Orphism or Orphic cubism, is a term coined in 1912 France by the poet Guillaume Apollinaire. He used the French term Orphisme to label the paintings of Robert Delaunay, relating them to Orpheus, the poet and symbol of the arts of song and the lyre in Greek mythology. The term may also be used in reference to the paintings of Delaunay's wife, Sonia Terk and to the Czech painter, Frantisek Kupka ...

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Orphism, Orphic Mysteries [from Greek orphikos]

Orphism originally taught of the Causeless Cause on which all speculation is impossible; the periodical appearance and disappearance of all things, from atom to universe; reimbodiment; cyclic law; the essential divinity of all beings and things; and the duality in manifestation of the universe. It postulated seven emanations from the Boundless: aether (spirit) and chaos (matter), from which two spring the world egg, out of which is born Phanes, the First Logos; then Uranus (and Gaia) the Second Logos, with Kronos (and Rhea, mother of the Olympian gods) a later phase of the Second Logos; and Zeus, the Third Logos or Demiurge -- who starts a minor sevenfold hierarchy of emanation by begetting Zagreus-Dionysos the god-man, the divine son.

Characteristic of Orphic cosmogony is the important place given to the number seven. "The rise of the Orphic worship of Dionysos is the most important fact in the history of Greek religion, and marks a great spiritual awakening. Its three great ideas are (1) a belief in the essential Divinity of humanity and the complete immortality or eternity of the soul, its pre-existence and its post-existence; (2) the necessity for individual responsibility and righteousness; and (3) the regeneration or redemption of man's lower nature by his own higher Self" (F. S. Darrow).

The Orphic teachings were kept intact by the Golden or Hermetic Chain of Succession down to the days of the Neoplatonists after which (as symbolically told in the archaic story of Eurydice) they were killed -- obscured or lost, so far as the public was concerned. Their keynote was consecration to the mandates of the god within: perfect purity, perfect impersonal love, perfect understanding, and devotion to the interests of humanity.

The three Orphic mystery-gods were Zeus, the divine All-father; Demeter-Kore, the earth goddess as both mother and maid; and Zagreus-Dionysos, the divine son. This trinity finds its counterpart in Egyptian, Indian, Chaldean, Christian, and other religions. There were two forms of baptism, one purification by water, later adopted into the Christian ritual; and the other a ceremony in which the face of the neophyte was cleansed with a mixture of earth and bran, symbolizing the washing away of stains from the soul.

The ceremony of the Eucharist was also adopted by the Christians and as Orphic ritual forbade the use of wine (substituting for it a mead of honey and milk), in the rite as adopted by the primitive Christians the neophyte drank not only wine but also milk and honey. Under Orphism, the honey symbolized not only purification and preservation, or endless life and bliss, but the secret knowledge obtained during initiation. Bees, the gatherers of honey, were emblems of the reincarnating soul, as was the butterfly; and as the bees gathered the nectar from flowers and made it into honey, so the human soul in its various peregrinations gathers from the beings and things of life the mystic experience and stores it away in the chambers of the soul. Milk symbolized knowledge, which fed the inner man, as a child of eternity, just as milk feeds the human child.

Orphism flourished from before the 14th until the 6th century BC, and again, after some five centuries of obscuration, during the first four centuries of the Christian era. Plato, Empedocles, the Pythagorean teachings, some of the Greek dramatists and poets are our main source material for the earlier period, as well as the various Orphic fragments including the Orphic Tablets.

These Tablets, with the Orphic Hymns, consist of eight gold plates containing inscriptions, dating from about the 4th century BC. They consist of instructions given to the soul for its journey through the afterdeath worlds or states very reminiscent of the Egyptian Book of the Dead. The keynote is spoken by the soul: "I am a child of earth and of starry Heaven, but my race is of Heaven (alone). . . . Lo, I am parched with thirst . . ." For the later period we have the writings of the Neoplatonists and their opponents, the early Christian Fathers.

That the entire Orphic mythogony is intentionally allegorical does not invalidate that a great prehistoric religious reformer named Orpheus lived, worked, taught, and founded a religion as the outgrowth of a genuine Mystery school.

