In common usage, an image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact that reproduces the likeness of some subject—usually a physical object or a person. Images may be two dimensional, such as a photograph, or three dimensional such as in a statue. They are typically produced by optical devices—such as a cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces. The word image' is also used in the broader sense of any two-d ...

Including:

• Image - Specialised meanings

Read more here: » Image: Encyclopedia - Image

Augustin Louis Cauchy (August 21, 1789 – May 23, 1857) was a French mathematician. He started the project of formulating and proving the theorems of calculus in a rigorous manner and was thus an early pioneer of analysis. He also gave several important theorems in complex analysis and initiated the study of permutation groups. A profound mathematician, Cauchy exercised by his perspicuous and rigorous methods a great influence over his contemporaries and successors. His writings cov ...

Read more here: » Augustin Louis Cauchy: Encyclopedia - Augustin Louis Cauchy

Aberration (Latin ab, from or away + errare, to wander), a deviation or wandering, especially used in the figurative sense as: In ethics, a deviation from the truth, however this does not carry a negative connotation. In pathology, a mental derangement. In zoology and botany, atypical development or structure. In optics, the word has two special applications: 4.1 Aberration of light, also referred to as astronomical aberration or stellar aber

Read more here: » Aberration: Encyclopedia - Aberration

A few decades ago, image processing was done largely in the analog domain, chiefly by optical devices. These optical methods are still essential to applications such as holography because they are inherently parallel; however, due to the significant increase in computer speed, these techniques are increasingly being replaced by digital image processing methods. Digital image processing techniques are generally more versatile, reliable, and accurate; they have the additional benefit of being easier to implement than their analog counte ...

See also:

Image processing, Image processing - Solution Methods, Image processing - Commonly Used Signal Processing Techniques, Image processing - One-Dimensional Techniques, Image processing - Two-Dimensional Techniques, Image processing - Typical Problems, Image processing - Applications, Image processing - Related Concepts

Read more here: » Image processing: Encyclopedia II - Image processing - Solution Methods

Augustin-Jean Fresnel (pronounced [freɪ 'nel] in AmE, [fʁɛ nɛl] in French) (May 10, 1788 – July 14, 1827), was a French physicist who contributed significantly to the establishment of the wave-particle duality and optics. Fresnel studied the behaviour of light both theoretically and experimentally. Augustin-Jean Fresnel - Biography. Fresnel was the son of an architect, born at Broglie (Eure). Hi ...

Including:

• Augustin-Jean Fresnel - Biography
• Augustin-Jean Fresnel - Researches
• Augustin-Jean Fresnel - External link and reference

Read more here: » Augustin-Jean Fresnel: Encyclopedia - Augustin-Jean Fresnel

Bicycle lighting has two main purposes: seeing and being seen. There are several types of bicycle lights available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, and each with its own enthusiastic advocates! Different technologies address these two purposes in different ways. There is no one "best" solution for any rider, and many riders mix and match different technologies to provide the balance that works for them. Bicycle lighting - History. The earliest bicycle and car lights were generally powered by ...

Including:

• Bicycle lighting - History
• Bicycle lighting - Choosing an Appropriate Lighting System
• Bicycle lighting - Legal requirements
• Bicycle lighting - Safety
• Bicycle lighting - Front lighting
• Bicycle lighting - LEDs
• Bicycle lighting - Low-cost battery lights
• Bicycle lighting - Rechargeable Flashlights
• Bicycle lighting - Rechargeable Halogen Systems
• Bicycle lighting - Rechargeable H.I.D. Systems
• Bicycle lighting - Dynamo Systems
• Bicycle lighting - Rear lighting
• Bicycle lighting - Filament lamps
• Bicycle lighting - LEDs
• Bicycle lighting - Xenon strobes
• Bicycle lighting - Supplementary lighting and conspicuity
• Bicycle lighting - Headtorches
• Bicycle lighting - Reflective and high-visibility materials
• Bicycle lighting - Repairs in the Dark
• Bicycle lighting - Measures of light output
• Bicycle lighting - Watts
• Bicycle lighting - Candela
• Bicycle lighting - Lumens
• Bicycle lighting - Conclusion

Read more here: » Bicycle lighting: Encyclopedia - Bicycle lighting

In optics, astigmatism is the monochromatic aberration in which an optical system has different focal planes for rays in different planes. Lenses and mirrors which are partly cylindrical show this behaviour already for on-axis rays, parbolic mirrors and uncorrected lens systems only proportianal to the squared angle between rays and optical axis. Optical systems which are corrected to have no, or only higher order astigmatism, are called anastigmats. In ophthalmology, astigmatism is a refraction error of the eye in which ...

