Encyclopedia - Oral Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Oral Law - Oral Law In Judaism
Rabbinic Judaism holds that the books of the Tanakh (The Old Testament) were transmitted in parallel with an oral tradition, as relayed b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oral Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Oral Law - Oral Law In Jurisprudence
From a legal point of view, an oral law can be: a habit, or custom with legal relevance or when the formal law expressly refers to it (b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Torah - The Torah And The Oral Law
Orthodox Judaism holds that the Torah has been transmitted in parallel with an oral tradition. They point to the text of the Torah, where...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baraita: Encyclopedia - Baraita
Baraita (Aramaic ברייתא: "external", "outside"; pl. Baraitot. Also Baraitha, Beraita ) designates a tradition in the Jewish oral la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tosefta: Encyclopedia - Tosefta
The Tosefta is a second compilation of oral law from the period of the Mishnah. In many ways, the Tosefta acts as a supplement to the Mis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah: Encyclopedia - Torah
Torah (תורה) is a Hebrew word meaning "teaching," "instruction," or "law." It is the central and most important document of Judaism r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aggadah: Encyclopedia - Aggadah
Aggadah ( Aramaic אגדה: tales, lore; pl. Aggadot ) refers to the homiletic and non-legalistic texts in classical rabbinic literature ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karaite Judaism: Encyclopedia - Karaite Judaism
Karaite Judaism is a Jewish denomination characterized by reliance on the Tanakh as the sole scripture, and rejection of the Oral Law (th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reform Judaism: Encyclopedia - Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism can refer to (1) the largest denomination of Judaism in America and its sibling movements in other countries, (2) a branch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature
Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaism's rabbinic writing/s throughout history. However, the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Responsa: Encyclopedia - Responsa
Responsa (Latin: plural of responsum, "answers"; Hebrew: Sheelot U-teshuvot שאלות ותשובות "questions and answers") comprise t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Principles Of Faith: Encyclopedia - Jewish Principles Of Faith
There are a number of basic Jewish principles of faith that one is expected to uphold in order to be said to be in consonance with the Je...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Posek: Encyclopedia - Posek
Posek (Hebrew פוסק; /poseq/ pl. Poskim) is the term in Jewish law for "legal decisor" - a rabbi who decides the Halakha in cases of l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia - Gemara
The Gemara (גמרא - from gamar: Hebrew "[to] complete"; Aramaic "[to] study") is a component of the Talmud, comprising the rabbinical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tannaim: Encyclopedia - Tannaim
Tannaim (תנאים) is the plural term for the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded the the Mishnah, from approx. 70-200 CE. The per...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadith: Encyclopedia - Hadith
Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orthodox Judaism: Encyclopedia - Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism is the stream of Judaism which adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics firs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masorah: Encyclopedia - Masorah
Masorah or Mesora, (Hebrew מסורה) refers either to the transmission of a (religious) tradition, or to the tradition itself. In a br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aggadah: Encyclopedia Ii - Aggadah - As Part Of The Jewish Oral Law
The Aggadah is part of Judaism's Oral law (תורה שבעל פה) - the traditions providing the authoritative interpretation of the Wri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia - Mishnah
The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, "repetition") is a major source of rabbinic Judaism's religious texts. It is the first recording of the ora...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karaite Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Karaite Judaism - Karaite Beliefs
Karaite Judaism - Karaites and the Rabbinic Oral law. Karaites do not accept the Rabbinic Oral Law as halakha because: They do not bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Oral Feeding And The Second Guardianship Challenge
In early March of 2000, the Schindlers filed a motion to permit oral feeding of Schiavo, which is not considered a life-prolonging proced...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aggadah: Encyclopedia Ii - Aggadah - Development Of The Aggadah
The Aggadah has been preserved in a series of different works, which, like all works of traditional literature, have come to their presen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Oral Feeding And The Second Guardianship Challenge
In March of 2000, the Schindlers filed a motion to permit oral feeding of Schiavo, which is not considered a life-prolonging procedure un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Torah - Structure
The five books contain both a complete and ordered system of laws, particularly the 613 mitzvot (613 distinct "commandments", individuall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Torah - Production And Usage Of A Torah Scroll
A Torah can be written for ritual purposes (i.e. religious services) on a scroll, called a Sefer Torah ("Book [of] Torah"). These are wri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Torah - The Torah As The Core Of Judaism
