Ottoman Turkish language

The country of Turkey has been the site of wide variety of empires and has literally been a crossroads for much of Eurasia. Some of the earliest known inhabitants include the Hattians also known as Hattis, 2500-2000 BCE, who were quite possibly an aboriginal people of Anatolia. They were followed by the Hittites, 2000-1750 BCE, an Indo-European people from the steppes of modern Russia and the Ukraine, who merged with the local population. Later invaders included Phrygians, Lydians, Assyrians, Armenians, Kurds, Greeks, Romans, Galatians, Byza ...

See also:

Turkish people, Turkish people - A brief historical overview, Turkish people - The Modern Turks, Turkish people - Turkish phenotypes and diversity

Read more here: » Turkish people: Encyclopedia II - Turkish people - A brief historical overview

A köçek would begin training around the age of seven or eight, and would be considered accomplished after about six years of study and practice. A dancer's career would last as long as he was beardless and retained his youthful appearance. Dancers would get married when they were around 25 or 30, and then could become organizers of a new köçek troop. Köçeks were organized into companies known as kol. Twelve such companies were counted in the mid-1600's, each c ...

See also:

Köçek, Köçek - Roots, Köçek - Culture, Köçek - Modern offshoots

Read more here: » Köçek: Encyclopedia II - Köçek - Culture

The first janissary units comprised war captives and slaves. After the 1380s Sultan Selim I filled their ranks with the results of taxation in human form called devshirmeh. The sultan’s men would conscript a number of non-Muslim, usually Christian, boys – at first at random, later, by strict selection – and take them to be trained. In later centuries they appear to have favored essentially Greeks, Albanians, Romanians, Serbs and Bulgarians. Usually they would select about one in five boys of ages seven to fourteen but the number ...

See also:

Janissary, Janissary - Origin of the janissaries, Janissary - Janissary training and way of life, Janissary - The janissary corps, Janissary - The janissary revolts, Janissary - Modern janissaries, Janissary - Janissary music

Read more here: » Janissary: Encyclopedia II - Janissary - Janissary training and way of life

Traditionally, the masseurs in the baths, tellak in Turkish, were young boys, helping the men in washing their bodies. Their duties were not just washers, but also sex workers. We know today, by texts left by Ottoman authors, who they were, their prices, how many times they could bring their customers to orgasm, and the details of their sexual practices. The tellak system died out in the early years of the twentieth century, as a result of the increasing westernization of the Turkish Republic. (From the Dellakname-i-Dilkusa, 18th century anonymous work; Ottom ...

See also:

Hammam, Hammam - Architecture, Hammam - Customs

Read more here: » Hammam: Encyclopedia II - Hammam - Customs

Ottoman (in Turkish Osmanlı) may refer to: Ottoman Turkish language Ottoman Dynasty, the caliphs who governed. Ottoman Empire, the state Ottoman Turks, the ethnic group Ottoman (furniture), the furniture piece Other related archivesOttoman (furniture), Ottoman Dynasty, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish language, Ottoman Turks

Read more here: » Ottoman: Encyclopedia - Ottoman

Ultimately, it is absurd to speak of any ‘Turkish race’ in the tangled ethnic web of Anatolia. Race as a genetic-based social category that is in any case a concept of the XIXth century, is no longer accepted by most social scientists. As a matter of fact, most present-day Turks are the offspring of all sorts of populations whose original languages have sometimes been extinct several centuries ago. Among the Black Sea Turkish intellectuals there have been in the last few years a revival of interest for the forgotten ethnic and rel ...

See also:

Turkish people, Turkish people - A brief historical overview, Turkish people - The Modern Turks, Turkish people - Turkish phenotypes and diversity

Read more here: » Turkish people: Encyclopedia II - Turkish people - The Modern Turks

The hammam combines the functionality and the structural elements of its predecessors in Anatolia, the Roman thermae and Byzantine baths, with the Turkish-Muslim tradition of bathing, ritual cleansing and respect of water. It is also known that Arabs have built many of their own version of the Greek-Roman baths they encountered following their conquests of Alexandria. However, the Turkish hammam has a more improved style and functionality from these structures that emerged as annex buildings of mosques or ...

See also:

Hammam, Hammam - Architecture, Hammam - Customs

Read more here: » Hammam: Encyclopedia II - Hammam - Architecture

While the majority of Turks do bear a common brunette Mediterranean appearance similar to that of neighboring countries, there are large visible exceptions that are a testament to the legacy of population movements into the region. People walking in a Turkish street or watching a Turkish movie can see Turks of about all physical types prevalent in the country, from the blond haired and-blue-eyed to the Asiatic Mongol individuals, and even people with some partial black African roots, from the times when the Ottoman Empire stretched into Sudan. Turkey, like so many other vast former imperialist powers such ...

See also:

Turkish people, Turkish people - A brief historical overview, Turkish people - The Modern Turks, Turkish people - Turkish phenotypes and diversity

Read more here: » Turkish people: Encyclopedia II - Turkish people - Turkish phenotypes and diversity

At the present time, the same-sex love and sexuality aspect of köçek culture is considered to have been "a privilege of the powerful economic classes or the world of the arts." Though no new compositions or performances have taken place in the last hundred years, male dancers dressed as women still perform in some areas of Turkey, though their art is no longer primarily of a sensual nature and is seen primarily as folkloric. The style however continues to inspire modern musicians. Ulvi Cemal Erkin,(1906-1972), is a Turkish classical ...

