organic reactions

Ozone (O3) is an allotrope of oxygen, the molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms instead of the more stable diatomic O2. Ozone is a pale blue gas at standard temperature and pressure. It forms a dark blue liquid below -112 °C and a dark blue solid below -193 °C. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is also unstable, decaying to ordinary oxygen through the reaction: 2O3Including:

• Ozone - Ozone layer
• Ozone - Discovery of ozone
• Ozone - Industrial production
• Ozone - Use in industry
• Ozone - Use in medicine
• Ozone - Air pollution
• Ozone - Other uses

Read more here: » Ozone: Encyclopedia - Ozone

A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances [1]. The substance(s) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. Chemical reactions are characterized by a chemical change and it yields one or more product(s) which are different from the reactants. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bond ...

Including:

• Chemical reaction - Reaction types
• Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry
• Chemical reaction - Chemical equilibrium
• Chemical reaction - Exothermic reactions
• Chemical reaction - Endothermic reactions
• Chemical reaction - Chemical kinetics

Read more here: » Chemical reaction: Encyclopedia - Chemical reaction

An azide is a N3- anion, or a reactive group in organic chemistry where a carbon substituent is attached as RN3. The azido group is the corresponding N3 organic functional group. Azide - Azide anion. The anion's structure is: N-=N+=N- with a net charge of -1. Some azide salts are very explosive when heated or shaken, such as sodium azide (NaN3) which is used in airbags. The azide anion i ...

Including:

• Azide - Azide anion
• Azide - Organic azides

Read more here: » Azide: Encyclopedia - Azide

The Fullerenes are recently-discovered allotropes of carbon. They are molecules composed entirely of carbon, which take the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are sometimes called buckyballs, while cylindrical fullerenes are called buckytubes or nanotubes. Fullerene - Naming. The molecule was named for Richard Buckminster Fuller, a noted architect who popularized the geodesic dome. Since buckminsterfullerenes have a similar shape to that sort of dome, the ...

Including:

• Fullerene - Naming
• Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene
• Fullerene - Prediction and discovery
• Fullerene - Properties
• Fullerene - Possible dangers
• Fullerene - Fullerene extract mixture C₆₀/C₇₀ solubility
• Fullerene - Diffraction of fullerene
• Fullerene - Notes
• Fullerene - Mathematics of Fullerenes
• Fullerene - Media

Read more here: » Fullerene: Encyclopedia - Fullerene

See main article: Thermochemistry. Thermochemistry deciphers whether a specific chemical reaction can or cannot occur. Thermodynamics (or what is now known as equilibrium thermodynamics) understands the reaction in terms of the initial and final states of the reaction mixture. Reactions very seldom occur directly. Usually, reactants must collide to form an activated complex. This complex has a higher internal energy than the original reactants combined, having gained some from the kinetic energy of the reactant substance ...

See also:

Chemical reaction, Chemical reaction - Reaction types, Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry, Chemical reaction - Chemical equilibrium, Chemical reaction - Exothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Endothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Chemical kinetics

Read more here: » Chemical reaction: Encyclopedia II - Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry

In organic synthesis various methods exists to prepare nitro compounds. Nitro compound - Aliphatic nitro compounds. Nitromethane adds to aldehydes in 1,2-addition in the nitroaldol reaction Nitromethane adds to alpha-Beta unsaturated carbonyl compounds as a 1,4-addition in the Michael reaction as a Michael donor Nitroethylene is a Michael acceptor in a Michael reaction with enolate compounds In nucleophilic aliphatic substitution sodium nitrite (NaN ...

See also:

Nitro compound, Nitro compound - Preparation, Nitro compound - Aliphatic nitro compounds, Nitro compound - Aromatic nitro compounds, Nitro compound - Reactions, Nitro compound - Aliphatic nitro compounds, Nitro compound - Aromatic nitro compounds

Read more here: » Nitro compound: Encyclopedia II - Nitro compound - Preparation

Resin as produced by most plants is a viscous liquid, typically composed mainly of volatile fluid terpenes, with lesser components of dissolved non-volatile solids which make resin viscous and sticky. The most common terpenes in resin are the bicyclic terpenes alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, delta-3 carene and sabinene, the monocyclic terpenes limonene and terpinolene, and smaller amounts of the tricyclic sesquiterpenes longifolene, caryophyllene and delta-cadinene. The individual components of resin can be separated by fractional distillation. Some resins cont ...

