...the Ottoman Sultan did not introduce the millet system into their empire only on the capture of Constantinople, but were already applying its principles to the non-Muslim Communities under their rule. Islamic Society and west, Oxford 1957. The idea of millet (loosely translated as: people or nation) goes back before the 15th century. The Ottoman political tradition had a dualism. One either belonged to the 'millet' and was an Ottoman (an Ottoman Turk, Ottoman Greek, Ottoman Armenian, or otherwise) or one belonged to th ...

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Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - The concept of Ottoman Nation, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Timeline, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Albenian, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Greek, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Bulgarian, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Serbian, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Armenian, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Kurd

Read more here: » Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - The concept of Ottoman Nation

See also:

Janissary, Janissary - Origin of the janissaries, Janissary - Janissary training and way of life, Janissary - The janissary corps, Janissary - The janissary revolts, Janissary - Modern janissaries, Janissary - Janissary music

Read more here: » Janissary: Encyclopedia II - Janissary - Janissary training and way of life

The full strength of the janissary troops varied from maybe 100 to more than 200,000. The corps was organized in ortas (literally "hearth" but equivalent to regiment). Suleiman I had 165 ortas but the number over time increased to 196. The sultan was the supreme commander of the Janissaries but the corps was organized and led by the aga (commander). The corps was divided into three sub-corps: the jemaat (frontier troops), with 101 ortas the beyliks or beuluks (sultan's bodyguard), with 61 ortas the sekbanSee also:

Janissary, Janissary - Origin of the janissaries, Janissary - Janissary training and way of life, Janissary - The janissary corps, Janissary - The janissary revolts, Janissary - Modern janissaries, Janissary - Janissary music

Read more here: » Janissary: Encyclopedia II - Janissary - The janissary corps

A yellow badge, also referred to as a Jewish badge, is a mandatory mark or a piece of cloth of specific geometric shape, worn on the outer garment in order to distinguish a person of certain religion or ethnicity in public. It is traditionally associated with the persecution of Jews. In some countries a badge was accompanied or replaced by identifying garb or hat. In the Middle Ages clothes worn by differen ...

Including:

• Yellow badge - Timeline

Read more here: » Yellow badge: Encyclopedia - Yellow badge

A Dhimmi, or Zimmi (Arabic ذمي), as defined in classical Islamic legal and political literature, is a person living in a Muslim state who is a member of an officially tolerated non-Islamic religion. The term literally means person of the dhimma, the security treaty signed with the Muslim state. Dhimmi - Background. The Arabic word "dhimmi" is an adjective derived from the noun "dhimma", which means "being in the care of". The term initially applied to "People of the Book" living in lands un ...

Including:

• Dhimmi - Background
• Dhimmi - Modern vs. customary practice
• Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis
• Dhimmi - Death penalty
• Dhimmi - Notes

Read more here: » Dhimmi: Encyclopedia - Dhimmi

Caste systems are an ancient system of social stratification or hierarchy that have existed throughout history and throughout the world, but the most well-known caste system today is the Indian Varna system. The word caste is derived from the Portuguese word casta, meaning "pure", while the original Hindu word varna means "color". Caste - Overview. Anthropologists use the term more generally to refer to a social group that is endogamous and occupationally specialized; such groups ...

Including:

• Caste - Overview
• Caste - Origins of the caste system
• Caste - Varna
• Caste - Twice born
• Caste - Jati
• Caste - Indian caste system
• Caste - Modern perceptions of caste
• Caste - Nepalese caste system
• Caste - Sri Lankan caste system
• Caste - Balinese caste system
• Caste - Japanese caste system
• Caste - Castes in ancient Israel
• Caste - Castes in Rwanda and Burundi

Read more here: » Caste: Encyclopedia - Caste

Janissaries also became aware of their own importance and began to desire better payment. In 1449 they revolted for the first time, demanding higher wages, which they obtained. After 1451, every new sultan was obliged to pay each janissary a reward and raise his pay rank. Sultan Selim II gave janissaries permission to marry in 1566. In the aftermath of the Moldavian Magnate Wars (1595–1621) with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Habsburgs, culminating in the battles of Cecora and Ottoman defeat at Khotyn, Sultan Os ...