The Torah is the primary document of Judaism, and is the source of all Biblical commandments, in an ethical framework. According to Jewis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabbinic Literature - Later Works By Category
Rabbinic literature - Jewish law. Halakha is the Jewish way of life. Notable works in this category include: The major codes of Jewish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Terri's Law And The Wolfson Report
On October 15, 2003, Schiavo's feeding tube was removed. Six days later, following the passing of "Terri's Law", Florida Governor Jeb Bus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Government Involvement
Both the state government of Florida and the U.S. Congress made use of extraordinary measures to support the Schindlers. Earlier, in Octo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabbinic Literature - Later Works By Historical Period
Rabbinic literature - Works of the Geonim. The Geonim are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha, in Babylon (650 - 1250) : She'iltoth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabbinic Literature - Meforshim
Meforshim is a Hebrew word meaning "(classical rabbinical) commentators" (or roughly meaning "exegetes"), and is used as a substitute for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Last Rites
On March 26, 2005, Bob and Mary Schindler announced that their legal options had been exhausted. The next day, Schiavo was given the Anoi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Autopsy
After her death, Schiavo's body was taken to the office of the medical examiner for Pinellas and Pasco counties. The autopsy, led by Dr. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Initial Medical Crisis
On the morning of February 25, 1990, at approximately 5:30 a.m. EST, Schiavo experienced cardiac arrest and collapsed in the hallway of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Rehabilitation Efforts And The Malpractice Suit
Schiavo came home to her family in September; however, after becoming overwhelmed with her needs, the family sent her back to the College...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Challenging The Pvs Diagnosis – Schiavo Iii
After the failure of challenges to Michael's guardianship and to the ruling on Schiavo's end-of-life wishes, the Schindlers adopted the p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Pvs Diagnosis Ruling – Schiavo Iv
In October 2002, on remand by the Second District Court of Appeal, an evidentiary hearing was held in Judge Greer's court to determine wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - 2003 Petition
On September 11, 2003, the Schindlers petitioned the court to forestall removal of the feeding tube to provide for "eight weeks' therapy....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reform Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Reform Judaism - 19th Century German Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism - Origins. In response to Haskalah and Jewish emancipation, elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reform Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Reform Judaism - Development Of American Reform Judaism
Arrested in Germany, the Reform movement was carried forward in the United States. The German immigrants from 1840 to 1850 happened to be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Terri's Law And The Wolfson Report
On October 15, 2003, Schiavo's feeding tube was removed. Six days later, following the passing of "Terri's Law", Florida Governor Jeb Bus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Government Involvement
Both the state government of Florida and the U.S. Congress made use of extraordinary measures to support the Schindlers. Earlier, in Octo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Autopsy
After her death, Schiavo's body was taken to the office of the medical examiner for Pinellas and Pasco counties. The autopsy, led by Dr. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Rehabilitation Efforts And The Malpractice Suit
Schiavo came home to her family in September; however, after becoming overwhelmed with her needs, the family sent her back to the College...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Challenging The Pvs Diagnosis – Schiavo Iii
After the failure of challenges to Michael's guardianship and to the ruling on Schiavo's end-of-life wishes, the Schindlers adopted the p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Pvs Diagnosis Ruling – Schiavo Iv
In October 2002, on remand by the Second District Court of Appeal, an evidentiary hearing was held in Judge Greer's court to determine wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reform Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Reform Judaism - Reform Judaism In Britain
Reform Judaism - History. In 1836 several members of the Synagogue of Bevis Marks in London requested the introduction of such alterati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - 2003 Petition
On September 11, 2003, the Schindlers petitioned the court to forestall removal of the feeding tube to provide for "eight weeks' therapy....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reform Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Reform Judaism - Progressive Judaism In Israel
Reform Judaism - History. Some of the earliest Reform rabbis to settle in Israel included Rabbi Judah Leon Magnes, who was the first Ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Last Rites
On March 26, 2005, Bob and Mary Schindler announced that their legal options had been exhausted. The next day, Schiavo was given the Anoi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reform Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Reform Judaism - National Bodies
The organizational bodies for Reform Judaism globally are: the Union for Reform Judaism (URJ) in North America the Movement for Reform J...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Initial Medical Crisis