See also:

Resin, Resin - Formation, Resin - Chemistry, Resin - Derivatives, Resin - Synthetic resins

Read more here: » Resin: Encyclopedia II - Resin - Chemistry

The simplest alkyne is ethyne (acetylene): ...

See also:

Alkyne, Alkyne - Structure, Alkyne - Chemical properties, Alkyne - Examples, Alkyne - Terminal and internal alkynes, Alkyne - Metal acetylides, Alkyne - Synthesis, Alkyne - Reactions

Read more here: » Alkyne: Encyclopedia II - Alkyne - Examples

As of the early twenty-first century, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes are still under heavy study, in both pure and applied research labs. In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use — binding specific antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even target certain cancer cells such as melanoma. In the October 2005 issue of Chemistry and Biology, an article [1] describing the use of fullerenes as light-activ ...

See also:

Fullerene, Fullerene - Naming, Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene, Fullerene - Prediction and discovery, Fullerene - Properties, Fullerene - Possible dangers, Fullerene - Fullerene extract mixture C₆₀/C₇₀ solubility, Fullerene - Diffraction of fullerene, Fullerene - Notes, Fullerene - Mathematics of Fullerenes, Fullerene - Media

Read more here: » Fullerene: Encyclopedia II - Fullerene - Properties

See main articles: Tropospheric ozone and Air pollution. Ozone is not directly emitted by car engines or by industrial operations themselves. These sources emit hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that react with sunlight to form ozone directly at the source of the pollution being emitted and in the atmosphere's boundary layer (1 to 3 km altitude). The mix of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and ozone are the major components of smog that frequently occurs in urban and suburban areas. Recent satellite maps of nitrogen dioxide (NOSee also:

Ozone, Ozone - Ozone layer, Ozone - Discovery of ozone, Ozone - Industrial production, Ozone - Use in industry, Ozone - Use in medicine, Ozone - Air pollution, Ozone - Other uses

Read more here: » Ozone: Encyclopedia II - Ozone - Air pollution

Ion exchange resin - Water Softening. In this application, ion-exchange resins are used to replace the magnesium and calcium ions found in hard water with sodium ions. When the resin is fresh, it contains sodium ions at its active sites. When in contact with a solution containing magnesium and calcium ions (but a low concentration of sodium ions), the magnesium and calcium ions preferentially migrate out of solution to the active sites on the resin, being replaced in solution by sodium ions. This process reaches equilibrium with a much lower concentration of magnesium and calc ...

See also:

Ion exchange resin, Ion exchange resin - Uses, Ion exchange resin - Water Softening, Ion exchange resin - Water Purification, Ion exchange resin - Catalysis, Ion exchange resin - Sources

Read more here: » Ion exchange resin: Encyclopedia II - Ion exchange resin - Uses

As of the early twenty-first century, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes are still under heavy study, in both pure and applied research labs. In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use — binding specific antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even target certain cancer cells such as melanoma. In the October 2005 issue of Chemistry and Biology, an article [1] describing the use of fullerenes as light-activ ...

See also:

Fullerene, Fullerene - Naming, Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene, Fullerene - Prediction and discovery, Fullerene - Properties, Fullerene - Possible dangers, Fullerene - Fullerene extract mixture C₆₀/C₇₀ solubility, Fullerene - Diffraction of fullerene, Fullerene - Notes, Fullerene - Mathematics of fullerenes, Fullerene - Media

Read more here: » Fullerene: Encyclopedia II - Fullerene - Properties

The anion's structure is: N-=N+=N- with a net charge of -1. Some azide salts are very explosive when heated or shaken, such as sodium azide (NaN3) which is used in airbags. The azide anion is toxic, inhibiting the function of cytochrome c oxidase by binding irreversibly to the heme cofactor, in a process similar to that of carbon monoxide. Lead azide is anothe ...

See also:

Azide, Azide - Azide anion, Azide - Organic azides

Read more here: » Azide: Encyclopedia II - Azide - Azide anion

Buckminsterfullerene (C60) was named for Richard Buckminster Fuller, a noted architect who popularized the geodesic dome. Since buckminsterfullerenes have a similar shape to that sort of dome, the name was thought to be appropriate. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of a sheet of linked hexagonal rings, but they contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings that ...

