry - Definition
• Bromide chemistry - Examples

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Fire, a form of combustion, is the most spectacular chemical phenomenon. Linguistically, the word fire refers to the combination of the brilliant glow and large amount of heat released during a rapid, self-sustaining burning of combustible fuel. Technically, fire is not a state of matter; it is an exothermic oxidation process by which heat and light energy are given out. Fire starts when a fuel with adequate supply of oxygen or other oxidizer is subjected to enough heat, and it is sustained by the further release of heat energy ...

Including:

• Fire - Controlling fire
• Fire - Fire and religion
• Fire - Fire as a power source
• Fire - Uncontrolled fire
• Fire - Science of fire

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General Physical Thermochemistry Safety SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references Ammonium perchlorate is a chemical compound with the formula NH4ClO4. It is the salt of ammonia and perchloric acid. Like other perchlorates, it is a powerful oxidizer. This salt is used as an explosive in mining, due to th ...

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Cadmium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. A relatively rare, soft, bluish-white, toxic transition metal, cadmium occurs with zinc ores and is used largely in batteries. Cadmium - Notable characteristics. Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white bivalent metal which can be easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc but lends itself to more complex compounds. The most common oxidation state of cadmium is +2, t ...

Including:

• Cadmium - Notable characteristics
• Cadmium - Applications
• Cadmium - History
• Cadmium - Occurrence
• Cadmium - Isotopes
• Cadmium - Precautions

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Zinc (from German zink) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc - Notable characteristics. Zinc is a moderately reactive metal that will combine with oxygen and other non-metals, and will react with dilute acids to release hydrogen. The one common oxidation state of zinc is +2. Zinc - Applications. Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper in annual production. ...

Including:

• Zinc - Notable characteristics
• Zinc - Applications
• Zinc - Popular misconceptions
• Zinc - History
• Zinc - Biological role
• Zinc - Food Sources
• Zinc - Zinc Deficiency
• Zinc - Zinc Toxicity
• Zinc - Psoriasis
• Zinc - Immune System
• Zinc - Abundance
• Zinc - Zinc production
• Zinc - Compounds
• Zinc - Isotopes
• Zinc - Precautions

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Chlorine dioxide is a reddish-yellow gas which is one of several known oxides of chlorine. Chlorine dioxide is relatively stable in the gas and liquid states, but can explode easily. Practically, it is never handled in its pure form. Chlorine dioxide - Uses. Chlorine dioxide is used in the disinfection of water and bleaching of flour and wood pulp. It can also be used for air disinfection, and was the principal agent used in the decontamination of buildings in the United States after the 2001 anthra ...

Including:

• Chlorine dioxide - Uses
• Chlorine dioxide - Preparation

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Gold(III) chloride, traditionally called auric chloride, is one of the most common compounds of gold. It has the formula AuCl3. The Roman numerals in the name indicate that the gold has an oxidation state of +3, which is the most stable form for gold in its compounds. Gold also forms another chloride, gold(I) chloride (AuCl) which is less stable than AuCl3. Also chlorauric acid (HAuCl4), the product formed when gold dissolves in aqua regia, is sometimes referred to rather loosely as "gold chloride", "acid g ...

Including:

• GoldIII chloride - Structure
• GoldIII chloride - Chemical properties
• GoldIII chloride - Preparation
• GoldIII chloride - Uses
• GoldIII chloride - Precautions
• GoldIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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Celadonite is a mica group mineral, a phyllosilicate of potassium, iron in both oxidation states, aluminium and hydroxide with formula: K(Mg,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Al)[Si4O10](OH)2. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and usually forms massive aggregates of prismatic crystallites or in dull clay masses. It is soft with a Mohs hardness of 2 and a specific gravity of 3. Typically occurs as dull gray-green to bluish green masses. It forms vesicle fillings and linings in altered basaltic lavas. It was first described in 1847 on Mt. Baldo, near Verona, Italy. The name ...

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The actinide series encompasses the 15 chemical elements that lie between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table with atomic numbers 89 - 103. The actinide series is named after actinium. All actinides are f-block elements except lawrencium. There are also alternative arrangements which do not include either actinium or lawrencium in the actinide series. The actinides display less similarity in their chemical properties than the lanthanide series, for instance exhibiting a wider range of oxidation states, which initially led to confusion as to whether actinium, thorium and uranium should be consider d ...

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