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Janissary, Janissary - Origin of the janissaries, Janissary - Janissary training and way of life, Janissary - The janissary corps, Janissary - The janissary revolts, Janissary - Modern janissaries, Janissary - Janissary music

Read more here: » Janissary: Encyclopedia II - Janissary - The janissary revolts

Shakir and Khalifa's English translations of the Qur'an render jizya as "tax", while Pickthal translates it as "tribute". Yusuf Ali prefers to transliterate the term as jizyah. Commentators disagree on the definition and derivation of the word jizya: Yusuf Ali states "The derived meaning, which became the technical meaning, was a poll-tax levied from those who did not accept Islam, but were willing to live under the protection of Islam, and were thus tacitly willing to submit to its ideals being enfor ...

See also:

Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

Read more here: » Jizya: Encyclopedia II - Jizya - Definitions

Jizya - Qur'an. The imposition of jizya upon non-Muslims is mandated by Sura 9.29 of the Qur'an. Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold forbidden that which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.1 ...

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Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

Read more here: » Jizya: Encyclopedia II - Jizya - Sources

Jizya was applied to every free adult male member of the People of the Book, and/or non-Muslim living in lands under Muslim rule. There was no amount permanently fixed for it, though the payment usually depended on wealth: the Kitab al-Kharaj of Abu Yusuf sets the amounts at 48 dirhams for the richest (e.g. moneychangers), 24 for those of moderate wealth, and 12 for craftsmen and manual laborers.2 Females, children, the poor, and hermits were exempt from it. The disabled ...

See also:

Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

Read more here: » Jizya: Encyclopedia II - Jizya - Application

Jizya was levied in the time of Muhammad on vassal tribes under Muslim protection, including Jews in Khaybar, Christians in Najran, and Zoroastrians in Bahrain. W. Montgomery Watt traces its origin to a pre-Islamic practice among the Arabian nomads wherein a powerful tribe would agree to protect its weaker neighbors in exchange for a tribute, which would be refunded if the protection proved ineffectual.< ...

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Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

Read more here: » Jizya: Encyclopedia II - Jizya - History

Religious segregation occurs in the Muslim world, where some nations deny non-Muslims, including Jews and Christians, some of the civil rights and voting privileges they grant to Muslims. Many Muslim countries consign non-Muslim monotheists to the status of dhimmis, both officially and by custom. Saudi Arabia in particular is notorious for very stringent religious laws banning the practice of non-Muslim religions, even prescribing imprisonment and the death penalty ...

See also:

Religious segregation, Religious segregation - Muslim world, Religious segregation - Northern Ireland

Read more here: » Religious segregation: Encyclopedia II - Religious segregation - Muslim world

Dhimmitude is the status that Islamic law, the Sharia, mandates for non-Muslims, primarily Jews and Christians. Dhimmis, “protected” or “guilty” people, are free to practice their religion in a Sharia regime, but are made subject to a number of humiliating regulations designed to enforce the Qur'an's command that they "feel themselves subdued" (Sura 9:29). This denial of equality of rights and dignity remains part of the Sharia, and, as such, are part of the legal superstructure that global jihadists are laboring through violence to restore everywhere in the Islamic world, and wish ul ...

See also:

Dhimmi, Dhimmi - Background, Dhimmi - Modern vs. customary practice, Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis, Dhimmi - Restrictions:, Dhimmi - Death penalty, Dhimmi - Notes

Read more here: » Dhimmi: Encyclopedia II - Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis

Rights: Protection of life, wealth and honor by the Muslim state (even against other co-religionist states) Right to reside in Muslim lands Right of worship according to their own religion Right to choose their own religious leaders (patriarchs for Christians, exilarchs and geonim for Jews) Subject to the approval of the Muslim authorities, who sometimes blocked candidates or took the side of the party that offered the larger bribe^{See also:}

Dhimmi, Dhimmi - Background, Dhimmi - Modern vs. customary practice, Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis, Dhimmi - Restrictions, Dhimmi - Death penalty, Dhimmi - Notes

Read more here: » Dhimmi: Encyclopedia II - Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis

The Indian religious system (Hinduism) is attributed to have created the caste system. This theory is analyzed below. Caste - Varna. In Sanskrit, Varņa means color, appearance, physical form or characteristic. One of the hymns of the Rig Veda, one of the holiest Hindu scripturs, gives the following enumeration in the famous Purusha Sukta (RV 10.90): मुखं किमस्य कौ बाहू का ऊरू पादा उच्येते || ब्राह ...

