Tannaim - The Nesi'im. Main article: Nasi Hillel the Elder Rabban Simeon, son of Hillel (nothing about him is known) Rabban Gamliel the Elder Rabban Simeon, son of Gamliel Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai Rabban Gamliel of Yavne Eleazar ben Azaria, who was Nasi for a short time after Raban Gamliel (above) was removed from his position for a short time. Rabban Simeon, son of Gamliel of Yavne Rabbi Yehuda Ha-Nasi (known s ...

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Tannaim, Tannaim - The origin of the Tannaim, Tannaim - Prominant Tannaim, Tannaim - The Nesi'im, Tannaim - The generations of the Tannaim, Tannaim - Before the destruction of the Second Temple, Tannaim - The generation of the destruction, Tannaim - Between the destruction of the Temple to the revolt of Bar Kokhba, Tannaim - The generation of the revolt of Bar Kokhba, Tannaim - After the revolt, Tannaim - Compilers of the Mishnah, Tannaim - External link

Read more here: » Tannaim: Encyclopedia II - Tannaim - Prominant Tannaim

Tannaim - Before the destruction of the Second Temple. Hillel the Elder Shammai Rabban Gamliel the Elder Tannaim - The generation of the destruction. Simeon, son of Gamliel the Elder Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai Tannaim - Between the destruction of the Temple to the revolt of Bar Kokhba. Rabbi Yehoshua son of Hannania Eliezer ben Hyrcanus (Liezer ben Hyrcanus) Rabban G ...

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Tannaim, Tannaim - The origin of the Tannaim, Tannaim - Prominant Tannaim, Tannaim - The Nesi'im, Tannaim - The generations of the Tannaim, Tannaim - Before the destruction of the Second Temple, Tannaim - The generation of the destruction, Tannaim - Between the destruction of the Temple to the revolt of Bar Kokhba, Tannaim - The generation of the revolt of Bar Kokhba, Tannaim - After the revolt, Tannaim - Compilers of the Mishnah, Tannaim - External link

Read more here: » Tannaim: Encyclopedia II - Tannaim - The generations of the Tannaim

Judaism teaches that the Bible was transmitted in parallel with an oral tradition, known as the oral law. Jewish practices and beliefs, thus, are based on reading the Bible through the perspective of the oral law; see the entries on the Mishnah, Talmud and rabbinic literature. According to Jewish law, ritual circumcision of male children is a commandment from God that Jews are obligated to follow; Jews do not believe that non-Jews are obligated to follow this commandment. Many Christians have the same understanding of this issue (i.e., that it is a law intended for Jews, but not for Christians). Ci ...

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Circumcision in the Bible, Circumcision in the Bible - Introduction, Circumcision in the Bible - In the Hebrew Bible, Circumcision in the Bible - In Judaism, Circumcision in the Bible - In rabbinic literature, Circumcision in the Bible - Necessary or not?, Circumcision in the Bible - Necessity, Circumcision in the Bible - In the Apocrypha, Circumcision in the Bible - In Christianity

Read more here: » Circumcision in the Bible: Encyclopedia II - Circumcision in the Bible - In Judaism

Civil and common law system also differ considerably in criminal procedure. In general, the judge in a civil law system plays a more active role in determining the facts of the case. Most civil law countries investigate major crimes using a so-called inquisitorial system. Also, civil law systems rely much more on written argument than oral argument. It is a common but incorrect belief that civil law systems do ...

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Civil law legal system, Civil law legal system - History, Civil law legal system - Civil vs Common law, Civil law legal system - Criminal procedure, Civil law legal system - Subgroups, Civil law legal system - Economic implications, Civil law legal system - Bibliography

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Reporter law - United Kingdom. In England, reporters were initially compiled in a rather haphazard fashion by private entrepreneurs. The situation was not helped by the tradition among English judges of delivering opinions orally, and of not distributing written copies, so the quality of reporters usually depended on the shorthand skills of whomever was taking notes. In 1865, the nonprofit Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England & Wales was founded, and it has gradually become the dominant pu ...

