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Location is a frequent point of contention between space colonization advocates. The location of colonization can be: On a planet, natural satellite, or asteroid In orbit around the Earth, Sun, Lagrangian point or other object Main article: Colonization of Mars Mars is a frequent topic of discussion. Its overall surface area is similar to the dry land surface Earth, it may have large water reserves, and has carbon (locked as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere). It may have gone t ...

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Space colonization, Space colonization - Method, Space colonization - Materials, Space colonization - Energy, Space colonization - Transportation, Space colonization - Communication, Space colonization - Life support, Space colonization - Radiation protection, Space colonization - Self-replication, Space colonization - Population size, Space colonization - Location, Space colonization - Orbit, Space colonization - Asteroid, Space colonization - Terrestrial analogues, Space colonization - Mercury, Space colonization - Venus, Space colonization - Europa, Space colonization - Gas Giants, Space colonization - Space habitats, Space colonization - Spaceship, Space colonization - Justification, Space colonization - Advocacy, Space colonization - Objections

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Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times. All four of Mission San Juan Capistrano's bells are named and all bear inscriptions as follows (from the largest to the smallest; inscriptions are translated from Latin): "Praised by Jesus, San Vicente. In honor of the Reverend Fathers, Ministers (of the Missi ...

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Mission San Juan Capistrano, Mission San Juan Capistrano - Mission history, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The Spanish Mission Era 1776 – 1820, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The Mexican Rancho Era 1821 – 1847, Mission San Juan Capistrano - California Statehood 1850 – 1900, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The 20th Century and beyond 1901 – present, Mission San Juan Capistrano - Mission industries, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The Mission bells, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The return of the swallows, Mission San Juan Capistrano - Historic designations

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The Missions were, above all, required to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Barley, maize, and wheat were the principal crops grown at San Juan Capistrano; cattle, horses, mules, sheep, and goats were all raised by the hundreds as well. In 1790 the Mission's herd included 7,000 sheep and goats, 2,500 cattle, and 200 mules and horses. Olives were grown, cured, and pressed under large stone wheels to extract their oil, both for use at the Mission and to ...

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Mission San Juan Capistrano, Mission San Juan Capistrano - Mission history, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The Spanish Mission Era 1776 – 1820, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The Mexican Rancho Era 1821 – 1847, Mission San Juan Capistrano - California Statehood 1850 – 1900, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The 20th Century and beyond 1901 – present, Mission San Juan Capistrano - Mission industries, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The Mission bells, Mission San Juan Capistrano - The return of the swallows, Mission San Juan Capistrano - Historic designations

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There are zinc mines throughout the world, with the largest producers being Australia, Canada, China, Peru and the U.S.A. Mines in Europe include Vieille Montagne in Belgium, Tara in Ireland, and Zinkgruvan in Sweden. Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) minerals are concentrated using the froth flotation method and then usually roasted using pyrometallurgy to oxidise the zinc sulfide to zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is leached in sulfuric acid and the resulting solution is purified using zinc dust. The metal is then extracted by electrowinning as cathodic deposits. Zinc cathodes can be ...

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Zinc, Zinc - Notable characteristics, Zinc - Applications, Zinc - Popular misconceptions, Zinc - History, Zinc - Biological role, Zinc - Food Sources, Zinc - Zinc Deficiency, Zinc - Zinc Toxicity, Zinc - Psoriasis, Zinc - Immune System, Zinc - Abundance, Zinc - Zinc production, Zinc - Compounds, Zinc - Isotopes, Zinc - Precautions

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Mineral reserves are the resources which are known to be economically feasible for extraction. Reserves are either 'Probable Reserves or Proven Reserves, in a similar manner to resources, above. Generally the conversion of resources into reserves requires; knowledge of the geology of the deposit sufficient that it is predictable and verifiable consideration of metallurgy, including plans for extraction, mineral processing calculation and design of open pit or underground mine plans based on ore mo ...

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Mineral resource classification, Mineral resource classification - Mineral occurrences prospects, Mineral resource classification - Mineral resources, Mineral resource classification - Mineral reserves, Mineral resource classification - Further Information

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Despite other hot spots for war, Africa consistently remains among the top places for ongoing conflicts, consisting of both long standing civil wars (e.g. Somalia) and conflicts between countries (e.g. Ethiopia and Eritrea's border wars after the latter's independence from the former). Despite a lack of basic social services or even the basic necessities of life, military forces are usually well financed and well equipped. As a result, Africa is full of refugees, who are often deliberately displaced by military forces during a conflic ...