(See also: Orphism, Orphic Mysteries, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

Art periods, movements, and groups. Art periods - Prehistoric art. Pre-historic art | Category:Pre-historic art Cave painting Section to be expanded. Art periods - African art. African art | Category:African art Section to be expanded. Art periods - Oceania art. Section to be expanded. Art periods - South American art. Section to be expanded.Including:

• Art periods - Prehistoric art
• Art periods - African art
• Art periods - Oceania art
• Art periods - South American art
• Art periods - Central American art
• Art periods - Asian art
• Art periods - Western art
• Art periods - Ancient art
• Art periods - Pre-Columbian art
• Art periods - Native American art
• Art periods - Islamic art
• Art periods - Christian art
• Art periods - Medieval art
• Art periods - Renaissance art
• Art periods - Renaissance to Romanticism
• Art periods - Romanticism
• Art periods - Romanticism to Modern art
• Art periods - Modern art
• Art periods - Contemporary art
• Art periods - Other

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Reincarnation, as a doctrine or mystical belief, holds the notion that one's 'Spirit' ('Soul' depending on interpretation), 'Higher or True Self', 'Divine Spark', 'I' or 'Ego' (not to be confused with the ego as defined by psychology) or critical parts of these returns to the material world after physical death to be reborn in a new body. The natural process is considered integrative of all experiences from each lifetime. A new personality feature, with the associated character, is developed during each life in the physical world, bas ...

Including:

• Reincarnation - Overview
• Reincarnation - Reincarnation in various religions traditions and philosophies
• Reincarnation - Eastern religions and traditions
• Reincarnation - Western religions and traditions
• Reincarnation - Contemporary movements and thinkers
• Reincarnation - Common variations in the belief
• Reincarnation - Reincarnation Research
• Reincarnation - Objections to reincarnation
• Reincarnation - Theories put forward to explain the phenomenon
• Reincarnation - A theory of reincarnation

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Phorcys (Greek) A sea god, son of Pontos and Gaia (sea and earth), and father by Ceto of the Graiae, Gorgons, Sirens, Scylla, and Atlas. Mentioned in Orphism as one of the primeval titans.

(See also: Phorcys, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

The École de Fontainebleau was two periods of artistic production during the Renaissance centered around the Château of Fontainebleau. First School (from 1531) Rosso Fiorentino (Giovanni Battista di Jacopo de' Rossi) (1494-1540) (Italian) Francesco Primaticcio (c.1505-1570) (Italian) Niccolò dell'Abbate (c.1509-1571) (Italian) Second School (from 1590s) Ambroise Dubois (c.1542-1614) (Flemish born) ...

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List of French artistic movements, List of French artistic movements - School of Fontainebleau, List of French artistic movements - Classicism, List of French artistic movements - Rococo, List of French artistic movements - Romanticism, List of French artistic movements - L'Art-Pompier, List of French artistic movements - Barbizon School, List of French artistic movements - Naturalism, List of French artistic movements - Impressionism, List of French artistic movements - Post-Impressionism, List of French artistic movements - Pont-Aven School, List of French artistic movements - Symbolism, List of French artistic movements - Les Nabis, List of French artistic movements - Fauvism, List of French artistic movements - Cubism, List of French artistic movements - Orphism or the Puteaux Group, List of French artistic movements - Dada, List of French artistic movements - Surrealism, List of French artistic movements - School of Paris, List of French artistic movements - Tachism or L'art informel, List of French artistic movements - Op Art, List of French artistic movements - Lettrism, List of French artistic movements - Situationist, List of French artistic movements - Fluxus, List of French artistic movements - Nouveau Réalisme

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Night is also the first principle in the opening chorus of Aristophanes's Birds, which may be Orphic in inspiration. Here she is also the mother of Eros. In other texts she may be the mother of Charon (with Erebus), and Phthonus "envy" (with Dionysus?). The theme of Night's cave or house, beyond the ocean (as in Hesiod) or somewhere at the edge of the cosmos (as in later Orphism) may be echoed in the philosophical poem of Parmenides. The classical scholar Walter Burkert has speculated that the house of the goddess to which the philosopher is transported is the palace of Night; this hy ...

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Nyx, Nyx - Nyx in Hesiod, Nyx - Nyx in Homer, Nyx - Nyx in Orphic Poetry, Nyx - Other Greek texts, Nyx - Cults of Night, Nyx - Nyx outside of Greece

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Chronos (Greek) Time; in Orphism, Phanes (or Eros), Chaos, and Chronos constitute a triad which, emanating from the Unknowable, reproduces the worlds; essentially one, it acts on the plane of maya as three distinct things.

