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People lived on the territory of modern Bashkortostan from time immemorial. First settlements were set up in early paleolithic period. But it was the bronze period which served as a spur to open up this territory. When people of Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons, and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals. The ethnonym BashkirsSee also:

Bashkortostan, Bashkortostan - Terminology, Bashkortostan - Geography, Bashkortostan - Time zone, Bashkortostan - Rivers, Bashkortostan - Lakes, Bashkortostan - Mountains, Bashkortostan - Natural resources, Bashkortostan - Climate, Bashkortostan - Administrative divisions, Bashkortostan - Demographics, Bashkortostan - Population development, Bashkortostan - History, Bashkortostan - Politics, Bashkortostan - Economy, Bashkortostan - Education, Bashkortostan - Culture, Bashkortostan - Tourism

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The ground state energy level of the electron in a Hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV, which is equivalent to an ultraviolet photon of roughly 92 nm. With the Bohr Model the energy levels of Hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately. This is done by modeling the electron as revolving around the proton, much like the earth revolving around the sun. Except the sun holds earth in orbit with the force of gravity, but the proton holds the electron in orbit with the force of electromagnetism. Another difference between the Earth-Sun system and the ...

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Hydrogen, Hydrogen - Basic features, Hydrogen - Applications, Hydrogen - History, Hydrogen - Electron energy levels, Hydrogen - Occurrence, Hydrogen - Compounds, Hydrogen - Forms, Hydrogen - Isotopes

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Cobalt was known in ancient times through its compounds, which would color glass a rich blue. George Brandt (1694-1768) is credited with the discovery of cobalt. The date of discovery varies depending on the source, but is between 1730 and 1737. He was able to show that cobalt was the source of the blue color in glasses, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. During the 19th century, cobalt blue was produced at the Norwegian Blaafarveværket (70-80 % of world production), led by the Prussian industrialist Benjamin Wegner. In 1938, John Livingood and G ...

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Cobalt, Cobalt - Notable characteristics, Cobalt - Applications, Cobalt - Use in medicine, Cobalt - History, Cobalt - Biological role, Cobalt - Occurrence, Cobalt - Compounds, Cobalt - Isotopes, Cobalt - Precautions

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Radium is over one million times more radioactive than the same mass of uranium. Its decay occurs in at least seven stages; the successive main products have been studied and were called radium emanation or exradio (this is radon), radium A (polonium), radium B (lead), radium C (bismuth), etc. (The radon is a heavy gas, the later products are solids.) These products are themselves radioactive elements, each with an atomic weight a little lower than its predecessor. Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight with lead ...

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Radium, Radium - Notable characteristics, Radium - Applications, Radium - History, Radium - Occurrence, Radium - Compounds, Radium - Isotopes, Radium - Radioactivity, Radium - Precautions

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The Pyrenees are older than the Alps: their sediments were first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. In the Lower Cretaceous period, the Gulf of Gascony (Bay of Biscay ) fanned out, pushing Spain against France and putting large layers of sediment in a vice grip. The intense pressure and uplifting of the Earth's crust first affected the eastern part and stretched progressively to the entire cha ...

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Pyrenees, Pyrenees - Geography, Pyrenees - Geology, Pyrenees - Landscape, Pyrenees - Natural resources, Pyrenees - Climate, Pyrenees - Flora and fauna, Pyrenees - Demographics, Pyrenees - Sports, Pyrenees - Ski resorts include, Pyrenees - Summits, Pyrenees - Highest summits, Pyrenees - The others above 3000 m, Pyrenees - Other famous summits below 3000 m, Pyrenees - External link and references

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There are many who object to the idea of colonizing space as being too expensive and a waste of time. There is nothing in space that we really need, they say, adding that moving beyond the solar system is totally impractical in any reasonable time scale. The pragmatic argument to 'live together on the earth we have' is a powerful one, suggesting that if even half the money of space exploration were spent for terrestrial betterment, there would be greater good for a grea ...

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Space colonization, Space colonization - Method, Space colonization - Materials, Space colonization - Energy, Space colonization - Transportation, Space colonization - Communication, Space colonization - Life support, Space colonization - Radiation protection, Space colonization - Self-replication, Space colonization - Population size, Space colonization - Location, Space colonization - Orbit, Space colonization - Asteroid, Space colonization - Terrestrial analogues, Space colonization - Mercury, Space colonization - Venus, Space colonization - Europa, Space colonization - Gas Giants, Space colonization - Space habitats, Space colonization - Spaceship, Space colonization - Justification, Space colonization - Advocacy, Space colonization - Objections

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Democratic Republic of the Congo - Provinces. The Congo is divided into ten provinces, and one independent city (Kinshasa). Bandundu Bas-Congo Equateur Kasai-Occidental Kasai-Oriental Katanga (During the Mobutu years, it was called the Shaba Province) Kinshasa Maniema Nord-Kivu Orientale (Congo) (Formerly Haut-Zaire) Sud-Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo - Major cities. See also:

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo - History, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Medieval kingdoms, Democratic Republic of the Congo - European exploration and administration 1870–1960, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political Crises 1960-1965, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Zaire 1965–1996, Democratic Republic of the Congo - War 1996–present, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Politics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political divisions, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Major cities, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Geography, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Demographics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Languages, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Culture, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Flora and fauna, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Miscellaneous topics

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Although the metal is reasonably abundant in the Earth's crust at a concentration estimated to be about 0.7 mg/kg, it exists mostly in association with potassium minerals in clays, soils, and granites and, thus, is not generally considered to be commercially recoverable from those forms. The major source of commercial thallium is the trace amounts found in copper, lead, zinc, and other sulfide ores. Thallium is found in the minerals crookesite (TlCu7Se4), hutchinsonite(TlPbAs5S9), and lorand ...

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Thallium, Thallium - Notable characteristics, Thallium - Applications, Thallium - History, Thallium - Occurrence, Thallium - Isotopes, Thallium - Precautions, Thallium - Famous uses

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The Congo is situated at the heart of the west-central portion of sub-Saharan Africa and is bounded by (Clockwise from the west) Angola, the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, the Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania across Lake Tanganyika, and Zambia. Its territory also straddles the Equator, with one-third to the north and two-thirds to the south. As a result of its equatorial location, the Congo experiences extremely high amounts of rainfall. The average rainfall for the entire country is about 1,070 millimeters ( ...

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Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo - History, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Medieval kingdoms, Democratic Republic of the Congo - European exploration and administration 1870–1960, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political Crises 1960-1965, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Zaire 1965–1996, Democratic Republic of the Congo - War 1996–present, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Politics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political divisions, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Major cities, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Geography, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Demographics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Languages, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Culture, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Flora and fauna, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Miscellaneous topics

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All isotopes and compounds of uranium are toxic, teratogenic, and radioactive. Toxicity can be lethal. In less than lethal doses toxicity is limited primarily to recoverable kidney damage. Radiological effects are systemic. Uranium compounds in general are poorly absorbed by the lining in the lungs and may remain a radiological hazard indefinitely. Uranyl (UO2+) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds will cause birth defects and immune system damage if ingested or ...

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Uranium, Uranium - Notable characteristics, Uranium - Applications, Uranium - History, Uranium - Military applications, Uranium - Uranium exploration and mining, Uranium - Rise stagnation and possible renaissance of uranium mining, Uranium - Risks of uranium mining, Uranium - Codenames tuballoy and oralloy, Uranium - Compounds, Uranium - Occurrence, Uranium - Production and distribution, Uranium - Isotopes, Uranium - Precautions

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Naturally occurring uranium is composed of three major isotopes, 238U, 235U, and 234U, with 238U being the most abundant (99.3% natural abundance). All three isotopes are radioactive, creating radioisotopes, with the most abundant and stable being 238U with a half-life of 4.5 × 109 years, 235U with a half-life of 7 × 108 years, and 234U with a half-life of 2.5 × 105 years. 238U is an ...

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Uranium, Uranium - Notable characteristics, Uranium - Applications, Uranium - History, Uranium - Military applications, Uranium - Uranium exploration and mining, Uranium - Rise stagnation and possible renaissance of uranium mining, Uranium - Risks of uranium mining, Uranium - Codenames tuballoy and oralloy, Uranium - Compounds, Uranium - Occurrence, Uranium - Production and distribution, Uranium - Isotopes, Uranium - Precautions

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From the day King Leopold II established colonial authority in what is now Congo-Kinshasa to today, the country's government has been unstable. This is reflected in its seven name changes since 1885: (1) Congo Free State (1885–1908), (2) Belgian Congo (1908–60 [this, incidentally, was the longest period of tranquility the country has experienced]), (3) Republic of The Congo-Leopoldville (1960–64), (4) Democratic Republic of The Congo-Leopoldville (1964–66), (5) Democratic Republic of The Congo-Kinshasa (1966-71), (6) Republic of Zaire (1971–97), an ...

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Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo - History, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Medieval kingdoms, Democratic Republic of the Congo - European exploration and administration 1870–1960, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political Crises 1960-1965, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Zaire 1965–1996, Democratic Republic of the Congo - War 1996–present, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Politics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political divisions, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Major cities, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Geography, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Demographics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Languages, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Culture, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Flora and fauna, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Miscellaneous topics

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Tantalum (Greek Tantalus, mythological character) was discovered in Sweden in 1802 by Anders Ekeberg and isolated in 1820 by Jöns Berzelius. Many contemporary chemists believed niobium and tantalum were the same elements until 1844 and later 1866 when researchers showed that niobic and tantalic acids were different compounds. Early investigators were only able to isolate impure metal and the first relatively pure ductile metal was produced by Werner von Bolton in 1903. Wires made with tantalum metal were used for lig ...

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Tantalum, Tantalum - Notable characteristics, Tantalum - Applications, Tantalum - History, Tantalum - Occurrence, Tantalum - Compounds, Tantalum - Isotopes, Tantalum - Precautions

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Location is a frequent point of contention between space colonization advocates. The location of colonization can be: On a planet, natural satellite, or asteroid In orbit around the Earth, Sun, Lagrangian point or other object Main article: Colonization of Mars Mars is a frequent topic of discussion. Its overall surface area is similar to the dry land surface Earth, it has large water reserves, and has carbon (locked as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere). It may have gone throug ...

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Space colonization, Space colonization - Method, Space colonization - Materials, Space colonization - Energy, Space colonization - Transportation, Space colonization - Communication, Space colonization - Life support, Space colonization - Radiation protection, Space colonization - Self-replication, Space colonization - Population size, Space colonization - Location, Space colonization - Orbit, Space colonization - Asteroid, Space colonization - Terrestrial analogues, Space colonization - Mercury, Space colonization - Venus, Space colonization - Europa, Space colonization - Gas Giants, Space colonization - Space habitats, Space colonization - Spaceship, Space colonization - Justification, Space colonization - Advocacy, Space colonization - Objections

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See also: Space and survival In 2001, the space news website SPACE.com asked Freeman Dyson, J. Richard Gott and Sid Goldstein for reasons why some humans should live in space. Their respective answers [1] were: To Spread Life and Beautify throughout the Universe To Ensure the Survival of Our Species To Make Money Save the Environment Provide entertainment value in ...

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Space colonization, Space colonization - Method, Space colonization - Materials, Space colonization - Energy, Space colonization - Transportation, Space colonization - Communication, Space colonization - Life support, Space colonization - Radiation protection, Space colonization - Self-replication, Space colonization - Population size, Space colonization - Location, Space colonization - Orbit, Space colonization - Asteroid, Space colonization - Terrestrial analogues, Space colonization - Mercury, Space colonization - Venus, Space colonization - Europa, Space colonization - Gas Giants, Space colonization - Space habitats, Space colonization - Spaceship, Space colonization - Justification, Space colonization - Advocacy, Space colonization - Objections

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When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product: where is the electric charge of the particle is the velocity vector of the particle is the magnetic field Because this is a cross product, the force is perpendicular to both the motion of the particle and the magnetic field. It follows that the magnetic force does no work on the particle; it may change the direction of the par ...

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Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles, Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units

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Natural tantalum consists of two isotopes. Ta-181 is a stable isotope, and Ta-180m, which has a half life of over 1015 years (see scientific notation) and is a nuclear isomer of Ta-180. Ta-180 has a ground state half life of only 8 hours. Tantalum has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons. (Cobalt is another, better-known salting material.) A jacket of natural tantalum, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope ...

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Tantalum, Tantalum - Notable characteristics, Tantalum - Applications, Tantalum - History, Tantalum - Occurrence, Tantalum - Compounds, Tantalum - Isotopes, Tantalum - Precautions

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Tantalum occurs principally in the mineral tantalite [(Fe, Mn) Ta2O6] and euxenite (other minerals: samarskite, and fergusonite). Tantalum ores are mined in Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Portugal, Malaysia and Thailand. A comprehensive, 2002 picture of non-Australian mines is reasonably current. Tantalite is largely found mixed with columbite in an ore called coltan. Ethical questions have been raised about human rights and endangered wildlife, due to the exploitation of resources in the conf ...

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Tantalum, Tantalum - Notable characteristics, Tantalum - Applications, Tantalum - History, Tantalum - Occurrence, Tantalum - Compounds, Tantalum - Isotopes, Tantalum - Precautions

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The head of government in Bashkortostan is the President, who is elected for a four-year term. According to the Constitution, the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of a person and a citizen, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law and order on its territory. As of 2005, the president is Mortaza Ghöbäydulla uly Räximev (Murtaza Rakhimov), who was elected on December 17, 1993. Prior to the elections, Rakhimov was the Chairman of t ...

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Bashkortostan, Bashkortostan - Terminology, Bashkortostan - Geography, Bashkortostan - Time zone, Bashkortostan - Rivers, Bashkortostan - Lakes, Bashkortostan - Mountains, Bashkortostan - Natural resources, Bashkortostan - Climate, Bashkortostan - Administrative divisions, Bashkortostan - Demographics, Bashkortostan - Population development, Bashkortostan - History, Bashkortostan - Politics, Bashkortostan - Economy, Bashkortostan - Education, Bashkortostan - Culture, Bashkortostan - Tourism

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