On the morning of February 25, 1990, at approximately 5:30 a.m. EST, Schiavo experienced cardiac arrest and collapsed in the hallway of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Test: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Test - General Information
Drug tests can be divided into two general groups. The first group is the kind most people are familiar with. This type of testing involv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Principles Of Faith: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Principles Of Faith - Jewish Principles Of Faith
Jewish principles of faith - Monotheism. Judaism is based on a strict unitarian monotheism, the belief in one God. The prayer par excel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemara - Gemara And Mishnah
The Gemara and the Mishnah together make up the Talmud. The Talmud thus comprises two components: the Mishnah - the core text; and the ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemara - The Sugya
The analysis of the Amoraim is generally focused on clarifying the positions, words and views of the Tannaim. These debates and exchanges...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemara - Argumentation And Debate
The distinctive character of the gemara derives largely from the intricate use of argumentation and debate, described above. In each sugy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tosefta: Encyclopedia Ii - Tosefta - Non-orthodox Scholars
However, recent scholarship, especially by Professor Judith Hauptman reveals that the Tosefta draws on source material earlier than the l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - The Writing Of The Mishnah
According to Jewish Law, the Written Law must be transmitted from a written source, and the Oral Law orally. Therefore, it was forbidden ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodomy Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodomy Law - Impact On Homosexuals
A common misunderstanding is that sodomy laws only target gay people. Most sodomy laws target both heterosexual and homosexual acts, incl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supreme Court Of Delaware: Encyclopedia Ii - Supreme Court Of Delaware - Procedure
Supreme Court of Delaware - Motions. Motions are normally handled in chambers by a motions justice. Arguments on motions are uncommon. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tannaim: Encyclopedia Ii - Tannaim - The Origin Of The Tannaim
The Tannaim operated under the occupation of the Roman Empire. During this time, the priesthood of the temple became increasingly corrupt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tannaim: Encyclopedia Ii - Tannaim - Prominant Tannaim
Tannaim - The Nesi'im. Main article: Nasi Hillel the Elder Rabban Simeon, son of Hillel (nothing about him is known) Rabban Gamliel ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tannaim: Encyclopedia Ii - Tannaim - The Generations Of The Tannaim
Tannaim - Before the destruction of the Second Temple. Hillel the Elder Shammai Rabban Gamliel the Elder Tannaim - The generation of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Circumcision In The Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Circumcision In The Bible - In Judaism
Judaism teaches that the Bible was transmitted in parallel with an oral tradition, known as the oral law. Jewish practices and beliefs, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civil Law Legal System: Encyclopedia Ii - Civil Law Legal System - Criminal Procedure
Civil and common law system also differ considerably in criminal procedure. In general, the judge in a civil law system plays a more acti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reporter Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Reporter Law - History By Country
Reporter law - United Kingdom. In England, reporters were initially compiled in a rather haphazard fashion by private entrepreneurs. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - An Eye For An Eye: Encyclopedia Ii - An Eye For An Eye - Lex Talionis In Judaism
The oral law of Judaism holds that this verse cannot be interpreted as mandating exact physical retribution. The rabbis of the Talmud ask...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadith: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadith - How Hadith Were Collected And Evaluated
Traditions regarding the life of Muhammad and the early history of Islam were passed down orally for more than a hundred years after the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadith: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadith - Western Academic Views Of Hadith
Early Western exploration of Islam consisted primarily of translation of the Qur'an and a few histories, often supplemented with disparag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadith: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadith - Bridges Between Muslim And Western Scholars
Currently there is little communication between the world of Muslim hadith scholarship and Western academia. Muslim scholars reject the W...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadith: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadith - Types Of Hadith
Muslim scholars classify hadith relating to Muhammad as follows: What Muhammad said (qawl) What Muhammad did (fi'l) What Muhammad approv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karaite Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Karaite Judaism - History Of Karaism
Karaite Judaism - The Golden Age of Karaism. The "Golden Age of Karaism" was a period of time in which a large number of Karaitic works...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadith: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadith - How Are Hadith Collections Viewed?
