Suleiman Çelebi, ruled northern Greece, Bulgaria and Thrace. His brother, İsa Çelebi ruled Greece and the westernmost of Anatolia, however he was overthrown by the younger half-brother Mehmed Çelebi from his capital in Bursa in 1404. Suleiman then acquired southern Greece as well and Mehmet ruled over Anatolia. Mehmet sent his younger brother Mûsa across the Black Sea with a large army to conquer Suleiman. Mûsa won in Bulgaria in 1410 and ...

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Ottoman Interregnum, Ottoman Interregnum - Summary, Ottoman Interregnum - Reference

Read more here: » Ottoman Interregnum: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman Interregnum - Summary

Candaroğlu Beylik (sometimes referred to as Candar, Candaroğulları or İsfendiyaroğulları in Turkish) is an Anatolian Turkoman emirate that ruled in Kastamonu and Sinop regions and partly in Zonguldak, Samsun and Çankırı, between 1292 - 1461, in the Black Sea region of modern day Turkey. The founder of the beylik is Temür Yaman Candar (also known as Demir Yaman Candar); the beylik collapsed in 1461 when ...

Including:

• Candaroglu - History
• Candaroglu - Culture and economy
• Candaroglu - Military

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Murad spent his early years on the throne disposing off rivals and rebellions, most notably the revolts of the Serbs. In 1423 he paid a short visit to Constantinople, laid siege on it for a couple of months and forced the Byzantines to pay additional tribute. In 1423 the first regular war against Venice began. During Murad's siege of Constantinople, the Byzantine Emperor's control over the Greek city-states weakened. On the request of its inhabitants, Venetian troops took control of the city of Salonika (Thessaloniki). The Ottoman arm ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

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The Kastamonu province was given as a sign of goodwill and gratitude to one of the Seljuk commander-of-chiefs and a member of the candar corps Temür Yaman Candar (hence his name) by the Anatolian Seljuk sultan Gıyaseddin Mesud II, for his service and aids in rescuing the sultan from being held captive by the Mongols during the Mongolian occupation of the Seljuk empire. However, this province was under the control of the Çobanoğlu beylik. Following his death, his son Süleyman I conquered the province and annexed Safranbolu and Sinop (rul ...

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Candaroglu, Candaroglu - History, Candaroglu - Culture and economy, Candaroglu - Military

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The title was revived a few times for (short-lived) three-headed political 'magistratures' in post-feudal times. Ironically, when the French revolutionaries turned to several Roman Magistrature names for their new institutions, the three-headed collective Head of State was bizarly named Consulat, a term in use for two-headed magistratures since Antiquity; furthermore it included a "First Consul" who was not an equal, but the de facto solo head of state and government- a tyrannical position Napoleon Bonap ...

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Triumvirate, Triumvirate - Etymology, Triumvirate - Roman Triumvirates, Triumvirate - Modern Triumvirates, Triumvirate - Modern Italy, Triumvirate - Modern Greece, Triumvirate - New World, Triumvirate - Other 'Triumvirates', Triumvirate - In fiction, Triumvirate - Sources and References

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Particular historical periods known as interregna include: The 1254-1273 period in the Holy Roman Empire between the end of Hohenstaufen rule and the beginning of Habsburg rule. First Interregnum 1290-1292 in Scotland Second Interregnum 1296-1306 in Scotland The 1332-1340 period in Denmark when the country was mortgaged to a few German counts. The 1383-1385 Crisis in Portugal The 1402-1413 Ottoman Interregnum The 1481–1483 in Norway The English Interregnum from 164 ...

See also:

Interregnum, Interregnum - Historical periods of interregnum, Interregnum - Pope's interregnum or sede vacante

Read more here: » Interregnum: Encyclopedia II - Interregnum - Historical periods of interregnum

When Mehmed Çelebi stood as victor in 1413 he crowned himself in Edirne (Adrianople) as Mehmed I. His was the duty to restore the Ottoman Empire to its former glory. The Empire had suffered hard from the Interregnum; the Mongols were still at large in the east, even though Timur Lenk had died in 1405; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control; and the land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war. During his reign, Mehmed moved the capital from Bursa to Adrianople (Edirne), reinforce ...

See also:

Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

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Beyazid I succeeded to the sultanship upon the assassination of his father Murad. In a rage over the attack, he ordered all Serbian captives killed; Beyazid became known as Yildirim, the lightning bolt, for his temperament. He conquered most of Bulgaria (the capital Tarnovo fell in 1393 after a three-month siege) and northern Greece in 1389-1395 and laid siege on Constantinople in 1391-1398. On September 25, 1396 at the Battle of Nicopolis, his forces met the Venetian-Hungarian army led by king Sigismund of Hungary. The Ottomans won and ...

See also:

Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

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In 1299 the Byzantine city Bilecik fell to Osman I. It was but the first of many cities and villages to fall into the hands of the Turks during the 1300s and 1310s. Osman also conquered some of the nearby Turkish emirates and tribes. During the late 1310s Osman I laid siege to several important Byzantine forts. Yenişehir was captured and with it as a base the Turks could lay siege to Prousas (Bursa) and Nicaea (Iznik), the largest Byzantine cities in Anatolia. Bursa fell in 1324, just before Osman's death. ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

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The Candaroğlu beylik was located at a very important region in the northeast of Anatolia. They were quite significant in their area with their high population (420,000 in 1332) and political influence, existing along other beyliks and states in their era. Having reigned for about 170 years, Candaroğlu were quite advanced in architecture, cultural and social life and welfare. Also, many books in Turkish were written during their reign by court scientists and writers, including poems, books on medicine, chemistry, social sciences, and trans ...

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Candaroglu, Candaroglu - History, Candaroglu - Culture and economy, Candaroglu - Military

Read more here: » Candaroglu: Encyclopedia II - Candaroglu - Culture and economy

The son of Osman, Orhan I, conquered Nicaea in 1331 and Nicomedia in 1337 and established the capital in Bursa. During Orhan's reign the empire was organized as a state with new currency, government and a modernized army. He married Theodora, the daughter of Byzantine prince John VI Cantacuzenus. In 1346 Orhan openly supported John VI in the overthrowing of the emperor John V Palaeologus. When John VI became co-emperor (1347-1354) he allowed Orhan to raid the peninsula of Gallipoli which gained the ...

See also:

Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

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In the early 1360s the Ottoman armies marched into Thrace through Gallipoli and captured Adrianople (Edirne) and Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and forcing the Byzantines to pay tribute. In 1366 the count Amadeus VI of Savoy (cousin to John V Cantacuzenus, the Byzantine emperor) initiated a minor crusade to aid the Byzantines. The count drove away the Turks from all of Europe except Gallipoli. The very next year Murad attacked anew and regained most of Thrace, including Adrianople. During the early 1370s Murad launched his forces deeper into ...

See also:

Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

Read more here: » Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I