Chronos was identified with the titan Kronos, who dethroned Ouranos and succeeded him as ruler of the world, himself being succeeded by Zeus. Kronos devours his own children, which is symbolic of time which both brings forth and destroys events.

(See also: Chronos, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Rhea (Greek) Daughter of Ouranos and Gaia, sister and consort of Kronos, mother of Zeus and others of the principal divinities. Identified by the Homeric Greeks with Cybele, the Asiatic Magna Mater; also, as the mother of Zeus, with Demeter.

An Orphic fragment reads: "When she bore Zeus she became Demeter." The six sons and daughters -- Vesta, Demeter, Hera, Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades -- are symbols of the powers and elements of invisible, and the divisions of visible, nature. Rhea in one aspect is also Isis -- nature, divine and human, bearing to Kronos (time) the elements and powers that in both invisible and visible form constitute nature, only to

See them swallowed by Kronos in the end, drawn back into the inner worlds in due course by all-ingulfing time.

See also ORPHISM

(See also: Rhea, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

Zagreus, Zagreus-Dionysos (Greek) Dionysos was an earlier name for Bacchus. The mythos concerning Zagreus belongs to the cycle of teachings of the Orphic Mysteries rather than to mythology, so no references occur in the writings for the people, such as Homer and Hesiod. The references that have come down to our day occur principally in the manuscripts of the ancient Greek dramatists, poets, and in other ancient fragments.

As cosmic evolution was taught in the Orphic Mysteries by allegory, so was the evolution of the individual soul or microcosm, centering in the mythos of Zagreus, later Zagreus-Dionysos, the Greek savior, which the Greek Dionysian Mysteries sought to unfold in dramatic and veiled or symbolic literary form. "Dionysos is one with Osiris, with Krishna, and with Buddha (the heavenly wise), and with the coming (tenth) Avatar, the glorified Spiritual Christos . . ." (SD 2:420).

Zagreus has three distinct meanings: 1) the mighty hunter (the pilgrim-soul, hunting for the truth, its aeonic pilgrimage back to divinity); 2) he that takes many captives (the Lord of the Dead); and 3) the restorer or regenerator (King of the Reborn or initiates). Zagreus (later Bacchus or Iacchos) is the divine Son, the third of the Orphic Trinity, the other two being Zeus the Demiurge or divine All-father, and Demeter-Kore, the earth goddess in her twofold aspect as the divine Mother and the mortal maid.

The mythos relates that Zagreus, a favored son of Zeus, aroused the wrath of Hera, who plotted his destruction. First she released the dethroned titans from Tartaros to slay the newborn babe. They induced the child to give up the scepter and apple for the false toys which they held before him: a thyrsos or Bacchic wand (symbol of matter and rebirth into material life), a giddy spinning top, and a mirror (maya or illusion). As the child was gazing at himself in the mirror, they seized him, tore his body into seven or fourteen pieces (as in the Egyptian Mystery tale of Osiris); boiled and roasted and then devoured them. Discovered in this enormity by Zeus, the titans were blasted with his thunderbolt and from their ashes sprang the human race.

The titans with their false gifts symbolize the pursuing energies of the personal, material life, which enchain and delude the soul. They are earth powers which lead the soul from the path by the lure of things of sense. The dismembered body is first boiled in water -- symbol of the astral world; then roasted, "as gold is tried by fire," symbol of suffering and purification and the reascent of the victorious soul to bliss.

Apollo or the Muses, at the command of Zeus, gathered the scattered fragments and interred them near the Omphalos (navel of the earth) at Delphi. The coffin was inscribed: "Here lies dead, the body of Dionysos, son of Semele," as the Zagreus myth was known only to those initiated into the Orphic Mysteries; and the Semele myth was popularly known. The exoteric myth represents the divine Son as the son of Zeus by the mortal maid Semele, Demeter-Kore in the guise of a mortal woman, to whom the still beating heart of Zagreus was entrusted when he was slain, that she might become its mother-guardian.

