Beyazid I succeeded to the sultanship upon the assassination of his father Murad. In a rage over the attack, he ordered all Serbian captives killed; Beyazid became known as Yildirim, the lightning bolt, for his temperament. He conquered most of Bulgaria (the capital Tarnovo fell in 1393 after a three-month siege) and northern Greece in 1389-1395 and laid siege on Constantinople in 1391-1398. On September 25, 1396 at the Battle of Nicopolis, his forces met the Venetian-Hungarian army led by king Sigismund of Hungary. The Ottomans won and ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

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The son of Osman, Orhan I, conquered Nicaea in 1331 and Nicomedia in 1337 and established the capital in Bursa. During Orhan's reign the empire was organized as a state with new currency, government and a modernized army. He married Theodora, the daughter of Byzantine prince John VI Cantacuzenus. In 1346 Orhan openly supported John VI in the overthrowing of the emperor John V Palaeologus. When John VI became co-emperor (1347-1354) he allowed Orhan to raid the peninsula of Gallipoli which gained the ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

Read more here: » Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I

In 1299 the Byzantine city Bilecik fell to Osman I. It was but the first of many cities and villages to fall into the hands of the Turks during the 1300s and 1310s. Osman also conquered some of the nearby Turkish emirates and tribes. During the late 1310s Osman I laid siege to several important Byzantine forts. Yenişehir was captured and with it as a base the Turks could lay siege to Prousas (Bursa) and Nicaea (Iznik), the largest Byzantine cities in Anatolia. Bursa fell in 1324, just before Osman's death. ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

Read more here: » Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I

The Ottoman Empire, ruled effectively by the Three Pashas, Pasha_Enver, Pasha Djemal, and Pasha Talat, sided diplomatically with the Central Powers, in large part because Russia was one of the Allies. The Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire had fought many wars over the last 400 years, to call these two powers traditional enemies is not an understatement. Enver, Djemal, and Talat secretly negotiated a deal with Germany. In exchange for money and future control over Russian territory, the Ottoman Government abandoned a neutral ...

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Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Balkan Wars, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Relations before the WWI, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - World War I, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Battle of Gallipoli, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Mesopotamian Campaign, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - East Front Russian-Armenian, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Armenian Issue, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Sèvres to the End

Read more here: » Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - World War I

When Beyazid II was enthroned upon his father's death, he first had to fight his younger brother Cem, who took Inegöl and Bursa and proclaimed himself Sultan of Anatolia. After a battle at Yenişehir, Cem was defeated and fled to Cairo. The very next year he returned, supported by the Mameluks, and took eastern Anatolia, Ankara and Konya but eventually he was beaten and forced to flee to Rhodes. Sultan Beyazid attacked Venice in 1499. Peace was signed in 1503, and the Ottomans gained the last Venetian strongholds on the Peloponnesos ...

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Growth of the Ottoman Empire, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid the Just, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Selim I, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Suleiman the Magnificent, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Selim II, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Murad III, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed III, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Ahmed I, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Mustafa I, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Osman II, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Mustafa I, Growth of the Ottoman Empire - Murad IV

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1801 Mammud II was confronted in 1821 with a major rebellion in Greece. Following the Great Powers' intervention which resulted in the Battle of Navarino in 1827 and a Russo-Turkish War in 1828–9, Mahmud was forced to grant Greece its independence in 1832. Late in his reign, Mahmud became involved in disputes with his ambitious vassal Mehemet Ali, Wali (Governor) of Egypt. Mahmud had enlisted Mehemet Ali's help in suppressing the rebellion in Greece, but had not paid the promised price for his services. In 1831, the See also:

Decline of the Ottoman Empire, Decline of the Ottoman Empire - Mammud II, Decline of the Ottoman Empire - Abd-ul-Mejid I, Decline of the Ottoman Empire - Abd-ul-Aziz, Decline of the Ottoman Empire - Abdul Hamit II, Decline of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmet V

