Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Cobalt has a relative permeability two thirds that of iron. Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two crystallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp→fcc of 722 K. Common oxidation states of ...

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Cobalt, Cobalt - Notable characteristics, Cobalt - Applications, Cobalt - Use in medicine, Cobalt - History, Cobalt - Biological role, Cobalt - Occurrence, Cobalt - Compounds, Cobalt - Isotopes, Cobalt - Precautions

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Contrary to normal experience, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 that, because electricity and magnetism show a certain symmetry, just as quantum theory predicts that individual positive or negative electric charges can be observed without the opposing charge, isolated South or North magnetic poles should be observable. In practice, however, although charged particles like protons and electrons can be easily isolated as individual electrical charges, magnetic south and no ...

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Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles, Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units

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Early Congolese History - Expansion of the Bantu. Starting at the beginning of the fifth century, waves of Bantu began settling in the extreme northwest of Central Africa and then gradually started to expand southward. Their propagation was accelerated by the transition from Stone-Age to Iron-Age techniques (unlike other areas of the world, iron technology did not begin to develop in Central Africa until much later). The peoples living in the south and southwest were mostly Pygmies and hunter-gatherer grou ...

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Early Congolese History, Early Congolese History - Early History, Early Congolese History - Expansion of the Bantu, Early Congolese History - The Upemba and Luba cultures, Early Congolese History - The Eve of Colonial Rule, Early Congolese History - The Kuba Federation, Early Congolese History - The Kongo Empire, Early Congolese History - Other States, Early Congolese History - The Effects of Geography and Climate

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The material will burn, but (in the absence of significant vaporization) should not pose a particular explosive hazard. Inhalation and ingestion should be avoided due to possible central nervous system effects. A lab coat and safety glasses should be worn; an tributyl phosphate is not presently known to be, or suspected of being, a carcinogen, but may be mutagenic or have reproductive effects; consult the substance's MSDS for full details (see link at bottom). In contact with concentrated nitric acid the TBP-kerosene s ...

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Tributyl phosphate, Tributyl phosphate - History, Tributyl phosphate - Production, Tributyl phosphate - Use, Tributyl phosphate - Industrial, Tributyl phosphate - Nuclear Chemistry, Tributyl phosphate - Hazards, Tributyl phosphate - Sources

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There is an estimated total of 242 languages spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Out of these, only 4 have the status of national languages: Kikongo, Lingala, Tshiluba and Swahili. Lingala was made the official language of the army under Mobutu, but since the rebellions the army also uses Swahili in the West. French is the official language of the country. It is meant to be an ethnically neutral language, to ease communication between all the different ethnic groups of the Congo. When the country was a Belgia ...

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Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo - History, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Medieval kingdoms, Democratic Republic of the Congo - European exploration and administration 1870–1960, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political Crises 1960-1965, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Zaire 1965–1996, Democratic Republic of the Congo - War 1996–present, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Politics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political divisions, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Major cities, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Geography, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Demographics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Languages, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Culture, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Flora and fauna, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Miscellaneous topics

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Thermite reactions have many uses. It was originally used for repair welding in-place such things as locomotive axle-frames where the repair can take place without removing the part from its installed location. Thermite grenades are used in war to destroy sensitive equipment or documents when at imminent risk of capture by the enemy. Thermite grenades and bombs have been used in combat as incendiary devices, able to burn through heavy armor or other fireproof barriers. Thermite can also be used for quickly cutting or welding metal such as ra ...

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Thermite, Thermite - Types, Thermite - Uses, Thermite - History

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Iron is one of the more common elements on Earth, making up about 5% of the Earth's crust. Most of this iron is found in various iron oxides, such as the minerals hematite, magnetite, and taconite. The earth's core is believed to consist largely of a metallic iron-nickel alloy. About 5% of the meteorites similarly consist of iron-nickel alloy. Although rare, these are the major form of natural metallic iron on the earth's surface. Iron is also one of the least reactive metals, and therefore, it ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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Industrially, iron is extracted from its ores, principally hematite (nominally Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) by a carbothermic reaction (reduction with carbon) in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000°C. In a blast furnace, iron ore, carbon in the form of coke, and a flux such as limestone are fed into the top of the furnace, while a blast of heated air is forced into the furnace at the bottom. In the furnace, the coke reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide: See also:

Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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The physical cause of the magnetism of objects, as distinct from electrical currents, is the atomic magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipoles, or magnetic moments, result on the atomic scale from the two kinds of movement of electrons. The first is the orbital motion of the electron around the nucleus; this motion can be considered as a current loop, resulting in an orbital dipole magnetic moment along the axis of the nucleus. The second, much stronger, source of electronic magnetic moment is due to a quantum mechanical property called the spin dipole magnetic moment (although current quantum mechanical theory states that elect ...