Hera, however, poisoned the mind of Semele with suspicion when the new-forming body of Zagreus within her reached the seventh month of gestation, and Semele impelled Zeus to reveal himself to her in his true form, whereupon the mortal body of Semele was destroyed by the divine fire. The holy babe was saved from death by Zeus, who sewed the child up in his own thigh until "the life that formerly was Zagreus, was reborn as Dionysos," the risen Savior, at Easter (the spring equinox), while as Zagreus he had been born at Semele's death at the winter solstice. Here we

See the myth's solar significance.

The nymphs of Mount Nysa reared him safely in a cave, and when he reached manhood, Hera forced him to wander over the earth. He overcame all opposition and was successful in establishing Mystery schools wherever he went. After his triumph in the world of men, Dionysos descended into the underworld and led forth his mother, now rechristened as Semele-Thyone (Semele the Inspired), to take her place among the Olympian divinities as the divine mother and radiant queen, and later, with Dionysos, to ascend to heaven.

Zagreus as Dionysos is known as the god of many names, most of which refer to his twofold character as the suffering mortal Zagreus, and the immortal or reborn god-man. Many titles also refer to him as the mystic savior. He is the All-potent, the Permanent, the Life-blood of the World, the majesty in the forest, in fruit, in the hum of the bee, in the flowing of the stream, etc., the earth in its changes -- the list runs on indefinitely, and is strikingly similar to the passage in which Krishna, the Hindu avatara, instructs Arjuna how he shall know him completely: "I am the taste in water, the light in the sun and moon," etc. (BG ch 7).

The philosophers, dramatists, and historians who held the Dionysian mythos to be purely allegorical and symbolic take in the great names of antiquity, including Plato, Pythagoras, all the Neoplatonists, the greatest historians, and a few of the early Christian Fathers, notably Clement of Alexandria; Eusebius, Tertullian, Justin, and Augustine, also write of it.

The exoteric literature of Orphism is scanty, while the esoteric teachings were never committed to writing. Outside of the Orphic Tablets and Orphic Hymns, no original material has been discovered to date. Scholars judging from the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, have held that the Eleusinian Mystery-drama was based solely on the story of Persephone; but later researches indicate that, under the influence of Epimenides and Onomakritos, both deep students of Orphism, the Orphic Mystery tale of Zagreus-Dionysos was incorporated in the Eleusian ritual, the divine son Iacchos becoming thus identified with the Orphic god-man, Zagreus-Dionysos.

Cosmically this highly esoteric story refers to the cosmic Logos building the universe and becoming thereby not only its inspiriting and invigorating soul, but likewise the divinity guiding manifestation from Chaos to complete fullness of evolutionary grandeur; and in the case of mankind, the legend refers to the origin, peregrinations, and destiny of the human monad, itself a spiritual consciousness-center, from unself-consciousness as a god-spark, through the wanderings of destiny until becoming a fully self-conscious god. The key to the symbolism of Zagreus-Dionysos is given by Plato in the Cratylus: "The Spirit within us is the true image of Dionysos. He therefore who acts erroneously in regard to It . . . sins against Dionysos Himself," i.e., the inner god, the divinity in man. The legend thus contains not only past cosmic as well as human history, but contains as a prophecy what will come to pass in the distant future.

(See also: Zagreus, Zagreus-Dionysos, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body mind and Soul)

Pre-historic art | Category:Pre-historic art Cave painting Section to be expanded. ...

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Art periods, Art periods - Prehistoric art, Art periods - African art, Art periods - Oceania art, Art periods - South American art, Art periods - Central American art, Art periods - Asian art, Art periods - Western art, Art periods - Ancient art, Art periods - Pre-Columbian art, Art periods - Native American art, Art periods - Islamic art, Art periods - Christian art, Art periods - Medieval art, Art periods - Renaissance art, Art periods - Renaissance to Romanticism, Art periods - Romanticism, Art periods - Romanticism to Modern art, Art periods - Modern art, Art periods - Contemporary art, Art periods - Other

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Noted women artists of the twentieth century include Ann Hamilton, Eva Hesse, Frida Kahlo, Lee Krasner, Barbara Kruger, Tamara de Lempicka Georgia O'Keeffe, Lee Bontecou and Zinaida Serebryakova. The twentieth century brought many new opportunities for women in the arts. It also saw an array of new movements. In general modernist art Georgia O'Keeffe was one of the leading modern painters. Although born in the late nineteenth century she entered the twentieth century in her teens. She would ...