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Reporter law, Reporter law - History by country, Reporter law - United Kingdom, Reporter law - United States, Reporter law - Design and cultural references

Read more here: » Reporter law: Encyclopedia II - Reporter law - History by country

The oral law of Judaism holds that this verse cannot be interpreted as mandating exact physical retribution. The rabbis of the Talmud ask, "How can any person be certain that the punishment they inflict is definitely no worse than the initial injury?" They answer that this is one indication that the Bible, when stating "an eye for an eye," does not refer to physical retribution. They proceed to cite several more indicators for this thesis. The Oral Law explains, based upon the biblical verses, that the Bible mandates a sophistic ...

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An eye for an eye, An eye for an eye - Lex talionis in Judaism, An eye for an eye - Criticisms, An eye for an eye - External references

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Traditions regarding the life of Muhammad and the early history of Islam were passed down orally for more than a hundred years after the death of Muhammad in 632. Muslim historians say that it was the caliph Uthman (the third caliph, or successor of Muhammad, who had formerly been Muhammad's secretary), who first urged Muslims both to write down the Qur'an in a fixed form, and to write down the hadith. Uthman's labors were cut short ...

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Hadith, Hadith - Types of hadith, Hadith - How are hadith collections viewed?, Hadith - Value of hadith compared to the value of the Qur'an, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Sunni Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Shi'a Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Ibadi Islam, Hadith - How hadith were collected and evaluated, Hadith - Western academic views of hadith, Hadith - Bridges between Muslim and Western scholars

Read more here: » Hadith: Encyclopedia II - Hadith - How hadith were collected and evaluated

Early Western exploration of Islam consisted primarily of translation of the Qur'an and a few histories, often supplemented with disparaging commentary. In the nineteenth century, scholars made greater attempts at impartiality, and translated and commented upon a greater variety of texts. By the beginning of the twentieth centuries, Western scholars of Islam started to critically engage with the Islamic texts, subjecting them to the same agnostic, searching scrutiny that had previously been applied to Christian texts (see higher criticism). ...

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Hadith, Hadith - Types of hadith, Hadith - How are hadith collections viewed?, Hadith - Value of hadith compared to the value of the Qur'an, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Sunni Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Shi'a Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Ibadi Islam, Hadith - How hadith were collected and evaluated, Hadith - Western academic views of hadith, Hadith - Bridges between Muslim and Western scholars

Read more here: » Hadith: Encyclopedia II - Hadith - Western academic views of hadith

Currently there is little communication between the world of Muslim hadith scholarship and Western academia. Muslim scholars reject the Westerners as 'Orientalists' who are hostile to religion in general and Islam in particular. Western academics tend to dismiss Muslim scholars as irrelevant, bound as they are to millennia-old technique of hadith evaluation by chain of transmission which non-Muslims scholarship regards with skepticism. However, some Muslim scholars have undergone Western academic training and taken up positions betwee ...

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Hadith, Hadith - Types of hadith, Hadith - How are hadith collections viewed?, Hadith - Value of hadith compared to the value of the Qur'an, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Sunni Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Shi'a Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Ibadi Islam, Hadith - How hadith were collected and evaluated, Hadith - Western academic views of hadith, Hadith - Bridges between Muslim and Western scholars

Read more here: » Hadith: Encyclopedia II - Hadith - Bridges between Muslim and Western scholars

Muslim scholars classify hadith relating to Muhammad as follows: What Muhammad said (qawl) What Muhammad did (fi'l) What Muhammad approved (taqrir) in others' actions. There are also hadith relating to the sayings and doings of the companions, but they may not have the same weight as those about Muhammad. Western scholars note that there is a great overlap between the records of early Islamic traditions. Accounts of early Islam are also to be found in: sira (histories, especially biographies of Muhammad) tafsir (commentary on the Qur'an) ...

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Hadith, Hadith - Types of hadith, Hadith - How are hadith collections viewed?, Hadith - Value of hadith compared to the value of the Qur'an, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Sunni Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Shi'a Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Ibadi Islam, Hadith - How hadith were collected and evaluated, Hadith - Western academic views of hadith, Hadith - Bridges between Muslim and Western scholars

Read more here: » Hadith: Encyclopedia II - Hadith - Types of hadith

Karaite Judaism - The Golden Age of Karaism. The "Golden Age of Karaism" was a period of time in which a large number of Karaitic works were produced. The amount of Jews affiliating with Karaism comprised a substantial percentage of world Jewry, and debates between Rabbinic and Karaitic leaders were not uncommon. Most notable are the writings of Rabbi Saadia Gaon and his attacks on Karaism, which eventually led to a permanent split between Karaitic and Rabbinic communities.