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Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles, Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units

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Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth, and is believed to be the tenth most abundant element in the universe. Iron is also the most abundant (by mass, 34.6%) element making up the Earth; the concentration of iron in the various layers of the Earth ranges from high at the inner core to about 5% in the outer crust; it is possible the Earth's inner core consists of a single iron crystal although it is more likely to be a mixture of iron and nickel; the large amount of iron in the Earth ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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From the day King Leopold II established colonial authority in what is now Congo-Kinshasa to today, the country's government has been unstable. This is reflected in its seven name changes since 1885: (1) Congo Free State (1885–1908), (2) Belgian Congo (1908–60 [this, incidentally, was the longest period of tranquility the country has experienced]), (3) Republic of The Congo-Leopoldville (1960–64), (4) Democratic Republic of The Congo-Leopoldville (1964–66), (5) ...

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Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo - History, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Medieval kingdoms, Democratic Republic of the Congo - European exploration and administration 1870–1960, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political Crises 1960-1965, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Zaire 1965–1996, Democratic Republic of the Congo - War 1996–present, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Politics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Political divisions, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Major cities, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Geography, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Demographics, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Languages, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Culture, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Flora and fauna, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Miscellaneous topics

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Bismuth oxychloride is extensively used in cosmetics and bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol®) is used as an antidiarrheal. [1] Some other current uses are: Strong permanent magnets can be made from the alloy bismanol (MnBi). Many bismuth alloys have low melting points and are widely used for fire detection and suppression system safety devices. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons. Bismuth is finding use as a catalyst for making ...

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Bismuth, Bismuth - Notable characteristics, Bismuth - Applications, Bismuth - Crystals, Bismuth - History, Bismuth - Occurrence

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Under normal conditions, hydrogen gas is a mix of two different kinds of molecules which differ from one another by the relative spin of the nuclei.[5] These two forms are known as ortho- and para-hydrogen (this is different from isotopes, see below). In ortho-hydrogen the nuclear spins are parallel and form a triplet, while in para they are antiparallel and form a singlet. At standard conditions hydrogen is composed of about 25% of the para form and 75 ...

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Hydrogen, Hydrogen - Basic features, Hydrogen - Applications, Hydrogen - History, Hydrogen - Electron energy levels, Hydrogen - Occurrence, Hydrogen - Compounds, Hydrogen - Forms, Hydrogen - Isotopes, Hydrogen - Biology

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Large quantities of hydrogen are needed in the chemical and petroleum industries, notably in the Haber process for the production of ammonia, which by mass ranks as the world's fifth most produced industrial compound. Hydrogen is used in the hydrogenation of fats and oils (found in items such as margarine), and in the production of methanol. Hydrogen is used in hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking[2]. The element has sever ...

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Hydrogen, Hydrogen - Basic features, Hydrogen - Applications, Hydrogen - History, Hydrogen - Electron energy levels, Hydrogen - Occurrence, Hydrogen - Compounds, Hydrogen - Forms, Hydrogen - Isotopes, Hydrogen - Biology

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Normally, magnetic fields are seen as dipoles, having a "South pole" and a "North pole"; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate North and South on the globe. A magnetic field contains energy, and physical systems stabilize into the configuration with the lowest energy. Therefore, when placed in a magnetic field, a magnetic dipole tends to align itself in opposed polarity to that field, thereby canceling the net field strength as much as possible and lowering ...

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Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles, Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units

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Folklore singing and dancing companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries are on the rise; annual folk festivals became a tradition here. Bashkortostan holds a leading position among all other Russian federal subjects on a number of museums, public libraries, book stocks, and municipal clubs. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, the State Opera and Ballet Theater, the National Symphony Orchestra, "Bashkortostan" film-studio, thirty philharmonic collectives. The Bashkir state Folk dance ensemble na ...