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Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography

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Modern art - Roots in the 19th century. Modern art began as a Western movement, particularly in painting and printmaking, and then expanding to other visual arts, including sculpture and architecture in the mid-19th century. By the late 19th century, several movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: Impressionism, centered around Paris, and Expressi ...

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Modern art, Modern art - History, Modern art - Roots in the 19th century, Modern art - Early 20th Century, Modern art - Art movements and artist groups, Modern art - End of 19th century, Modern art - Early 20th century before WWI, Modern art - Between WWI and WWII, Modern art - After WWII, Modern art - Important Modern art exhibitions and museums

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African art | Category:African art Section to be expanded. ...

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Art periods, Art periods - Prehistoric art, Art periods - African art, Art periods - Oceania art, Art periods - South American art, Art periods - Central American art, Art periods - Asian art, Art periods - Western art, Art periods - Ancient art, Art periods - Pre-Columbian art, Art periods - Native American art, Art periods - Islamic art, Art periods - Christian art, Art periods - Medieval art, Art periods - Renaissance art, Art periods - Renaissance to Romanticism, Art periods - Romanticism, Art periods - Romanticism to Modern art, Art periods - Modern art, Art periods - Contemporary art, Art periods - Other

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Artists from this period include Ende, Diemudus, Guda, Claricia, Herrade of Landsberg and Hildegard of Bingen. In the early Medieval period, women often worked alongside men. Manuscript illuminations, embroideries, and carved capital from the period demonstrate examples of women at work. Documents show that they were brewers, butchers, wool merchants, ironmongers. Women artists of the time period were from a small subset of society whose status allowed them freedom from these more strenuous types of work. Female artists were of ...

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Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography

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Artists from this period include Constance Mayer, Marie Ellenrieder, Rosa Bonheur, Elizabeth Butler, Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, Camille Claudel, Suzanne Valadon and Lucy Bacon. Women such as Marie Ellenrieder and Marie-Denise Villers worked in the field of portraiture in the beginning of the century, and Rosa Bonheur excelled in realist painting and sculpture. Photography was a new medium in this era and several woman became well-known in the field such as ...

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Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography

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There are some important problems in delineating the history of women artists. First, for some periods, there is a distinct scarcity of biographical information. While this is true of male artists, as there were likely many fewer female artist, this dearth of information is even more problematic. Anonymity is another major problem. Women often were often engaged in artistic expressions that were not typically signed. This includes many forms of textile production, including weaving, embroidery and lace-making. During the Early Medieva ...

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Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography

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Apart from this basic outline the Mysteries remain largely just that, a mystery, as very little knowledge of them has been passed down to us. Our current knowledge is largely based on the speculation of various scholars (notably Carl Kerenyi and W F Otto), drawing on contemporary descriptions and imagery and comparative cross cultural studies. The sophisticated Dionysian Mysteries of mainland Greece and Rome are generally thought to have evolved from a more primitive initiatory cult that was widespread in the Mediterranean region by t ...

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Dionysian Mysteries, Dionysian Mysteries - The Mysteries Unveiled, Dionysian Mysteries - A Brief History of the early Dionysos Cult, Dionysian Mysteries - The Emergence and Evolution of the Dionysian Mysteries, Dionysian Mysteries - The Mystery Rites, Dionysian Mysteries - The Public Rites, Dionysian Mysteries - The Temple and its Officers, Dionysian Mysteries - Ritual Miscellanies, Dionysian Mysteries - Some primary texts on Dionysianism, Dionysian Mysteries - Secondary texts

Read more here: » Dionysian Mysteries: Encyclopedia II - Dionysian Mysteries - The Mysteries Unveiled

Artists from this period include Elisabetta Sirani, Giovanna Garzoni, Maria Sibylla Merian, Josefa de Ayala, Mary Beale, Louise Moillon, Rosalba Carriera, Elisabeth Sophie Cheron, Artemisia Gentileschi, Maria van Oosterwijk, Clara Peeters, Judith Leyster, and Rachel Ruysch. As in the Renaissance Period, many Baroque female artists came from artist families. Artemisia Gentileschi is an example of this. She was trained by her father, Orazio Gentileschi, and ...

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Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography

Read more here: » Women artists: Encyclopedia II - Women artists - Baroque era