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Poverty in Africa, Poverty in Africa - Scope, Poverty in Africa - Overpopulation, Poverty in Africa - Mismanagement of land, Poverty in Africa - Loss of traditional land uses, Poverty in Africa - Misused Money, Poverty in Africa - Capital Flight, Poverty in Africa - Human Resources, Poverty in Africa - Disease, Poverty in Africa - Lack of Infrastructure, Poverty in Africa - Conflict, Poverty in Africa - External link

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The primary economic value of anorthosite bodies is the titanium-bearing oxide ilmenite. However, some Proterozoic anorthosite bodies have large amounts of labradorite, which is quarried for its value as both a gemstone and a building material. Archean anorthosites, because they are calcium-rich, have large amounts of aluminium substituting for silicon; a few of these bodies are mined as ores of aluminium. Anorthosite was prominently represented in rock samples brought back from the Moon, and ...

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Anorthosite, Anorthosite - Proterozoic anorthosite, Anorthosite - Age, Anorthosite - Mode of occurrence, Anorthosite - Physical characteristics, Anorthosite - Chemical and isotopic characteristics, Anorthosite - Origins of Proterozoic anorthosites, Anorthosite - High-alumina orthopyroxene megacrysts, Anorthosite - Archean anorthosite, Anorthosite - Economic value of anorthosite

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Iron is one of the more common elements on Earth, making up about 5% of the Earth's crust. Most of this iron is found in various iron oxides, such as the minerals hematite, magnetite, and taconite. The earth's core is believed to consist largely of a metallic iron-nickel alloy. About 5% of the meteorites similarly consist of iron-nickel alloy. Although rare, these are the major form of natural metallic iron on the earth's surface. Iron is also one of the least reactive metals, and therefore, it ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

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There are a number of important principles in geology. Many of these involve the ability to provide the relative ages of strata or the manner in which they were formed. The Principle of Intrusive Relationships concerns crosscutting intrusions. In geology, when an igneous intrusion cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, it can be determined that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. There are a number of different types of intrusions, ...

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Geology, Geology - History, Geology - Important principles of geology, Geology - Fields or related disciplines, Geology - Regional geology, Geology - Australia, Geology - United Kingdom, Geology - United States, Geology - National geology, Geology - Planetary geology

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Industrially, iron is extracted from its ores, principally hematite (nominally Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) by a carbothermic reaction (reduction with carbon) in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000°C. In a blast furnace, iron ore, carbon in the form of coke, and a flux such as limestone are fed into the top of the furnace, while a blast of heated air is forced into the furnace at the bottom. In the furnace, the coke reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide: See also:

Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

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Common oxidation states of iron include: the Iron(-II) state, Fe2- (e.g. Fe(CO)42-,Fe(CO)2(NO)2. the Iron(0) state, Fe(CO)5, Fe(PF3)5. the Iron(I) state, [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+. the Iron(II) state, Fe2+, previously ferrous is very common. the Iron(III) state, Fe3+, previously ferric, is also very common, for exam ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

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Naturally occurring iron consists of four isotopes: 5.845% of radioactive 54Fe (half-life: >3.1E22 years), 91.754% of stable 56Fe, 2.119% of stable 57Fe and 0.282% of stable 58Fe. 60Fe is an extinct radionuclide of long half-life (1.5 million years). Much of the past work on measuring the isotopic composition of Fe has centered on determining 60Fe variations due to processes accompanying nucleosynthesis (i.e., mete ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

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Iron is essential to all organisms, except for a few bacteria. It is mostly stably incorporated in the inside of metalloproteins, because in exposed or in free form it causes production of free radicals that are generally toxic to cells. To say that iron is free doesn't mean that it is free floating in the bodily fluids. Iron binds avidly to virtually all biomolecules so it will adhere nonspecifically to cell ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

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Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth, and is believed to be the tenth most abundant element in the universe. Iron is also the most abundant (by mass, 34.6%) element making up the Earth; the concentration of iron in the various layers of the Earth ranges from high at the inner core to about 5% in the outer crust; it is possible the Earth's inner core consists of a single iron crystal although it is more likely to be a mixture of iron and nickel; the large amount of iron in the Earth ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

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The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo contain great biodiversity, including many rare and endemic species, including both species of chimpanzee: the Common chimpanzee and the bonobo (also known as the Pygmy Chimpanzee), mountain gorilla, okapi and white rhino. Five of the country's national parks are listed as World Heritage Sites: the Garumba, Kahuzi-Biega, Salonga and Virunga National Parks, and the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. The civil war and resultant poor economic conditions have endangered much of this biodiversity. Many park wardens were either killed or could not afford to continue their wo ...

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Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo - History, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Medieval kingdoms, Democratic Republic of the Congo - European exploration and administration 1870–1960, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political Crises 1960-1965, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Zaire 1965–1996, Democratic Republic of the Congo - War 1996–present, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Politics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political divisions, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Major cities, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Geography, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Demographics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Languages, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Culture, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Flora and fauna, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Miscellaneous topics

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The population was estimated at 56.6 million in 2003, growing quickly from 46.7 million in 1997. As many as 250 ethnic groups have been distinguished and named. The most numerous people are the Kongo, Luba, and Mongo. Although 700 local languages and dialects are spoken, the linguistic variety is bridged both by the use of French and the intermediary languages Kikongo, Tshiluba, Swahili, and Lingala. About 80% of the Congolese population are Christian, predominantly Roman Catholic. Most of the non-Christians adhere to either tradition ...