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Bashkortostan, Bashkortostan - Terminology, Bashkortostan - Geography, Bashkortostan - Time zone, Bashkortostan - Rivers, Bashkortostan - Lakes, Bashkortostan - Mountains, Bashkortostan - Natural resources, Bashkortostan - Climate, Bashkortostan - Administrative divisions, Bashkortostan - Demographics, Bashkortostan - Population development, Bashkortostan - History, Bashkortostan - Politics, Bashkortostan - Economy, Bashkortostan - Education, Bashkortostan - Culture, Bashkortostan - Tourism

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The Republic of Bashkortostan possesses high scientific and technical potential. About 60 scientific organizations are active in Bashkortostan. Fundamental and applied scientific research work is under way at 12 Institutes UFA Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Institutes of different branches of industry as well as design bureaus and organizations, chairs of Universities and Colleges. The system of popular upbringing and teaching among Bashkir people took shape for centuries and its reflected in f ...

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Bashkortostan, Bashkortostan - Terminology, Bashkortostan - Geography, Bashkortostan - Time zone, Bashkortostan - Rivers, Bashkortostan - Lakes, Bashkortostan - Mountains, Bashkortostan - Natural resources, Bashkortostan - Climate, Bashkortostan - Administrative divisions, Bashkortostan - Demographics, Bashkortostan - Population development, Bashkortostan - History, Bashkortostan - Politics, Bashkortostan - Economy, Bashkortostan - Education, Bashkortostan - Culture, Bashkortostan - Tourism

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Hydrogen was first produced by Theophratus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541)—also known as Paracelsus—by mixing metals with acids. He was unaware that the explosive gas produced by this chemical reaction was hydrogen. In 1671, Robert Boyle described the reaction between two iron fillings and dilute acids, which results in the production of gaseous hydrogen.[3] In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen as a discrete subs ...

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Hydrogen, Hydrogen - Basic features, Hydrogen - Applications, Hydrogen - History, Hydrogen - Electron energy levels, Hydrogen - Occurrence, Hydrogen - Compounds, Hydrogen - Forms, Hydrogen - Isotopes, Hydrogen - Biology

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The ground state energy level of the electron in a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV, which is equivalent to an ultraviolet photon of roughly 92 nm. With the Bohr Model, the energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately. This is done by modeling the electron as revolving around the proton, much like the earth revolving around the sun. Except the sun holds earth in orbit with the force of gravity, but the proton holds the electron in orbit with the force of electromagnetism. Another difference between the Earth-Sun system and th ...

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Hydrogen, Hydrogen - Basic features, Hydrogen - Applications, Hydrogen - History, Hydrogen - Electron energy levels, Hydrogen - Occurrence, Hydrogen - Compounds, Hydrogen - Forms, Hydrogen - Isotopes, Hydrogen - Biology

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Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes. (During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given names, but such names are no longer used, although one element, radon, has a name that originally applied to only one of its isotopes.) The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and 3H) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, although this is not officially sanctioned. (The symbol P is ...

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Hydrogen, Hydrogen - Basic features, Hydrogen - Applications, Hydrogen - History, Hydrogen - Electron energy levels, Hydrogen - Occurrence, Hydrogen - Compounds, Hydrogen - Forms, Hydrogen - Isotopes, Hydrogen - Biology

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Common oxidation states of iron include: the Iron(-II) state, Fe2- (e.g. Fe(CO)42-,Fe(CO)2(NO)2. the Iron(0) state, Fe(CO)5, Fe(PF3)5. the Iron(I) state, [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+. the Iron(II) state, Fe2+, previously ferrous is very common. the Iron(III) state, Fe3+, previously ferric, is also very common, for exam ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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The lightest of all gases, hydrogen combines with most other elements to form compounds. Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.2, so it forms compounds where it is the more nonmetallic and where it is the more metallic element. The former are called hydrides, where hydrogen either exists as H- ions or just as a solute within the other element (as in palladium hydride). The latter tend to be covalent, since the H+ ion would be a bare nucleus and so has a strong tendency to pull electrons to itself. These both form acids ...

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Hydrogen, Hydrogen - Basic features, Hydrogen - Applications, Hydrogen - History, Hydrogen - Electron energy levels, Hydrogen - Occurrence, Hydrogen - Compounds, Hydrogen - Forms, Hydrogen - Isotopes, Hydrogen - Biology

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