See also:

Köçek, Köçek - Roots, Köçek - Culture, Köçek - Modern offshoots

Read more here: » Köçek: Encyclopedia II - Köçek - Modern offshoots

Janissaries also became aware of their own importance and began to desire better payment. In 1449 they revolted for the first time, demanding higher wages, which they obtained. After 1451, every new sultan was obliged to pay each janissary a reward and raise his pay rank. Sultan Selim II gave janissaries permission to marry in 1566. In the aftermath of the Moldavian Magnate Wars (1595–1621) with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Habsburgs, culminating in the battles of Cecora and Ottoman defeat at Khotyn, Sultan Os ...

See also:

Janissary, Janissary - Origin of the janissaries, Janissary - Janissary training and way of life, Janissary - The janissary corps, Janissary - The janissary revolts, Janissary - Modern janissaries, Janissary - Janissary music

Read more here: » Janissary: Encyclopedia II - Janissary - The janissary revolts

The full strength of the janissary troops varied from maybe 100 to more than 200,000. The corps was organized in ortas (literally "hearth" but equivalent to regiment). Suleiman I had 165 ortas but the number over time increased to 196. The sultan was the supreme commander of the Janissaries but the corps was organized and led by the aga (commander). The corps was divided into three sub-corps: the jemaat (frontier troops), with 101 ortas the beyliks or beuluks (sultan's bodyguard), with 61 ortas the sekbanSee also:

Janissary, Janissary - Origin of the janissaries, Janissary - Janissary training and way of life, Janissary - The janissary corps, Janissary - The janissary revolts, Janissary - Modern janissaries, Janissary - Janissary music

Read more here: » Janissary: Encyclopedia II - Janissary - The janissary corps

The word is derived from the Persian kuchak, "little," "small," or "young." The culture of the köçek, which flourished from the 17th to the 19th century, had its origin in the customs followed at the Ottoman palaces, and in particular in the harems. Its genres enriched both the music and the dance of the Ottomans. The support of the Sultans was a key factor in its development, as in the early stages the art form was confined to palace circles. From there the practice dispersed throughout Anatolia and the Balkans by mea ...

See also:

Köçek, Köçek - Roots, Köçek - Culture, Köçek - Modern offshoots

Read more here: » Köçek: Encyclopedia II - Köçek - Roots

Turkish has an abundance of suffixes, but no native prefixes (apart from the reduplicating intensifier prefix as in beyaz="white", bembeyaz="very white", sıcak="hot", sımsıcak="very hot"). One word can have many suffixes. Suffixes can be used to create new words (see #Vocabulary) or to indicate the grammatical function of a word. Turkish nouns can take endings indicating the person of a possessor. They can take case-endings, as in Latin. (The series of case-endings is the same for every noun, except for ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Grammar

Turkish has an abundance of suffixes, but no prefixes (apart from the reduplicating intensifier prefix as in beyaz="white", bembeyaz="very white", sıcak="hot", sımsıcak="very hot"). (Some Arabic loan words have their own prefixes, but those are the common prefixes of Arabic.) One word can have many suffixes. Suffixes can be used to create new words (see #Vocabulary) or to indicate the grammatical function of a word. Turkish nouns can take endings indicating the person of a possessor. They can take case-e ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Grammar

Turkish is a member of the Turkish family of languages, which includes Gagauz, and Khorasani Turkish in addition to Osmanli Turkish. The Turkish family is a subgroup of the Oghuz languages, themselves a subgroup of the Turkic languages, which most linguists believe to be member of an Altaic language family. Like Finnish and Hungarian, Turkish has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. The basic word order is Subject Object Verb. Turkish has a T-V distinction: second-person plural form ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Classification

Turkish is spoken in Turkey and by minorities in 35 other countries. In particular, Turkish is used in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the Ottoman Empire, such as Bulgaria, Romania, the former Yugoslavia (specifically in Kosovo and Metohija), the Republic of Macedonia, and Greece. About two million Turkish speaking people live in Germany. Turkish language - Official status. Turkish is the official language of Turkey, and is one of the official languages of Cyprus. In Turkey, the Turk ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Geographic distribution

Turkish is spoken in Turkey and by minorities in 35 other countries. In particular, Turkish is used in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the Ottoman Empire, such as Bulgaria, Romania, the former Yugoslavia (specifically in the Serbian province of Kosovo and Metohija on a local level), and the Republic of Macedonia. About two million Turkish speaking people live in Germany. ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Geographic distribution

Turkish is a member of the Turkish family of languages, which includes Gagauz, and Khorasani Turkish in addition to Osmanli Turkish. The Turkish family is a subgroup of the Oghuz languages, themselves a subgroup of the Turkic languages, which most linguists believe to be member of an Altaic language family. Like Finnish and Hungarian, Turkish has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually Subject Object Verb. Turkish has a T-V distinction: second-person plural form ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Classification

One characteristic feature of Turkish is vowel harmony, meaning that the same word will have either front or back vowels, but not both. For example, in vişne "sour cherry" i is close unround front and e is open unround front. Stress is usually on the last syllable, with the exception of some suffix combinations and words like masa ['masa]. Turkish language - Consonants. The phoneme /ɣ/ usually refered to as "soft g", "ğ" i ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Sounds

For more details on this topic, see Turkish vocabulary. Turkish has the resources for building up many new words from old: from nouns: göz "eye", gözlük "eyeglasses" gözlükçü "someone who sells glasses" gözlükçülük "the business of selling glasses" and from verbs: yat- "lie down" yatır- "lay down [that is, cause to lie down]" yatırım "instance of laying down: deposit, investment ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Vocabulary