Including:

• Astigmatism - A simple eye test
• Astigmatism - Types of astigmatism
• Astigmatism - Based on asymmetry of structure
• Astigmatism - Based on axis of the principal meridians
• Astigmatism - Based on focus of the principal meridians
• Astigmatism - Prevalence
• Astigmatism - Treatment
• Astigmatism - Other uses of the term
• Astigmatism - Related conditions

Read more here: » Astigmatism: Encyclopedia - Astigmatism

In optics, an aperture is something which restricts the diameter of the light path through one plane in an optical system. This may be the edge of a lens or mirror, or a ring or other fixture that holds an optical element in place, or it may be a special element placed in the optical path deliberately to limit the light admitted by the system. The aperture stop or simply the stop is the limiting aperture of the system—the aperture which restricts the diameter of the cone or cylinder of light that can enter and pass thr ...

Including:

• Aperture - Application
• Aperture - In photography
• Aperture - Maximum and minimum apertures

Read more here: » Aperture: Encyclopedia - Aperture

Arthur Leonard Schawlow (May 5, 1921-April 28, 1999) was an American physicist. His mother, Helen Mason, was from Canada and his father, Arthur Schawlow, was an immigrant from Latvia. When Arthur was three years old, they moved to Toronto, Canada. At the age of 16 he completed high school and received a scholarship in science at the University of Toronto. After earning his undergraduate degree Schawlow continued in graduate school at the University of Toronto which was interrupted due to World War II. At the end of the war he b ...

Including:

• Arthur Leonard Schawlow - External link

Read more here: » Arthur Leonard Schawlow: Encyclopedia - Arthur Leonard Schawlow

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications (e.g., nano-electronics, optics, materials applications, etc.). They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized. A nanotube (also known as a buckytube) is a member of the fullerene structural family, which also includes buckyballs. Whereas buckyballs are spherical in shape, a nanotube ...

Including:

• Carbon nanotube - Single-walled nanotubes
• Carbon nanotube - Properties
• Carbon nanotube - Synthesis
• Carbon nanotube - Applications
• Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotube fiber & film
• Carbon nanotube - Current progress
• Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotubes in electrical circuits

Read more here: » Carbon nanotube: Encyclopedia - Carbon nanotube

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics is the study of matter-matter and light-matter interactions on the scale of single atoms or structures containing a few atoms. The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. Physicists sometimes abbreviate the field as AMO physics. All three areas include both classical and quantum treatments. Atomic molecular and optical physics - Atomic physics. ...

Including:

• Atomic molecular and optical physics - Atomic physics
• Atomic molecular and optical physics - Molecular physics
• Atomic molecular and optical physics - Optical physics

Read more here: » Atomic molecular and optical physics: Encyclopedia - Atomic molecular and optical physics

In mathematics, catastrophe theory is a branch of bifurcation theory in the study of dynamical systems; it is also a particular special case of more general singularity theory in geometry. Bifurcation theory studies and classifies phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in circumstances, analysing how the qualitative nature of equation solutions depends on the parameters that appear in the equation. This may lead to sudden and dramatic changes, for examp ...

Including:

• Catastrophe theory - Elementary catastrophes
• Catastrophe theory - Potential functions of one active variable
• Catastrophe theory - Fold catastrophe
• Catastrophe theory - Cusp catastrophe
• Catastrophe theory - Swallowtail catastrophe
• Catastrophe theory - Butterfly catastrophe
• Catastrophe theory - Potential functions of two active variables
• Catastrophe theory - Hyperbolic umbilic catastrophe
• Catastrophe theory - Elliptic umbilic catastrophe
• Catastrophe theory - Parabolic umbilic catastrophe

Read more here: » Catastrophe theory: Encyclopedia - Catastrophe theory

Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, England, was the birthplace of Sir Isaac Newton on December 25, 1642 (old calendar). At that time it was a yeoman's farmstead, principally rearing sheep (hence the wool reference in the name — thorpe comes from a Danish/Viking word meaning farmstead). Newton returned here when Cambridge University closed due to the plague, and here he performed many of his most famous ...

Including:

• Woolsthorpe Manor - The village

Read more here: » Woolsthorpe Manor: Encyclopedia - Woolsthorpe Manor

The visible spectrum is the portion of the optical spectrum (light or electromagnetic spectrum) that is visible to the human eye. There are no exact bounds to the optical spectrum, but there are to the visible spectrum. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm, although some people may be able to perceive wavelengths from 380 to 780 nm. A light-adapted eye typically has its maximum sensitivity at around 555 nm, in the green reg ...