See also:

Caste, Caste - Overview, Caste - Origins of the Caste System, Caste - Varna, Caste - Twice Born, Caste - Jati, Caste - Indian caste system, Caste - Modern perceptions of caste, Caste - Nepalese caste system, Caste - Sri Lankan caste system, Caste - Balinese caste system, Caste - Japanese caste system, Caste - Castes in ancient Israel, Caste - Castes in Rwanda and Burundi

Read more here: » Caste: Encyclopedia II - Caste - Origins of the Caste System

Criticism of jizya has typically focused not only on its specific application to non-Muslims, but its alleged humiliating nature. It has been described as a demonstration of "constitutional inferiority and humiliation"[19] and criticized for the alleged "consistent, intentionally humiliating character of its application".[20] According to orientalist S.D. Goitein in Evidence on the Muslim Po ...

See also:

Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

Read more here: » Jizya: Encyclopedia II - Jizya - Criticism

The Indian religious system (Hinduism) is attributed to have created the caste system. This theory is analyzed below. Caste - Varna. In Sanskrit, Varņa means color, appearance, physical form or characteristic. One of the hymns of the Rig Veda, one of the holiest Hindu scriptures, gives the following enumeration in the famous Purusha Sukta (RV 10.90): मुखं किमस्य कौ बाहू का ऊरू पादा उच्येते || ब्रा� ...

See also:

Caste, Caste - Overview, Caste - Origins of the caste system, Caste - Varna, Caste - Twice born, Caste - Jati, Caste - Indian caste system, Caste - Modern perceptions of caste, Caste - Nepalese caste system, Caste - Sri Lankan caste system, Caste - Balinese caste system, Caste - Japanese caste system, Caste - Castes in ancient Israel, Caste - Castes in Rwanda and Burundi

Read more here: » Caste: Encyclopedia II - Caste - Origins of the caste system

Many Irish nationalists and republicans have described Northern Ireland as being a gerrymandered or even apartheid state, on the grounds that it was created to ensure a built-in Protestant minority, resulting in discrimination against Catholics in government, education, housing and employment. One legacy of this has been that most state schools in Northern Ireland are either Protestant or Catholic, although there now also a number of integrated schools. This has often exacerbated religious, poli ...

See also:

Religious segregation, Religious segregation - Muslim world, Religious segregation - Northern Ireland

Read more here: » Religious segregation: Encyclopedia II - Religious segregation - Northern Ireland

Schools of sociology differ as to which social traits are significant enough to define a class, although when sociologists speak of "class" in modern society they usually mean economically-based classes. The relative importance and definition of membership in a particular class differs greatly over time and between societies, particularly in societies that have a legal differentiation of groups of people by birth or occupation. In the well-known example of socioeconomic class, many scholars view societies as stratifying into a hierarchical system based on occupation, economic status, wealth, or income. < ...

See also:

Social class, Social class - Sociological class, Social class - Weberian class, Social class - Dimensions of sociological class, Social class - Stratum models of class, Social class - Warnerian social class model, Social class - Marxian class, Social class - Proletarianisation, Social class - Dialectics or historical materialism in Marxist Class, Social class - Objective and subjective factors in class in Marxism, Social class - Non-economic conceptions of class, Social class - Class in different parts of the world

Read more here: » Social class: Encyclopedia II - Social class - Sociological class

The Arabic word "dhimmi" is an adjective derived from the noun "dhimma", which means "being in the care of" or "Protected/Guilty". The term initially applied to "People of the Book" living in lands under Muslim rule, namely Jews and Christians. Over time Muslims extended this category to Zoroastrians, Mandeans, and Sikhs. Many, but not all, extend this to Hindus. Traditional Arab historiography traces the origin of the dhimma to the Pact of Umar [1], allegedly drawn up by the second caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab. Modern historian Hugh G ...

See also:

Dhimmi, Dhimmi - Background, Dhimmi - Modern vs. customary practice, Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis, Dhimmi - Restrictions:, Dhimmi - Death penalty, Dhimmi - Notes

Read more here: » Dhimmi: Encyclopedia II - Dhimmi - Background