ores - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Canadian Shield: Encyclopedia - Canadian Shield
The Canadian Shield is a large craton in eastern and central Canada and adjacent portions of the United States, composed of bare rock dat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ames Laboratory: Encyclopedia - Ames Laboratory
Ames Laboratory is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Ames, Iowa. Compared to most other DOE laboratorie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bismuth: Encyclopedia - Bismuth
Bismuth is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. This heavy, brittle, white crystalline t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amapá: Encyclopedia - Amapá
Amapá is one of the states of Brazil, located in the extreme north, bordering French Guiana in the north. In the east is the Atlantic Oc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alder: Encyclopedia - Alder
About 20-30 species, see text. Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants (Alnus) belonging to the birch family (Family Betu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zinc: Encyclopedia - Zinc
Zinc (from German zink) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc - Notable character...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breccia: Encyclopedia - Breccia
Breccia, derived from the Latin word for "broken," is typically a sedimentary rock composed of angular fragments in a matrix that may be ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcination: Encyclopedia - Calcination
Calcination is the process of heating a substance to a high temperature, but below its melting or fusing point, to bring about thermal de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia - Cobalt
Cobalt is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Co and atomic number 27. Cobalt - Notable characteristics. Cobalt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exploration: Encyclopedia - Exploration
Exploration is the act of searching or traveling for the purpose of discovery, e.g. of unknown regions, including space (space exploratio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chalcopyrite: Encyclopedia - Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite is a copper iron sulfide mineral that crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It has the chemical composition CuFeS2. It has ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia - Magnetism
In physics, magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. Magnetism - ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Collier: Encyclopedia - Collier
Collier may refer to: a bulk cargo ship that carried coal. They were used both to transport coal between ports and to refuel coal burnin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uranium: Encyclopedia - Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol U and atomic number 92. Heavy, silvery-white, toxic, metallic, na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Locust: Encyclopedia - Locust
Locust is the name given to the swarming phase of short-horned grasshoppers of the family Acrididae. The origins and apparent extinction ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia - Hydrogen
Hydrogen (Latin: hydrogenium, from Greek: hydro: water, genes: forming) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol H...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malachite: Encyclopedia - Malachite
Malachite is a carbonate mineral, copper(II) carbonate hydroxide Cu2CO3(OH)2. Malachite has a hardness between 3.5 and 4. It crystallizes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia - Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (L.: Ferrum) and atomic number 26. Iron is a group 8 and period 4 metal. Iron is notable fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Space Colonization: Encyclopedia Ii - Space Colonization - Method
Building cities in space will require materials, energy, transportation, communications, life support, and radiation protection. Space c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tantalum: Encyclopedia Ii - Tantalum - Applications
The major use for tantalum, as tantalum metal powder, is in the production of electronic components, mainly tantalum capacitors. Tantalum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyrenees: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyrenees - Geography
The Pyrenees are part of the following French départements, from east to west: Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Haut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyrometallurgy: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyrometallurgy - Roasting
Solid-gas reactions are used to chemically transform minerals. As an example, roasting is used to remove sulfur from sulfide ores. The or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radium: Encyclopedia Ii - Radium - Notable Characteristics
The heaviest of the alkaline earth metals, radium is intensely radioactive and resembles Barium chemically. This metal is found (combined...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thallium: Encyclopedia Ii - Thallium - Applications
The odorless and tasteless thallium sulfate was widely used in the past as a rat poison and ant killer. In the United States and many oth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Molybdenum: Encyclopedia Ii - Molybdenum - Biological Role
Molybdenum has been found to have a role in the biology of all classes of organisms. It is found in two groups of enzymes, the nitrogenas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosgene: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosgene - Production And Use
Industrially, phosgene is produced by passing purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas through a bed of highly porous carbon, which acts...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron - History
The first signs of use of iron come from the Sumerians and the Egyptians, where around 4000 BC, a few items, such as the tips of spears, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Open-pit Mining: Encyclopedia Ii - Open-pit Mining - Extraction
Open Cut mines are dug on benches, which describe horizontal levels of the mine. These benches are usually on 3 metre or 6 metre levels, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anorthosite: Encyclopedia Ii - Anorthosite - Proterozoic Anorthosite
Anorthosite - Age. Although a few anorthosite bodies were emplaced either late in the Archean Eon, or early in the Phanerozoic Eon, the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uranium: Encyclopedia Ii - Uranium - History
The use of uranium, in its natural oxide form, dates back to at least AD 79, when it was used to add a yellow colour to ceramic glazes (y...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Locust: Encyclopedia Ii - Locust - Locusts In History And Literature
According to the Bible, a swarm of locusts comprised the eighth plague in the story of the plagues of Egypt. In the Book of Revelation lo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bashkortostan: Encyclopedia Ii - Bashkortostan - Geography
Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains. Area: 143,600 km². Borders: Bashkortostan borders Perm Krai ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poverty In Africa: Encyclopedia Ii - Poverty In Africa - Misused Money
It is estimated that over $500 billion (U.S.) has been given to African nations in the form of direct aid. The consensus is that the mone...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Newmont Mining Corporation: Encyclopedia Ii - Newmont Mining Corporation - History
Newmont Mining Corporation - Early years. Newmont Mining Corporation was founded in 1921 in New York by Colonel William Boyce Thompson ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Newmont Mining Corporation: Encyclopedia Ii - Newmont Mining Corporation - History
Newmont Mining Corporation - Early years. Newmont Mining Corporation was founded in 1921 in New York by Colonel William Boyce Thompson ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reflection Seismology: Encyclopedia Ii - Reflection Seismology - Outline Of The Method
Seismic waves are a form of elastic wave that travel in the Earth. Any medium that can support wave propagation may be described as havin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thermite: Encyclopedia Ii - Thermite - Types
Iron oxide is the most commonly used oxide because it is inexpensive, and molten iron is useful for welding. Other oxides are occasionall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vertical Deflection: Encyclopedia Ii - Vertical Deflection - Determination Of Vertical Deflections
The deflections are connected with the local and regional undulations of the geoid — and also with gravity anomalies — for they are f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tributyl Phosphate: Encyclopedia Ii - Tributyl Phosphate - Use
Tributyl phosphate - Industrial. TBP is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters (eg. nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate). It f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mission San Juan Capistrano: Encyclopedia Ii - Mission San Juan Capistrano - Mission History
Mission San Juan Capistrano - The Spanish Mission Era 1776 – 1820. The Mission site was chosen as a logical halfway point between San...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mineral Resource Classification: Encyclopedia Ii - Mineral Resource Classification - Mineral Resources
Mineral resources are those economic mineral concentrations which have undergone enough scrutiny to quantify their contained metal to a c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - History
The earliest inhabitants of the area were Pygmy peoples. They were largely replaced and absorbed by Bantu tribes during Bantu migrations....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen - Basic Features
Hydrogen is the lightest chemical element; its most common isotope comprises just one negatively charged electron, distributed around a p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Early Congolese History: Encyclopedia Ii - Early Congolese History - The Eve Of Colonial Rule
Early Congolese History - The Kuba Federation. The Kuba Kingdom, or more accurately, the Kuba Federation, was a political entity (one c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exploration: Encyclopedia Ii - Exploration - Main Explorers Since 1 Ad
Erik the Red (950 - 1003) - Viking explorer. After being cast out from Iceland, he sailed to Greenland and settled. Marco Polo (1254 - 13...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Types Of Magnets
Magnetism - Electromagnets. Electromagnets are useful in cases where a magnet must be switched on or off; for instance, large cranes to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron - History
The first signs of use of iron come from the Sumerians and the Egyptians, where around 4000 BC, a few items, such as the tips of spears, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Igneous Rock: Encyclopedia Ii - Igneous Rock - Magma Origination
The Earth's crust is about 35 kilometers thick under the continents, but averages only some 7-10 kilometers beneath the oceans. The conti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sulfide: Encyclopedia Ii - Sulfide - Safety
Many metal sulfides are so insoluble that they are probably not very toxic. Some metal sulfides, when exposed to a strong mineral acid - ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alder: Encyclopedia Ii - Alder - Classification
The genus is divided into three subgenera: Subgenus Alnus. Trees. Shoot buds stalked. Male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geology: Encyclopedia Ii - Geology - History
In China, the polymath Shen Kua (1031 - 1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of foss...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zinc: Encyclopedia Ii - Zinc - Applications
Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper in annual production. Zinc is used to galvanise m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gold Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Gold Extraction - Refractory Gold Processes
Leaching might not work, if the gold is trapped within minerals which do not allow the leach solution access to the gold, and so the gold...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bismuth: Encyclopedia Ii - Bismuth - Notable Characteristics
It is a brittle metal with a pinkish hue with an iridescent tarnish. Among the heavy metals, bismuth is unusual in that its toxicity is m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - History
Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history. From 2000 BC to AD 500, waves of Bantu migrations moved into what is now the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - Applications
Co-60 is useful as a gamma ray source partially because it can be produced - in known quantity, and very large amounts - by simply exposi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exploration: Encyclopedia Ii - Exploration - Main Explorers Since 1 Ad
Erik the Red (950 - 1003) - Viking explorer. After being cast out from Greenland, he sailed to Newfoundland and settled. Marco Polo (1254...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canadian Shield: Encyclopedia Ii - Canadian Shield - Regional Extent
Other than the Greenland section, the Shield is approximately circular, with Hudson Bay in the middle. It covers much of Greenland; Labra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen - Basic Features
Hydrogen is the lightest chemical element; its most common isotope comprises just one negatively charged electron, distributed around a p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amapá: Encyclopedia Ii - Amapá - Geography
Amapá is located at the mouth of the Amazon River, and is mostly covered with rainforest. The interior features a number of low hills th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Types Of Magnets
Magnetism - Electromagnets. Electromagnets are useful in cases where a magnet must be switched on or off; for instance, large cranes to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - Isotopes
Naturally occurring cobalt is composed of 1 stable isotope, 59-Co (59Co). 22 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - Precautions
Powdered cobalt in metal form is a fire hazard. Cobalt compounds should be handled with care due to cobalt's slight toxicity. Cobalt-60 i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobalt: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobalt - Notable Characteristics
Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Monopoles
Contrary to normal experience, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Early Congolese History: Encyclopedia Ii - Early Congolese History - Early History
Early Congolese History - Expansion of the Bantu. Starting at the beginning of the fifth century, waves of Bantu began settling in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tributyl Phosphate: Encyclopedia Ii - Tributyl Phosphate - Hazards
The material will burn, but (in the absence of significant vaporization) should not pose a particular explosive hazard. Inhalation and in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - Languages
There is an estimated total of 242 languages spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Out of these, only 4 have the status of nati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thermite: Encyclopedia Ii - Thermite - Uses
Thermite reactions have many uses. It was originally used for repair welding in-place such things as locomotive axle-frames where the rep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron - Occurrence
Iron is one of the more common elements on Earth, making up about 5% of the Earth's crust. Most of this iron is found in various iron oxi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron - Extraction From Ore
Industrially, iron is extracted from its ores, principally hematite (nominally Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) by a carbothermic reaction (r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Atomic Magnetic Dipoles
The physical cause of the magnetism of objects, as distinct from electrical currents, is the atomic magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipoles, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron - Notable Characteristics
Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth, and is believed to be the tenth most abundant element in the universe. Iron is also the most ab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - Politics
From the day King Leopold II established colonial authority in what is now Congo-Kinshasa to today, the country's government has been uns...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bismuth: Encyclopedia Ii - Bismuth - Applications
Bismuth oxychloride is extensively used in cosmetics and bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Bismuth subsalicylate ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen - Forms
Under normal conditions, hydrogen gas is a mix of two different kinds of molecules which differ from one another by the relative spin of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen - Applications