The overwhelming majority of Muslims consider hadiths to be essential supplements to and clarifications of the Qur'an, Islam's holy book....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadith: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadith - Value Of Hadith Compared To The Value Of The Qur'an
Muslims who accept hadith believe that trusted hadith are in most cases the words of Muhammad and not the word of God, like the Qur'an. H...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hadith: Encyclopedia Ii - Hadith - Hadith Accepted By Sunni Islam
The Sunni canon of hadith took its final form four to five centuries after the death of Muhammad. Later scholars may have debated the aut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Singapore: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Singapore - Sexual Offences
Sex deemed by the Government to be "against the order of nature", including anal sex and oral sex (except as a precursor to conventional ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Halakha: Encyclopedia Ii - Halakha - How Halakha Is Viewed Today
Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were indeed dictated by God to Moses in almost precisely the way that the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Memorial
Schiavo's body was cremated following the autopsy. Her parents offered a memorial Mass for her at the Holy Name of Jesus Catholic Church ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Disputed Opinions
David Gibbs III, the lead lawyer for Terri Schiavo’s parents, supported Vatican statements which condemned her treatment as euthanasia....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Early Life
Schiavo grew up in the Huntingdon Valley area of Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the el...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Petition To Remove Feeding Tube
In May 1998, Michael filed a petition to remove Schiavo's feeding tube,[11] which her parents opposed. Richard Pearse was appointed by th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terri Schiavo: Encyclopedia Ii - Terri Schiavo - Oral Feeding Ii
On February 23, 2005, the Schindlers filed a motion for relief from judgement pending medical evaluations[31] The Schindlers wanted Schia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - Relation Between The Hebrew Bible And The Mishnah
Rabbinical Judaism holds that the Five Books of Moses called the (Written) Torah have always been transmitted in parallel with an oral tr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contract: Encyclopedia Ii - Contract - Written Contracts
Contrary to common wisdom, an informal exchange of promises can still be binding and legally as valid as a written contract. A spoken con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jurisprudence: Encyclopedia Ii - Jurisprudence - History
Jurisprudence already had this meaning in Ancient Rome, even if at its origins the discipline was a monopoly of the College of Pontiffs (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lifnei Iver: Encyclopedia Ii - Lifnei Iver - Derivative Laws
Many halakhic principles are derived from this commandment. The oral law expands the ramifications of this law from its literal sense. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Style Manner Of Address: Encyclopedia Ii - Style Manner Of Address - Examples Of Styles
Style manner of address - In law courts. The Honorable (abbreviation Hon., oral address Your Honor) — Judges of Commonwealth countri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Style Manner Of Address: Encyclopedia Ii - Style Manner Of Address - Examples Of Styles
Style manner of address - In law courts. The Honorable (abbreviation Hon., oral address Your Honor) — Judges of Commonwealth countri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Poetry - History
Poetry as an art form predates literacy. Poetry was employed as a means of recording oral history, storytelling (epic poetry), genealogy,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sunni Islam: Encyclopedia Ii - Sunni Islam - Sunni View Of Hadith
The Qur'an as we have it today was written down in approximately 650 A.D., and is accepted by all Muslim denominations. However, there we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Condom: Encyclopedia Ii - Condom - Health Issues
Carcinogenic nitrosamines have been discovered in 29 out of 32 condom brands tested by the Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Institut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Condom: Encyclopedia Ii - Condom - Prevalence Of Condoms
Condoms are most accessible in developed countries. In various cultures, a number of social or economic factors make access to condoms pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Condom: Encyclopedia Ii - Condom - Female Condoms
Recently "female condoms" or "femidoms" (not to be confused with femdoms) have become available. They are larger than male condoms and ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Condom: Encyclopedia Ii - Condom - Religious Attitudes Towards Use Of Condoms
Condoms and other mechanisms of contraception, along with abortion, are condemned by the Roman Catholic Church, some conservative Protest...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Talmud: Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary On Talmud
Talmud (Hebrew, Jewish). Rabbinic Commentaries on the Jewish faith. It is composed of two parts, the older Mishnah, and the more moder...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mishnah, Mishneh: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Mishnah, Mishneh
Mishnah or Mishneh (Hebrew) [from shanah to do something a second time, repeat]   That which has been done a second time, a repet...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mishnah: Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary On Mishnah
Mishnah (Hebrew, Jewish). The older portion of the Jewish Talmud, or oral law,, consisting of supplementary regulations for the guidan...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Sruthi: Sanskrit Hinduism Dictionary Iii On Sruthi (shruthi)
sruthi: sruthi (shruthi). Sacred revelations orally transmitted by brahmins from generation to generation, differing from tradition...   » Read the article