See also:

Fullerene, Fullerene - Naming, Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene, Fullerene - Prediction and discovery, Fullerene - Properties, Fullerene - Possible dangers, Fullerene - Fullerene extract mixture C₆₀/C₇₀ solubility, Fullerene - Diffraction of fullerene, Fullerene - Notes, Fullerene - Mathematics of fullerenes, Fullerene - Media

Read more here: » Fullerene: Encyclopedia II - Fullerene - Naming

There are five major classifications of chemical reactions. Some common and widely used terms are: Isomerisation in which a chemical compound undergoes a structural rearrangement without any change in its net atomic composition; see stereoisomerism Direct combination or synthesis, in which two or more chemical elements or compounds unite to form a more complex product: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) Chemical decomposition or an ...

See also:

Chemical reaction, Chemical reaction - Reaction types, Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry, Chemical reaction - Chemical equilibrium, Chemical reaction - Exothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Endothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Chemical kinetics

Read more here: » Chemical reaction: Encyclopedia II - Chemical reaction - Reaction types

There are five major classifications of chemical reactions. Some common and widely used terms are: Isomerization in which a chemical compound undergoes a structural rearrangement without any change in its net atomic composition; see stereoisomerism Direct combination or synthesis, in which two or more chemical elements or compounds unite to form a more complex product: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) Chemical decomposition or an ...

See also:

Chemical reaction, Chemical reaction - Reaction types, Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry, Chemical reaction - Chemical equilibrium, Chemical reaction - Exothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Endothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Chemical kinetics

Read more here: » Chemical reaction: Encyclopedia II - Chemical reaction - Reaction types

Although buckyballs have been thought in theory to be relatively inert, a presentation given to the American Chemical Society in March 2004 and described in an article in New Scientist on April 3, 2004, suggests the molecule is injurious to organisms. An experiment by Eva Oberdörster at Southern Methodist University, which introduced fullerenes into water at concentrations of 0.5 parts per million, found that largemouth bass suffered a 17-fold increase in cellular damage in the brain tissue after 48 hours. The damage was of the type lipid p ...

See also:

Fullerene, Fullerene - Naming, Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene, Fullerene - Prediction and discovery, Fullerene - Properties, Fullerene - Possible dangers, Fullerene - Fullerene extract mixture C₆₀/C₇₀ solubility, Fullerene - Diffraction of fullerene, Fullerene - Notes, Fullerene - Mathematics of fullerenes, Fullerene - Media

Read more here: » Fullerene: Encyclopedia II - Fullerene - Possible dangers

The smallest fullerene in which no two pentagons share an edge (which is destabilizing — see pentalene) is C60 (buckminsterfullerene), and this is also the most common. The structure of C60 is that of a truncated icosahedron, which resembles a round soccer ball of the type made of hexagons and pentagons, with a carbon atom at the corners of each hexagon and a bond along each edge. A polymerized single-walled nanotubule (P-SWNT) is a substance composed of polymerized fullerenes in which carbon atoms from on ...

See also:

Fullerene, Fullerene - Naming, Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene, Fullerene - Prediction and discovery, Fullerene - Properties, Fullerene - Possible dangers, Fullerene - Fullerene extract mixture C₆₀/C₇₀ solubility, Fullerene - Diffraction of fullerene, Fullerene - Notes, Fullerene - Mathematics of fullerenes, Fullerene - Media

Read more here: » Fullerene: Encyclopedia II - Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene

Alkynes are generally prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal alkyl dihalides or the reaction of metal acetylides with primary alkyl halides. In the Fritsch-Buttenberg-Wiechell rearrangement an alkyne is prepared starting from a vinyl bromide. Alkynes can be prepared from aldehydes using the Corey-Fuchs reaction or the Seyferth-Gilbert homologation. ...

See also:

Alkyne, Alkyne - Structure, Alkyne - Chemical properties, Alkyne - Examples, Alkyne - Terminal and internal alkynes, Alkyne - Metal acetylides, Alkyne - Synthesis, Alkyne - Reactions

Read more here: » Alkyne: Encyclopedia II - Alkyne - Synthesis

Terminal alkynes have a hydrogen atom bonded to at least one of the sp hybridized carbons (those involved in the triple bond. An example would be methylacetylene (1-propyne under IUPAC nomenclature). Internal alkynes have something other than hydrogen attached to the sp hybridized carbons, usually another carbon atom, but could be a heteroatom. A good example is 2-pentyne, in which there is a methyl group on one side ...

See also:

Alkyne, Alkyne - Structure, Alkyne - Chemical properties, Alkyne - Examples, Alkyne - Terminal and internal alkynes, Alkyne - Metal acetylides, Alkyne - Synthesis, Alkyne - Reactions

Read more here: » Alkyne: Encyclopedia II - Alkyne - Terminal and internal alkynes