Karaite Judaism, Karaite Judaism - Karaite beliefs, Karaite Judaism - Karaites and the Rabbinic Oral law, Karaite Judaism - Rabbinic opinions, Karaite Judaism - The Calendar, Karaite Judaism - The Sabbath, Karaite Judaism - Tzitzit, Karaite Judaism - Tefillin, Karaite Judaism - Mezuzot, Karaite Judaism - History of Karaism, Karaite Judaism - The Golden Age of Karaism, Karaite Judaism - Russian Karaites, Karaite Judaism - Crimean and Lithuanian Karaites, Karaite Judaism - Spanish Karaites, Karaite Judaism - The Karaites today, Karaite Judaism - Karaite writings

Read more here: » Karaite Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Karaite Judaism - History of Karaism

The overwhelming majority of Muslims consider hadiths to be essential supplements to and clarifications of the Qur'an, Islam's holy book. In the matter of what is called fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence, the Qur'an contains many rules for the behavior expected of Muslims. However, there are many matters of concern, both religious and practical, on which there are no specific Quranic rules. Muslims believe that they can look at the way of life, or sunnah, of Muhammad and his companions to discover what to imitate and ...

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Hadith, Hadith - Types of hadith, Hadith - How are hadith collections viewed?, Hadith - Value of hadith compared to the value of the Qur'an, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Sunni Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Shi'a Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Ibadi Islam, Hadith - How hadith were collected and evaluated, Hadith - Western academic views of hadith, Hadith - Bridges between Muslim and Western scholars

Read more here: » Hadith: Encyclopedia II - Hadith - How are hadith collections viewed?

Muslims who accept hadith believe that trusted hadith are in most cases the words of Muhammad and not the word of God, like the Qur'an. Hadith Qudsi form a partial exception; this small minority of hadith purports to express words spoken by God to Muhammad but not included in the Qur'an, or the sense of them. While both hadith and Qur'an have been translated, most Muslims believe that translations of the Qur'an are inherently deficient, amounting to little more than a commentary upon the text. There is no such belief regarding hadith. ...

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Hadith, Hadith - Types of hadith, Hadith - How are hadith collections viewed?, Hadith - Value of hadith compared to the value of the Qur'an, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Sunni Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Shi'a Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Ibadi Islam, Hadith - How hadith were collected and evaluated, Hadith - Western academic views of hadith, Hadith - Bridges between Muslim and Western scholars

Read more here: » Hadith: Encyclopedia II - Hadith - Value of hadith compared to the value of the Qur'an

The Sunni canon of hadith took its final form four to five centuries after the death of Muhammad. Later scholars may have debated the authenticity of particular hadith but the authority of the canon as a whole was not questioned. This canon includes: al-Bukhari (d. 870) included 7275 hadiths Muslim b. al-Hajjaj (d. 875) included 9200. Abu Da'ud (d. 888) al-Tirmidhi (d. 892) ...

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Hadith, Hadith - Types of hadith, Hadith - How are hadith collections viewed?, Hadith - Value of hadith compared to the value of the Qur'an, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Sunni Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Shi'a Islam, Hadith - Hadith accepted by Ibadi Islam, Hadith - How hadith were collected and evaluated, Hadith - Western academic views of hadith, Hadith - Bridges between Muslim and Western scholars

Read more here: » Hadith: Encyclopedia II - Hadith - Hadith accepted by Sunni Islam

Sex deemed by the Government to be "against the order of nature", including anal sex and oral sex (except as a precursor to conventional intercourse), is criminalised by section 377 of the Singapore Penal Code, though the latter has only infrequently been enforced. Prostitution is tolerated in designated red-light districts. Homosexuality in Singapore is not illegal, but homosexual acts are considered "against the order of nature" as well. This issue is being actively addressed, however, by the Singapore gay equality movement. The Sin ...

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Law of Singapore, Law of Singapore - History, Law of Singapore - Examples of current laws, Law of Singapore - Censorship, Law of Singapore - Press, Law of Singapore - Films and videos, Law of Singapore - Broadcasting, Law of Singapore - Internet, Law of Singapore - Drug trafficking, Law of Singapore - Riots and strikes, Law of Singapore - Sexual offences, Law of Singapore - Recent developments

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Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were indeed dictated by God to Moses in almost precisely the way that they exist in the Torah today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how to apply and interpret them, the Oral Law. The religious laws that Jews know today are thus directly derived from Sinai. As such, one must be extremely conservative changing or adapting Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be ...