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1813: Revolt of the Serbs. 1821: Beginning of the Greek War of Independence. 1830: Algeria's gradual cession to French rule. 1832: Greek sovereignty formalized. 1853: Start of the Crimean War with Russia, which, though won with British, French and Sardinian aid, further demonstrated how backward the Ottoman military had become. 1856: Establishment of a united Romanian autonomous state. 1876 : Occupation of Cyprus by Britain.See also:

Timeline of the Ottoman Empire, Timeline of the Ottoman Empire - Timeline 1813-1914, Timeline of the Ottoman Empire - National Histories

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There have been continuously members of Tatar nobility in the Ottoman Empire, due to close relations between the two states. There was a Giray vassal state in the Ottoman province of Bucak (Bessarabia). It was centered on the towns of Bender and Çatal Osman, and considered semi-independent (only controlled by Ottoman Pasha in Rusçuk.) In the 14th and 15th centuries, Ottomans colonized Dobruja with Nogais from Bucak. Between 159 ...

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Crimean Tatar diaspora, Crimean Tatar diaspora - Experiences in exile within the Ottoman Empire, Crimean Tatar diaspora - The end of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of modern Turkey, Crimean Tatar diaspora - Exile within the Soviet Union, Crimean Tatar diaspora - Diaspora within the Eastern Bloc and elsewhere, Crimean Tatar diaspora - Recent challenges

Read more here: » Crimean Tatar diaspora: Encyclopedia II - Crimean Tatar diaspora - Experiences in exile within the Ottoman Empire

...the Ottoman Sultan did not introduce the millet system into their empire only on the capture of Constantinople, but were already applying its principles to the non-Muslim Communities under their rule. Islamic Society and west, Oxford 1957. The idea of millet (loosely translated as: people or nation) goes back before the 15th century. The Ottoman political tradition had a dualism. One either belonged to the 'millet' and was an Ottoman (an Ottoman Turk, Ottoman Greek, Ottoman Armenian, or otherwise) or one belonged to th ...

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Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - The concept of Ottoman Nation, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Timeline, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Albenian, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Greek, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Bulgarian, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Serbian, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Armenian, Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Ethnic Kurd

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The "Ottomans" became first known to the West in 1227; when they fled the Mongol Empire, into the Seljuk Empire, in what is now called Anatolia. However, the Ottoman Turks would create a state in Western Anatolia under Ertugrul, the capital of which was Sögüt; near Bursa to the south of the Marmara, the body of water between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. Ertugrul established a principality, as part of the decaying Seljuk empire. His son Osman expanded the principality; and for him, both the empire and the people were named by Europeans ...

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Ottoman Turks, Ottoman Turks - Brief History, Ottoman Turks - Culture and the Arts

Read more here: » Ottoman Turks: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman Turks - Brief History

The Treaty of Sevres was signed but it was destined never to be ratified. Its terms were admittedly severe, and they were widely criticized as vindictive. The coming years showed that It was also impracticable. Sèvres was the end of the Ottoman Empire. There is little doubt that Sèvres would have provoked no serious opposition in Anatolia if imposed at any time during the first months after the Armistice. But nearly two years after wards, in the summer of 1920 it was too late. The Turkish people refused to accept this arrangement, however, ...

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Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Balkan Wars, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Relations before the WWI, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - World War I, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Battle of Gallipoli, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Mesopotamian Campaign, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - East Front Russian-Armenian, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Armenian Issue, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Sèvres to the End

Read more here: » Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - Sèvres to the End

The change of leadership was far from a solution to the war with the Turks, in fact, the Ottoman Empire gradually expanded in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia, western Bosnia and Lika. Taking advantage of the growing conflict between Maximilian and Sigismund, Suleyman started his sixth raid of Hungary in 1565 with 150,000 troops. They successfully progressed northwards until 1566 when they took a small detour to capture the outpost ...

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Croatia in the Habsburg Empire, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - The Ottoman incursion, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 17th and 18th century, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 19th century up to WWI

Read more here: » Croatia in the Habsburg Empire: Encyclopedia II - Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - The Ottoman incursion

Sultan Abdul-Hamid II, who ruled 1876-1909, felt that the Empire’s desperate situation could only be remedied through strong and determined leadership. He distrusted his ministers and other officials that had served his predecessors and gradually reduced their role in his regime, concentrating absolute power over the Empire’s governance in his own hands. For thirty years, Abdul-Hamid ruled the Empire from a state of fortified seclusion in his palace at Yildiz. Taking a hard-line against Western involvement in Ottoman affairs, he emphasiz ...

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Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate, Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate - 1517-1875, Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate - Abdul-Hamid II and Signs of Instability, Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate - Territorial Wars and Disputes, Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate - Instability and World War I, Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate - The Turkish Nationalist Movement and the Caliphate, Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate - Bibliography

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Ottoman wars in Europe - 1300s-1456: Ottoman Expansion into Europe. After striking a blow to the weakened Byzantine Empire in 1356 (see Suleyman Pasha) which provided it a basis for operations in Europe, The Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century. Its first significant opponent was the young Serbian Empire, which was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and ...

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Ottoman wars in Europe, Ottoman wars in Europe - History, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1300s-1456: Ottoman Expansion into Europe, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1423-1503: Wars with Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1462-1476: European Successes, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1526-1566: Attack on Hapsburg Empire, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1522-1573: Rhodes and Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1593-1669: Austria and Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1657-1683 Conclusion of Wars with Hapsburgs, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1672-1676: Poland, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1683-1699: Great Turkish war -- Reconquest of Hungary, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1700s, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1800s, Ottoman wars in Europe - 20th Century

Read more here: » Ottoman wars in Europe: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman wars in Europe - History

Ottoman wars in Europe - 1300s-1456: Ottoman Expansion into Europe. After striking a blow to the weakened Byzantine Empire in 1356 (see Suleyman Pasha) which provided it a basis for operations in Europe, The Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century. Its first significant opponent was the young Serbian Empire, which was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and ...

See also:

Ottoman wars in Europe, Ottoman wars in Europe - History, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1300s-1456: Ottoman Expansion into Europe, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1423-1503: Wars with Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1462-1476: European Successes, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1526-1566: Attack on Habsburg Empire, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1522-1573: Rhodes and Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1593-1669: Austria and Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1657-1683 Conclusion of Wars with Hapsburgs, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1672-1676: Poland, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1683-1699: Great Turkish war -- Reconquest of Hungary, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1700s, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1800s, Ottoman wars in Europe - 20th Century

Read more here: » Ottoman wars in Europe: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman wars in Europe - History

Prior to the Siege of Vienna, Ottoman Empire was not subjected to regular diplomatic customs, nor was it recognizing the right to existence of the Christian states, which were considered tolerated enemies. The Vienna failure starts a process of medievalisation of the Ottoman state, as the Muslim faith is gradually replaced by financial and civil contracts in all the aspects (external relations, army recruiting, state organization etc.) Social structure had remained stereotypically feudal. A strong, zealously followed religious ...

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Economy of the Ottoman Empire, Economy of the Ottoman Empire - Growth period, Economy of the Ottoman Empire - 19th century

Read more here: » Economy of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Economy of the Ottoman Empire - Growth period

A developed "hydraulic civilization" maintains control over its population by means of controlling the supply of water. The term was coined by the German American historian Karl A. Wittfogel (1896 - 1988), in Oriental Despotism (1957). Wittfogel asserted that such "hydraulic civilizations" – although they were neither all located in the Orient nor characteristic of all Oriental societies – were esse ...

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Hydraulic empire, Hydraulic empire - Civilizations, Hydraulic empire - Analysis

Read more here: » Hydraulic empire: Encyclopedia II - Hydraulic empire - Civilizations

The 1526 Battle of Mohács was a crucial event in which the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty was shattered by the death of King Louis II. The Ottoman Empire further expanded in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia, western Bosnia and Lika. Later in the same century, large areas of Croatia and Slavonia adjacent to the Ottoman Empire were carved out into the Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina, German Militaergrenze) and ruled directly from Vienna military headquarters. The area became rather deserted and was subsequentl ...

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History of Croatia, History of Croatia - Croatian lands before the Croats until 7th c., History of Croatia - Medieval Croatian state until 1102, History of Croatia - Personal union with Hungary 1102–1526, History of Croatia - Habsburg Empire Venice and the Ottomans 1527–1918, History of Croatia - First Yugoslavia 1918–1941, History of Croatia - World War II 1941–1945, History of Croatia - Second Yugoslavia 1945–1991, History of Croatia - Modern Croatia from 1990/1991

Read more here: » History of Croatia: Encyclopedia II - History of Croatia - Habsburg Empire Venice and the Ottomans 1527–1918

With the shrinking of the Ottoman Empire in the last quarter of the 19th century, once again the majority of the Crimean Tatars in Dobrudja migrated to Anatolia, and sometimes re-migrated several times more within Anatolia. This pattern of immigration contributed to the severing of kinship ties, and hence ties to the homeland, amalgamating the previously more segregated sub-ethnicities. The Crimean Tatars participated in the building of the new Turkish Republic, as well as the formation of the core Turkish identity. Today the number o ...

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Crimean Tatar diaspora, Crimean Tatar diaspora - Experiences in exile within the Ottoman Empire, Crimean Tatar diaspora - The end of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of modern Turkey, Crimean Tatar diaspora - Exile within the Soviet Union, Crimean Tatar diaspora - Diaspora within the Eastern Bloc and elsewhere, Crimean Tatar diaspora - Recent challenges

Read more here: » Crimean Tatar diaspora: Encyclopedia II - Crimean Tatar diaspora - The end of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of modern Turkey

The governments of Austria and Hungary each tried to colonize Croatia over a period of several centuries: they imposed their languages on the Croatian people and settled many Austrian and Hungarian colonists in Croatia. Croatian romantic nationalism emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent Germanization and Magyarization. The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the Illyrian Movement. The movement was misnamed (some wrongly thought that they primarily descended from the ancient Illyrians rather than the Slav settlers), ...

See also:

Croatia in the Habsburg Empire, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - The Ottoman incursion, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 17th and 18th century, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 19th century up to WWI

Read more here: » Croatia in the Habsburg Empire: Encyclopedia II - Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 19th century up to WWI

Khair ad Din (Khairuddin Abdul Rahman) was one of four brothers: Ishaq, 'Aruj, Ilias and Khidr, who were born in the 1470s on the island of Lesbos (Λέσβος) to their father, Yakup, and a Christian mother, Katalina, said to be the widow of a Christian priest. Some sources make Yakup a Sipahi, i.e. a feudal cavalry 'knight', while others make him a Janissary from Vardar. The four brothers initially worked as sailors, and privateers in the Mediterranean to counteract the privateering of the Knights of St. John of the Island o ...

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Khair ad Din, Khair ad Din - Early career, Khair ad Din - Admiral-in-Chief of the Ottoman Empire

Read more here: » Khair ad Din: Encyclopedia II - Khair ad Din - Early career

After the battle of Sisak in 1593, when the Ottoman army was successfully repelled for the first time on the territory of Croatia, the lost territory was mostly restored, except for large parts of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina. By the 1700s, the Ottoman Empire was driven out of Hungary and Croatia, and Austria brought the empire under central control. The Austrian royal army was victorious against the Turks in 1664 but Emperor Leopold failed to capitalize on the success when he signed the Peace of Vasvár in which Hungary and Croatia ...

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Croatia in the Habsburg Empire, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - The Ottoman incursion, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 17th and 18th century, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 19th century up to WWI

Read more here: » Croatia in the Habsburg Empire: Encyclopedia II - Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 17th and 18th century