Including:

• Optical spectrum - Historical use of the term
• Optical spectrum - Spectroscopy

Read more here: » Optical spectrum: Encyclopedia - Optical spectrum

Carl Zeiss (September 11, 1816 – December 3, 1888) was an optician commonly known for the company he founded, Zeiss. Zeiss himself also made a few contributions to lens manufacturing that have aided the modern production of lenses. Raised in Weimar Germany, he became a notable lens maker in the 1840's when he created high quality lenses that were "wide open", or in other words, had a very large aperture range that allowed for very clear images. He did this in the city of Jena at a self opened workshop, where he started his lens maki ...

Including:

• Carl Zeiss - Youth
• Carl Zeiss - His Life

Read more here: » Carl Zeiss: Encyclopedia - Carl Zeiss

Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß) (April 30, 1777 – February 23, 1855) was a German mathematician and scientist of profound genius who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, astronomy and optics. Sometimes known as "the prince of mathematicians", Gauss had a remarkable influence in many fields of mathematics and science and is ranked beside Euler, Newton ...

Including:

• Carl Friedrich Gauss - Biography
• Carl Friedrich Gauss - Early years
• Carl Friedrich Gauss - Middle years
• Carl Friedrich Gauss - Later years death and afterwards
• Carl Friedrich Gauss - Family
• Carl Friedrich Gauss - Personality
• Carl Friedrich Gauss - Commemorations

Read more here: » Carl Friedrich Gauss: Encyclopedia - Carl Friedrich Gauss

Anton (or Antonius) Maria Schyrleus (also Schyrl, Schyrle) of Rheita (1597-1660) (in Czech, Antonín Maria Sírek z Reity) was a Czech astronomer and optician. He developed several inverting and erecting eyepieces, and was the maker of Kepler’s telescope. "Things appear more alive with the binocular telescope," he wrote, "doubly as exact so to speak, as well as large and b ...

Including:

• Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita - Optics
• Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita - Astronomical observations
• Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita - The Moon
• Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita - Legacy

Read more here: » Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita: Encyclopedia - Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita

Allvar Gullstrand (born June 5, 1862 in Landskrona – died July 28, 1930 in Stockholm) was a Swedish ophthalmologist. He was professor (1894–1927) successively of eye therapy and of optics at the University of Uppsala. He applied the methods of physical mathematics to the study of optical images and of the refraction of light in the eye. For this work he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1911. Gullstrand is noted also for his research on astigmatism and for improving the ophthalmoscope and corrective lenses for use after removal of a cataract from the eye. He i ...

Including:

• Allvar Gullstrand - External link

Read more here: » Allvar Gullstrand: Encyclopedia - Allvar Gullstrand

In physics, the photon (from Greek φως "phos", meaning light) is the quantum of the electromagnetic field, for instance light. The term photon was coined by Gilbert Lewis in 1926. The photon is one of the elementary particles. Its interactions with electrons and atomic nuclei account for a great many of the features of matter, such as the existence and stability of atoms, molecules, and solids. These interactions are studied in quantum electrodynamics (QED), which is the oldest pa ...

Including:

• Photon - Symbol
• Photon - Properties
• Photon - Creation
• Photon - Spin
• Photon - Quantum state
• Photon - Molecular absorption
• Photon - Photons in vacuo
• Photon - Photons in matter

Read more here: » Photon: Encyclopedia - Photon

(332,950 Earths) (27.9 g) The Sun (or Sol) is the star at the center of our Solar system. Earth orbits the Sun, as do many other bodies, including other planets, asteroids, meteoroids, comets and dust. Its heat and light support almost all life on Earth. The Sun is a ball of plasma with a mass of about 2×1030 kg, which is somewhat higher than that of an average star. About 74% of its mass is hydrogen, with 25% helium and the rest made up of trace quantities of heavier elements. It is thou ...

Including:

• Sun - General information
• Sun - Structure
• Sun - Core
• Sun - Radiation zone
• Sun - Convection zone
• Sun - Photosphere
• Sun - Temperature minimum
• Sun - Chromosphere
• Sun - Corona
• Sun - Theoretical problems
• Sun - Solar neutrino problem
• Sun - Coronal heating problem
• Sun - Faint young sun problem
• Sun - Magnetic field
• Sun - Position of the Sun through the year
• Sun - Solar space missions
• Sun - History and future of the Sun
• Sun - Human understanding of the Sun
• Sun - The Sun as a power source
• Sun - Sun and eye damage

Read more here: » Sun: Encyclopedia - Sun