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Halakha, Halakha - Terminology, Halakha - The scope of Halakha, Halakha - The laws of the Torah, Halakha - Categories of law, Halakha - Sin: violation of Jewish law, Halakha - Gentiles and Jewish law, Halakha - The sources and process of Halakha, Halakha - Eras of history important in Jewish law, Halakha - The thirteen rules by which Jewish law was derived, Halakha - How Halakha is viewed today, Halakha - Flexibility within the Halakha, Halakha - Codes of Jewish law

Read more here: » Halakha: Encyclopedia II - Halakha - How Halakha is viewed today

Schiavo's body was cremated following the autopsy. Her parents offered a memorial Mass for her at the Holy Name of Jesus Catholic Church in Gulfport on April 5. Father Frank Pavone, an activist with Priests for Life,[62] delivered the main sermon (Audio: MP3 Format).^{See also:}

Terri Schiavo, Terri Schiavo - Early life, Terri Schiavo - Initial medical crisis, Terri Schiavo - Rehabilitation efforts and the malpractice suit, Terri Schiavo - Do-not-resuscitate order, Terri Schiavo - Petition to remove feeding tube, Terri Schiavo - Schiavo's end-of-life wishes – Schiavo I, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding and the Second Guardianship Challenge, Terri Schiavo - Three appeals – Schiavo II, Terri Schiavo - Challenging the PVS diagnosis – Schiavo III, Terri Schiavo - PVS diagnosis ruling – Schiavo IV, Terri Schiavo - 2003 petition, Terri Schiavo - Terri's Law and the Wolfson Report, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding II, Terri Schiavo - Government involvement, Terri Schiavo - Palm Sunday Compromise, Terri Schiavo - Last Rites, Terri Schiavo - Autopsy, Terri Schiavo - Memorial, Terri Schiavo - Disputed opinions, Terri Schiavo - Public opinion and activism, Terri Schiavo - Notes and references

Read more here: » Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia II - Terri Schiavo - Memorial

David Gibbs III, the lead lawyer for Terri Schiavo’s parents, supported Vatican statements which condemned her treatment as euthanasia. Pope John Paul II stated that health care providers are morally bound to provide food and water to patients in persistent vegetative states. This led to a challenge by Schiavo's parents, who requested a new trial about whether their daughter, as a devout Catholic, would wish to go against the Church's teaching. Judge Greer rejected their request.^{See also:}

Terri Schiavo, Terri Schiavo - Early life, Terri Schiavo - Initial medical crisis, Terri Schiavo - Rehabilitation efforts and the malpractice suit, Terri Schiavo - Do-not-resuscitate order, Terri Schiavo - Petition to remove feeding tube, Terri Schiavo - Schiavo's end-of-life wishes – Schiavo I, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding and the Second Guardianship Challenge, Terri Schiavo - Three appeals – Schiavo II, Terri Schiavo - Challenging the PVS diagnosis – Schiavo III, Terri Schiavo - PVS diagnosis ruling – Schiavo IV, Terri Schiavo - 2003 petition, Terri Schiavo - Terri's Law and the Wolfson Report, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding II, Terri Schiavo - Government involvement, Terri Schiavo - Palm Sunday Compromise, Terri Schiavo - Last Rites, Terri Schiavo - Autopsy, Terri Schiavo - Memorial, Terri Schiavo - Disputed opinions, Terri Schiavo - Public opinion and activism, Terri Schiavo - Notes and references

Read more here: » Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia II - Terri Schiavo - Disputed opinions

Schiavo grew up in the Huntingdon Valley area of Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the eldest of three children of Robert and Mary Schindler. Her younger siblings were Robert Jr. (Bobby) and Suzanne (now Suzanne Vitadamo). By her senior year in high school, Schiavo was overweight, with a height of 5 feet, 3 inches (160 cm) and a weight of around 200 pounds (90 kg). She went on a NutriSystem diet and lost about 55 pounds (25 kg).^{See also:}