Large quantities of hydrogen are needed in the chemical and petroleum industries, notably in the Haber process for the production of ammo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Dipoles
Normally, magnetic fields are seen as dipoles, having a "South pole" and a "North pole"; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bashkortostan: Encyclopedia Ii - Bashkortostan - Culture
Folklore singing and dancing companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries are on the rise; annual folk festivals bec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bashkortostan: Encyclopedia Ii - Bashkortostan - Education
The Republic of Bashkortostan possesses high scientific and technical potential. About 60 scientific organizations are active in Bas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen - History
Hydrogen was first produced by Theophratus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541)—also known as Paracelsus—by mixing metals with acids...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen - Electron Energy Levels
The ground state energy level of the electron in a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV, which is equivalent to an ultraviolet photon of roughly 92 n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen - Isotopes
Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes. (During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioacti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron - Compounds
Common oxidation states of iron include: the Iron(-II) state, Fe2- (e.g. Fe(CO)42-,Fe(CO)2(NO)2. the Iron(0) state, Fe(CO)5, Fe(PF3)5. t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen - Compounds
The lightest of all gases, hydrogen combines with most other elements to form compounds. Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.2, so it ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen - Occurrence
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms. [4] This e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canadian Shield: Encyclopedia Ii - Canadian Shield - Geology
Such a large area of exposed, old rock requires some explanation. The current surface expression of the Shield is one of very thin soil l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron - Isotopes
Naturally occurring iron consists of four isotopes: 5.845% of radioactive 54Fe (half-life: >3.1E22 years), 91.754% of stable 56Fe, 2.1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poverty In Africa: Encyclopedia Ii - Poverty In Africa - Overpopulation
Persons with large families in Africa are often seen as well off. most of the elderly rely on their children for support. In addition, as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poverty In Africa: Encyclopedia Ii - Poverty In Africa - Mismanagement Of Land
Despite large amounts of arable land south of the Sahara Desert, small, individual land holding are rare. In many nations, land is subjec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poverty In Africa: Encyclopedia Ii - Poverty In Africa - Scope
Poverty is the inability to attain a minimum standard of living. The World Bank defines absolute poverty as a condition of life so degrad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zinc: Encyclopedia Ii - Zinc - History
Zinc alloys have been used for centuries, as brass goods dating to 1000-1400 BC have been found in Palestine and zinc objects with 87% zi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zinc: Encyclopedia Ii - Zinc - Biological Role
Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poverty In Africa: Encyclopedia Ii - Poverty In Africa - Loss Of Traditional Land Uses
Until the late 19th century, Africa supported a wide variety of subsistence agricultural methods (herding, hunting, gathering, small-scal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reflection Seismology: Encyclopedia Ii - Reflection Seismology - Environmental Impact
As with all human activities, reflection seismic experiments may impact the Earth's natural environment. On land, conducting a seismic su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reflection Seismology: Encyclopedia Ii - Reflection Seismology - Applications
Reflection seismology is extensively used in exploration for hydrocarbons (i.e., petroleum , natural gas) and other resources as coal, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poverty In Africa: Encyclopedia Ii - Poverty In Africa - Lack Of Infrastructure
Clean, potable water is rare in most of Africa (even those parts outside the sub-Saharan region) despite the fact that the continent is c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poverty In Africa: Encyclopedia Ii - Poverty In Africa - Human Resources
The availability of cheap labor has often perpetuated policies that encourage poor agricultural and industrial practices, leaving Africa ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poverty In Africa: Encyclopedia Ii - Poverty In Africa - Capital Flight
This has been a problem since the very beginning of Europan colonization, and in many ways the problem has become worse. Because most Afr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reflection Seismology: Encyclopedia Ii - Reflection Seismology - History
Reflections of waves generated by earthquakes have been observed on seismograms since the beginning of modern seismology. Seismologists h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mission San Juan Capistrano: Encyclopedia Ii - Mission San Juan Capistrano - The Return Of The Swallows
Father O'Sullivan made note of the birds' annual habit of nesting beneath the Mission's eaves and archways, from Spring through Fall, dur...   » Read the article