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Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo - History, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Medieval kingdoms, Democratic Republic of the Congo - European exploration and administration 1870–1960, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political Crises 1960-1965, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Zaire 1965–1996, Democratic Republic of the Congo - War 1996–present, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Politics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political divisions, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Major cities, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Geography, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Demographics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Languages, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Culture, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Flora and fauna, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Miscellaneous topics

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Uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) is known as "green salt" and is an intermediate product in the production of uranium hexafluoride. Uranium hexafluoride (UF6) is a white solid which forms a vapor at temperatures above 56 degrees Celsius. UF6 is the compound of uranium used for the two most common enrichment processes, gaseous diffusion enrichment and gas centrifuge enrichment. It is ...

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Uranium, Uranium - Notable characteristics, Uranium - Applications, Uranium - History, Uranium - Military applications, Uranium - Uranium exploration and mining, Uranium - Rise stagnation and possible renaissance of uranium mining, Uranium - Risks of uranium mining, Uranium - Codenames tuballoy and oralloy, Uranium - Compounds, Uranium - Occurrence, Uranium - Production and distribution, Uranium - Isotopes, Uranium - Precautions

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As uranium metal is very dense and heavy, Depleted uranium (almost pure 238U with less than 0.2% 235U) is used by some militaries as shielding to protect tanks, and also in parts of bullets, kinetic energy penetrators and missiles. The military also uses enriched uranium (more than natural levels of 235U) to power nuclear propelled navy ships and submarines, and in nuclear weapons. Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in 235U (the exact values are classified inform ...

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Uranium, Uranium - Notable characteristics, Uranium - Applications, Uranium - History, Uranium - Military applications, Uranium - Uranium exploration and mining, Uranium - Rise stagnation and possible renaissance of uranium mining, Uranium - Risks of uranium mining, Uranium - Codenames tuballoy and oralloy, Uranium - Compounds, Uranium - Occurrence, Uranium - Production and distribution, Uranium - Isotopes, Uranium - Precautions

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When refined, uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal, which is slightly softer than steel. It is malleable, ductile, and slightly paramagnetic. Uranium metal has very high density, 65% more dense than lead, but slightly less dense than gold. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with uranium oxide. Uranium in ores can be extracted and chemically converted into uranium ...

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Uranium, Uranium - Notable characteristics, Uranium - Applications, Uranium - History, Uranium - Military applications, Uranium - Uranium exploration and mining, Uranium - Rise stagnation and possible renaissance of uranium mining, Uranium - Risks of uranium mining, Uranium - Codenames tuballoy and oralloy, Uranium - Compounds, Uranium - Occurrence, Uranium - Production and distribution, Uranium - Isotopes, Uranium - Precautions

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There is an estimated total of 242 languages spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Out of these, only 4 have the status of national languages: Kikongo, Lingala, Tshiluba and Swahili. Lingala was made the official language of the army under Mobutu, but since the rebellions the army also uses Swahili in the West. French is the official language of the country. It is meant to be an ethnically neutral language, to ease commu ...

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Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo - History, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Medieval kingdoms, Democratic Republic of the Congo - European exploration and administration 1870–1960, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political Crises 1960-1965, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Zaire 1965–1996, Democratic Republic of the Congo - War 1996–present, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Politics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political divisions, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Major cities, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Geography, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Demographics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Languages, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Culture, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Flora and fauna, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Democratic Republic of the Congo: Encyclopedia II - Democratic Republic of the Congo - Languages

Geology - Australia. Geology of the Yilgarn Craton Geology of Victoria Geology - United Kingdom. Geology of Dorset Geology of Hampshire Geology of Hertfordshire Geology - United States. Geology of the Bryce Canyon area(Utah) Geology of the Canyonlands area (Utah) Geology of the Capitol Reef area (Utah) Geology of Connecticut Geo ...

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Geology, Geology - History, Geology - Important principles of geology, Geology - Fields or related disciplines, Geology - Regional geology, Geology - Australia, Geology - United Kingdom, Geology - United States, Geology - National geology, Geology - Planetary geology

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The extinction of the Rocky mountain locust has been a source of puzzlement; recent research suggests that the breeding grounds of this insect, in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains, came under sustained agriculture, destroying the underground eggs of the locust. Research at Cambridge University has identified the swarming behaviour is a response to overcrowding. The trigger is increased tactile stimulation of the hind legs. Several contacts per minute over a four hour period are sufficient to indu ...

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Locust, Locust - Locusts in history and literature, Locust - Latest findings

Read more here: » Locust: Encyclopedia II - Locust - Latest findings