Terri Schiavo, Terri Schiavo - Early life, Terri Schiavo - Initial medical crisis, Terri Schiavo - Rehabilitation efforts and the malpractice suit, Terri Schiavo - Do-not-resuscitate order, Terri Schiavo - Petition to remove feeding tube, Terri Schiavo - Schiavo's end-of-life wishes – Schiavo I, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding and the Second Guardianship Challenge, Terri Schiavo - Three appeals – Schiavo II, Terri Schiavo - Challenging the PVS diagnosis – Schiavo III, Terri Schiavo - PVS diagnosis ruling – Schiavo IV, Terri Schiavo - 2003 petition, Terri Schiavo - Terri's Law and the Wolfson Report, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding II, Terri Schiavo - Government involvement, Terri Schiavo - Palm Sunday Compromise, Terri Schiavo - Last Rites, Terri Schiavo - Autopsy, Terri Schiavo - Memorial, Terri Schiavo - Disputed opinions, Terri Schiavo - Public opinion and activism, Terri Schiavo - Notes and references

Read more here: » Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia II - Terri Schiavo - Early life

In May 1998, Michael filed a petition to remove Schiavo's feeding tube,[11] which her parents opposed. Richard Pearse was appointed by the court as a second guardian ad litem, and on December 29, 1998, reported "Dr. [Jeffrey] Karp's opinion of the ward's condition and prognosis is substantially shared among those physicians who have recently been involved in her treatment". Pearse concluded from Karp's and Dr. Vincent Gambone's diagnosis of PVSSee also:

Terri Schiavo, Terri Schiavo - Early life, Terri Schiavo - Initial medical crisis, Terri Schiavo - Rehabilitation efforts and the malpractice suit, Terri Schiavo - Do-not-resuscitate order, Terri Schiavo - Petition to remove feeding tube, Terri Schiavo - Schiavo's end-of-life wishes – Schiavo I, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding and the Second Guardianship Challenge, Terri Schiavo - Three appeals – Schiavo II, Terri Schiavo - Challenging the PVS diagnosis – Schiavo III, Terri Schiavo - PVS diagnosis ruling – Schiavo IV, Terri Schiavo - 2003 petition, Terri Schiavo - Terri's Law and the Wolfson Report, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding II, Terri Schiavo - Government involvement, Terri Schiavo - Palm Sunday Compromise, Terri Schiavo - Last Rites, Terri Schiavo - Autopsy, Terri Schiavo - Memorial, Terri Schiavo - Disputed opinions, Terri Schiavo - Public opinion and activism, Terri Schiavo - Notes and references

Read more here: » Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia II - Terri Schiavo - Petition to remove feeding tube

On February 23, 2005, the Schindlers filed a motion for relief from judgement pending medical evaluations[31] The Schindlers wanted Schiavo to be tested with an fMRI and given a swallowing therapy called VitalStim. The motion was accompanied by thirty-three affidavits from doctors in several specialties, speech pathologists and therapists, and a few neuropsychologists, all urging that new tests be undertaken. ^{See also:}

Terri Schiavo, Terri Schiavo - Early life, Terri Schiavo - Initial medical crisis, Terri Schiavo - Rehabilitation efforts and the malpractice suit, Terri Schiavo - Do-not-resuscitate order, Terri Schiavo - Petition to remove feeding tube, Terri Schiavo - Schiavo's end-of-life wishes – Schiavo I, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding and the Second Guardianship Challenge, Terri Schiavo - Three appeals – Schiavo II, Terri Schiavo - Challenging the PVS diagnosis – Schiavo III, Terri Schiavo - PVS diagnosis ruling – Schiavo IV, Terri Schiavo - 2003 petition, Terri Schiavo - Terri's Law and the Wolfson Report, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding II, Terri Schiavo - Government involvement, Terri Schiavo - Palm Sunday Compromise, Terri Schiavo - Last Rites, Terri Schiavo - Autopsy, Terri Schiavo - Memorial, Terri Schiavo - Disputed opinions, Terri Schiavo - Public opinion and activism, Terri Schiavo - Notes and references

Read more here: » Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia II - Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding II

Rabbinical Judaism holds that the Five Books of Moses called the (Written) Torah have always been transmitted in parallel with an oral tradition. Two guides to laws were given to Moses at Mount Sinai. The first, known as Torah she-bi-khtav, or the "Written Law" is composed of only the Five Books of Moses -- Genesis through Deuteronomy. These five books are the Hebrew Bible. When the writings of the Nevi'im [נביאים] meaning: "Prophets" and Ketuvim [כתובים] meaning "Writings", the wisdom and creative literature, are a ...

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Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah