In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek ὄν, genitive ὄντος: being (part. of εἶναι: to be) and -λογία: writing about, study of) is the most fundamental branch of metaphysics. It studi ...

Including:

Ontology - Some basic questions Ontology - Concepts Ontology - Early history of ontology Ontology - Subject relationship object Ontology - Body and environment Ontology - Being Ontology - Social Science Ontology - Prominent ontologists

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Ontology, Ontology - Some basic questions, Ontology - Concepts, Ontology - Early history of ontology, Ontology - Subject relationship object, Ontology - Body and environment, Ontology - Being, Ontology - Social Science, Ontology - Prominent ontologists

Read more here: » Ontology: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Early history of ontology

Each GO term consists of a unique alphanumerical identifier, a common name, and a definition. When a term has multiple meanings depending on species, the GO uses a “sensu” tag to differentiate among them. Terms are classified into only one of the three ontologies. New terms and annotations are suggested by members of the research community. Once submitted, they are reviewed by members of the GO consortium to determine their applicability. If a term is no longer useful, it is deprecated, or marked as “obsolete”. This can happen when a term is deemed inappropriate, perha ...

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Gene Ontology, Gene Ontology - History, Gene Ontology - Gene Ontology terms, Gene Ontology - Gene Ontology Associations

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This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. In philosophy, a core ontology is a very basic and minimal ontology consisting only of the minimal concepts required to understand the other concepts. It must be based on a core glossary in some human language so humans can comprehend the concepts and distinctions made. Each natural language tends to rely on its own conceptual m ...

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Cognitive ontology is ontology (study of being) which begins from features of human cognition directly, as opposed to its collective summary which is reflected in language. The more radical forms of it challenge also the central position of mathematics as "just another language" which biases human cognition. Barry Smith is a notable figure in this field, and has also studied naïve physics. Perceptual psychology is a very closely related field, as it studies the limits of what humans can perceive.

In theology and the philosophy of religion, an ontological argument for the existence of God is an argument that God's existence can be proved a priori, that is, by intuition and reason alone. In the context of the Abrahamic religions, it was first proposed by the medieval philosopher Anselm of Canterbury in his Proslogion, and important variations have been developed by philosophers such as René Descartes, Gottfried Leibniz, Norman Malcolm, Charles Hartshorne, and Alvin Plantinga. A modal logic versi ...

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Ontological argument - Anselm's argument Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections
Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence Ontological argument - Existence as a property Ontological argument - Miscellaneous
Ontological argument - Revisionists Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion Ontological argument - Bibliography

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The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology or SUMO is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. It was developed by the Teknowledge Corporation and is one candidate for the "Standard Upper Ontology" that IEEE working group 1600.1 is working on. It can be downloaded and used freely. SUMO concerns itself with meta-level concepts (general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain), and ther ...

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Bundle theory is the ontological theory about objecthood in which an object consists only of a collection (bundle) of properties. According to bundle theory, an object consists of its properties and nothing more, thus neither can there be an object without properties nor can one even conceive of such an object. For example, bundle theory claims that thinking of an apple compels one also to think of its color, its shape, the fact that it is a kind of fruit, its cells, its taste, or at least one other of its propert ...

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Bundle theory - Arguments for the bundle theory Bundle theory - Objections to the bundle theory
Bundle theory - Compressence objection Bundle theory - Language-reality objection
Bundle theory - Bundle Theory and Eastern Philosophy

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Conceptual framework is used in research to outline possible courses of action or present a preferred approach to a system analysis project. The framework is built from a set of concepts linked to a planned or existing system of methods, behaviors, functions, relationships and objects. A conceptual framework might, in computing terms, be thought of as a relational model. See also. Concept Theory Ontology Categories: Articles to b ...

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An argument is a collected series of statements to establish a definite proposition, and may refer to: logical argument, a demonstration of a proof, or using logical reasoning for persuasion oral argument, a verbal presentation to a judge by a lawyer verb argument, a phrase in a sentence that qualifies a verb heuristic argument, a proof or demonstration relying on experimental results, or one which is not fully rigorous ontological argument, a proof by intuition or reason of the existen ...

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An abstraction is an idea, concept, or word which defines the phenomena that make up its referents (those concrete events or things to which the abstraction refers). Abstraction - Thought process. In philosophical terminology abstraction is the thought process wherein ideas are distanced from objects. Abstraction uses a strategy of simplification of detail, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined; thus speaking of things in the abstract demands that the listener have ...

Including:

Abstraction - Thought process Abstraction - Conceptual schemes for abstraction Abstraction - Referents
Abstraction - Instantiation Abstraction - Physicality Abstraction - Realness Abstraction - Precise semantic meaning
Abstraction - Abstraction used in philosophy
Abstraction - Ontological status Abstraction - Reification Abstraction - Compression
Abstraction - The neurology of abstraction Abstraction - Abstraction in Art

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Many arguments about the existence of God have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, and other thinkers. This article lists some of the more common arguments, especially those covered in the area of philosophy of religion. In philosophical terminology, this article introduces schools of thought on the epistemology of the ontology of God. Existence of God - What is God? Definition of God's existence. See main articles: Definition, God, Deity, Ontology What does it mean to ass ...

Including:

Existence of God - What is God? Definition of God's existence
Existence of God - The problem of the supernatural
Existence of God - How do we know? Existence of God - Positions on the Existence of God
Existence of God - Theism Existence of God - Atheism Existence of God - Agnosticism
Existence of God - Arguments for the existence of God
Existence of God - Inductive arguments for Existence of God - Subjective arguments for
Existence of God - Arguments against the existence of God Existence of God - Notes

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Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principles" and "being" (ontology). Metaphysics as a discipline was a central part of academic inquiry and scholarly education since before the age in which Aristotle coined the word. Long considered "the Queen of Sciences", its issues were considered no less important than the other main formal subjects of physical science, medicine, mathematics, poetics and music. Since the Age of Reaso ...

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Metaphysics - The origin of the word 'metaphysics' Metaphysics - Examples Metaphysics - Criticism Metaphysics - Metaphysical subdisciplines Metaphysics - Metaphysical topics and problems Metaphysics - Metaphysical jargon Metaphysics - People

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Atman is a Sanskrit word, normally translated as 'soul' or 'self' (also ego). In Buddhism, the concept of Atman is the prime consequence of ignorance, – itself the cause of all misery - the foundation of Samsara itself. In a number of sutras of Mahayana Buddhism, as well as in certain Buddhist Tantras, however, the term "Atman" is used in a dual sense, in some instances denoting the impermanent, mundane ego (attachment to which needs to be overcome), and on other occasions explicitly referring to the ultimately real, p ...

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Atman Buddhism - The need for Buddhists to understand Atman Atman Buddhism - The definition of Atman in Buddhism Atman Buddhism - The ontological status of Atman in Buddhism Atman Buddhism - Atman in Nikaya Atman Buddhism - The abandonment of Atman in later Buddhist metaphysics Atman Buddhism - Positive teachings on the Atman in Mahayana Buddhism

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Archaeology, archeology or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, understand culture history, chronicle cultural evolution, and study human behavi ...

Including:

Archaeology - Usage note Archaeology - Ontology and definition Archaeology - Importance and applicability Archaeology - Goals
Archaeology - Academic sub-disciplines Archaeology - Cultural resources management
Archaeology - Field methods
Archaeology - Survey Archaeology - Excavation
Archaeology - Post-excavation analysis Archaeology - History of archaeology Archaeology - Archaeological theory Archaeology - Public archaeology
Archaeology - Pseudoarchaeology Archaeology - Looting Archaeology - Public outreach Archaeology - Descendant peoples

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History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Father Christ the Son The Holy Spirit The Bible Old Testament New Testament Apocrypha The Gospels Ten Commandments Sermon on the Mount Christian theology Salvation · Grace Christian worship Christian Church Catholicism Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Christian denominations Chris ...

Including:

Trinity - Scripture and tradition
Trinity - Baptism as the beginning lesson Trinity - Key scriptural texts cited by trinitarians
Trinity - Ontology of the Trinity
Trinity - Historical view and usage Trinity - One God Trinity - God exists in three persons Trinity - Orthodox Roman Catholic and Protestant distinctions Trinity - Historical development
Trinity - Dissent from the doctrine
Trinity - Other views of the Trinity Trinity - Theory of pagan origin and influence
Trinity - Christian life and the Blessed Trinity Trinity - Similarities in the 16th-century Jewish Kabbalah Trinity - In popular culture

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Descartes composed a number of ontological arguments which differed from Anselm's formulation in important ways. Generally speaking, it is less a formal argument than a natural intuition. Descartes wrote in the Fifth Meditation: But if the mere fact that I can produce from my thought the idea of something entails that everything which I clearly and distinctly perceive to belong to that thing really does belong to it, is not this a possible basis for another argument to prove the existence of God? Certainly, the idea of Go ...

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Ontological argument, Ontological argument - Anselm's argument, Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument, Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument, Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections, Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island, Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence, Ontological argument - Existence as a property, Ontological argument - Miscellaneous, Ontological argument - Revisionists, Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments, Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion, Ontological argument - Bibliography

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The sentence “Napoleon is one of my ancestors” asserts only the existence of two individuals (i.e., Napoleon and the speaker) and a line of ancestry between them. The fact that no other people or objects are mentioned seems to limit the “commitment” of the sentence. However, it is well-known that sentences of this kind cannot be interpreted in first-order logic, where individual variables stand for individual things. Instead, they must be represented in some second-order form. In ordinary language, such second-order forms use either grammatical plu ...

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Ontological commitment, Ontological commitment - Background, Ontological commitment - Ontological innocence

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Obviously Anselm thought this argument was valid and persuasive, and it still has occasional defenders, but many, perhaps most, contemporary philosophers believe that the ontological argument, at least as Anselm articulated it, does not stand up to strict logical scrutiny. Some of those who have argued that the ontological argument fails are content to leave it at that, either because they do not believe that God exists, or because they believe the existence of God is demonstrated on other grounds. Others, like Gottfried Leibniz, Norman Malcolm, Charles Hartshorne, Kurt Gödel and Alvin Plantinga have ...

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Ontological argument, Ontological argument - Anselm's argument, Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument, Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument, Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections, Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island, Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence, Ontological argument - Existence as a property, Ontological argument - Miscellaneous, Ontological argument - Revisionists, Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments, Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion, Ontological argument - Bibliography

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Schools of subjectivism, objectivism and relativism existed at various times in the 20th century, and the postmodernists and body philosophers tried to reframe all these questions in terms of bodies taking some specific action in an environment. This relied to a great degree on insights derived from scientific research into animals taking instinctive action in natural and artificial settings — as st ...

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Ontology, Ontology - Some basic questions, Ontology - Concepts, Ontology - Early history of ontology, Ontology - Subject relationship object, Ontology - Body and environment, Ontology - Being, Ontology - Social Science, Ontology - Prominent ontologists

Read more here: » Ontology: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Body and environment